簡(jiǎn)介：（煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點(diǎn)）1中文中文10700字出處出處PALMERICOALBEDMETHANECOMPLETIONSAWORLDVIEWJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY,2010,823184195煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點(diǎn)IANPALMERHIGGSPALMERTECHNOLOGIES10140ARROYOCRESTDRIVENW,ALBUQUERQUE,NM,87114,USA摘要由于鉆進(jìn)深度通常較淺，因此煤層氣鉆井成本較為低廉。深度較大的鉆井通常會(huì)降低煤的滲透率以及開(kāi)采率。對(duì)于煤層氣開(kāi)發(fā)商來(lái)說(shuō)，低滲透率是不利的因素（致命弱點(diǎn)），成功的開(kāi)采煤層氣需要尋找那些滲透性較強(qiáng)的地層，選擇利用煤層氣水平壓裂鉆井，以及有可能通過(guò)“新范式”的方法，如剪切破碎和儲(chǔ)層壓裂來(lái)“創(chuàng)造”滲透性。本文主要討論了滲透率在選擇完井工藝中的影響和世界范圍內(nèi)一些完井工藝的例子。提供的指導(dǎo)方針都是新型的，實(shí)用的（包括滲透帶和決策樹(shù)），而且應(yīng)該是對(duì)任何煤層氣鉆井的完井方法都是有益的。關(guān)鍵詞煤層氣；滲透率；完井方式；斷裂；產(chǎn)量1引言和常規(guī)砂巖井不同，由于還沒(méi)有太多的共識(shí)，煤層氣的完井和增產(chǎn)一般選擇反復(fù)試驗(yàn)的方法。這方面的一個(gè)很好的例子是在澳大利亞煤層氣完井和增產(chǎn)（KUBENK，2006）中形成的。然而，這是一種成本較高的方法。此外，滲透率在煤層氣可采性和完井中的作用并沒(méi)有得到充分的認(rèn)識(shí)（PALMER，2008）?，F(xiàn)在，經(jīng)過(guò)美國(guó)30多年的煤層氣生產(chǎn)，已經(jīng)有了煤層氣的普遍性生產(chǎn)原則和決策樹(shù)，它們指導(dǎo)開(kāi)采商選擇完井，這也是本文的主題所在。本文闡述了滲透性在煤層氣成功完井中的至關(guān)重要性。有關(guān)不同煤層氣完井的評(píng)論已經(jīng)發(fā)表，但這些論述主要是集中針對(duì)特定的盆地或地區(qū)的（HOLDITCH，1990；CRAMERON，1992；PALMERETAL，1993，1995；ROBINSONANDHOLDITCH，1999）。有篇論文是尋索煤層氣生產(chǎn)趨勢(shì)（跨流域）以及建立儲(chǔ)集層和完井參數(shù)PALMERANDCAMERON,2003的函數(shù)關(guān)系，雖然在本文中揭示了不同的（煤層氣完井一種世界的觀點(diǎn)）3近乎直線式增長(zhǎng)，儲(chǔ)量和產(chǎn)量幾乎相當(dāng)于美國(guó)天然氣總產(chǎn)值的10，這是一個(gè)相當(dāng)顯著的臨界值。最近的一項(xiàng)估計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，目前美國(guó)大約有90000口煤層氣井。圖1美國(guó)煤層氣資源分布（COURTESYOFANDREWSCOTT，ALTUDA，SANANTONIO，TEXAS）澳大利亞有很多易于開(kāi)采的煤炭，火力發(fā)電使得油氣價(jià)格被人為地壓低，這讓它仍很難與煤層氣的價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（PALMER，2008）。不過(guò)，當(dāng)?shù)氐闹饕簩託夤疽押喜?，并宣布了幾?xiàng)LNG工廠建設(shè)計(jì)劃（銷(xiāo)售到日本等等），這也提高了煤層氣的價(jià)格。有些地區(qū)其滲透性可達(dá)幾百M(fèi)D，而最大的井產(chǎn)量約為12MMCFD。在尋求最優(yōu)價(jià)格完井方面，開(kāi)釆商一直未拿定主意（KUBENK，2006），從簡(jiǎn)單的裸眼完井，洞穴完井，水力壓裂，射孔以及包括水平井壓裂裂縫（兩井呈“人”字形模式）在內(nèi)的各種完井方式之間不斷變化。在加拿大，商業(yè)煤層氣項(xiàng)目均在加拿大西部沉積盆地中（WCSB），其中最大的煤層氣項(xiàng)目位于ALBERTA省的馬蹄峽谷，那里有成千上萬(wàn)口井。該項(xiàng)目于幾年前開(kāi)始，從滲透率01100MD的三十處相互獨(dú)立的地裂縫生產(chǎn)出煤層氣。雖然更多的資源在加拿大西部沉積盆地的MANNVILLE地區(qū)形成，但這些地區(qū)煤的滲透率通常只有1MD，除了某些“甜點(diǎn)”處的水平井能夠開(kāi)采煤層氣外，其他地方難以生產(chǎn)。中國(guó)煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量十分豐富，煤層氣含量總的來(lái)說(shuō)也比較高。但是，滲透率通

簡(jiǎn)介：COALBEDMETHANECOMPLETIONSAWORLDVIEWIANPALMERHIGGSPALMERTECHNOLOGIES,10140ARROYOCRESTDRIVENW,ALBUQUERQUE,NM,87114,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1JULY2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23DECEMBER2009ACCEPTED24DECEMBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE7JANUARY2010KEYWORDSCOALBEDMETHANEPERMEABILITYWELLCOMPLETIONSSTIMULATIONPRODUCTIONCBMWELLSARECHEAPBECAUSETHEYAREUSUALLYSHALLOWDEEPERWELLSTENDTOHAVELOWERCOALPERMEABILITYANDPRODUCTIVITYLOWPERMEABILITYISTHEWEAKPOINTACHILLESHEELFORCBMVENTURES,ANDSUCCESSWILLENTAILFINDINGREGIONSOFENHANCEDPERMEABILITY,UTILIZINGHORIZONTALWELLSWITHTHEOPTIONOFFRACTURINGTHESEWELLS,ANDPOSSIBLYIN“CREATING”P(pán)ERMEABILITYBYNEWPARADIGMMETHODSSUCHASSHEARSTIMULATIONANDBRANCHFRACTURINGTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCHOOSINGCBMCOMPLETIONS,ASWELLASEXAMPLESOFTHOSECOMPLETIONSFROMAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEGUIDELINESOFFEREDARENEWANDPRACTICALINCLUDINGPERMBANDSANDADECISIONTREE,ANDSHOULDBENEFITANYCBMCOMPLETIONSTRATEGY?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONWELLCOMPLETIONSANDSTIMULATIONSFORCOALBEDMETHANECBMHAVEGENERALLYBEENCHOSENBYTRIALANDERROR,BECAUSETHEREHASNOTBEENMUCHCONSENSUS,UNLIKEWELLSINCONVENTIONALSANDSTONEAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCBMWELLCOMPLETIONSANDSTIMULATIONSINAUSTRALIAKUBENK,2006HOWEVER,THISISANEXPENSIVEAPPROACHFURTHER,THEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCBMSUCCESSANDINCBMCOMPLETIONSHASNOTBEENFULLYAPPRECIATEDPALMER,2008NOW,AFTEROVER30YEARSOFCBMPRODUCTIONINTHEUSA,GENERALPRINCIPLESANDDECISIONTREESHAVEEMERGEDTOGUIDEANOPERATORINCHOOSINGAWELLCOMPLETIONTHISISTHESUBJECTOFTHISPAPERTHEPAPERILLUSTRATESTHECENTRALIMPORTANCEOFPERMEABILITYINTHESUCCESSOFCBMCOMPLETIONSREVIEWSHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDONDIFFERENTCBMCOMPLETIONS,BUTTHESEAREMAINLYFOCUSEDONPARTICULARBASINSORPLAYSHOLDITCH,1990CRAMER,1992PALMERETAL,1993,1995ROBINSONANDHOLDITCH,1999ONEPAPERHASSEARCHEDFORTRENDSINCBMPRODUCTIONACROSSBASINSASAFUNCTIONOFRESERVOIRANDCOMPLETIONPARAMETERSPALMERANDCAMERON,2003ALTHOUGHDIFFERINGINDUSTRYVIEWPOINTSAREREVEALEDINTHISPAPER,THEREISNOTMUCHCONSENSUSGEOLOGICALPREDICTIONSOFPERMEABILITYHAVENOTBEENDISCUSSED,BECAUSETHISISALARGEANDSOMETIMESCONTROVERSIALSUBJECTWHICHISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERFURTHER,PREDICTIONSBASEDONGEOLOGYAREMOREQUALITATIVETHANQUANTITATIVE,WHEREASTHISPAPERFOCUSESONQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTOFPERMEABILITYTHEINTENTIONISNOTTOBERIGOROUS,BECAUSETHATWOULDREQUIREPRESENTINGANANALYSISOF30YEARSOFCBMDATAFROMTHEUSA,ASWELLASDATAFROMOTHERCOUNTRIESWHERECBMISNOWEXPLOITEDINPLACEOFTHIS,THEREADERMAYREFERTOTHEREFERENCESABOVEALLREVIEWARTICLES,ANDPARTICULARLYTHATOFPALMERANDCAMERON2003EFFECTIVESTRESSHASANEFFECTONCOALPERMEABILITYHOWEVER,INTHISPAPERTHEPRINCIPALMESSAGEISTOMEASURETHECOALPERMEABILITYINAPROSPECTIVECBMPLAY,ANDCHOOSETHEWELLCOMPLETIONACCORDINGLYTHEPOTENTIALEFFECTOFSTRESSANDDEPTHONPERMEABILITYISNOTNEEDEDIFONEMEASURESTHEPERMEABILITYAFTERABACKGROUNDOFCBMPRODUCTIONWORLDWIDE,THEPAPERDISCUSSESTHEROLEOFPERMEABILITYINCHOOSINGCBMCOMPLETIONS,ASWELLASEXAMPLESOFTHOSECOMPLETIONSWEDEFINEPERMBANDSASRANGESOFCOALPERMEABILITYINWHICHCERTAINWELLCOMPLETIONTYPESAREPREFERREDATANOTHERLEVEL,THISAPPROACHLEADSTOADECISIONTREEWHICHINCLUDESVARIOUSCOMPLETIONOPTIONSASAFUNCTIONOFTHECOALPERMEABILITYTHISAPPROACHISNEWANDPRACTICAL,ANDSHOULDBENEFITANYCBMCOMPLETIONSTRATEGY2WORLDWIDEBACKGROUNDCOALBEDMETHANECBMHASBECOMEARESOURCEOFGLOBALSIGNIFICANCE,WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFACTIVECBMPLAYSINCANADA,AUSTRALIA,INDIA,ANDCHINA,FOREXAMPLEPALMER,2008ATTHEOTHERENDOFTHESPECTRUM,COUNTRIESLIKEENGLAND,FRANCE,TURKEY,ANDCOLOMBIAHAVEMUCHSMALLERRESOURCES,ANDSOFARHAVENOTBEENABLETOGETACBMINDUSTRYSTARTED,THOUGHTHEYAREACTIVELYTRYINGTHEATTRACTIONISUSUALLYGOODGASCONTENTANDCOALTHICKNESS,BUTTHEROADBLOCKISOFTENPOORPERMEABILITYLESSTHAN1MD,ANDTHISISCRITICALFORPROJECTECONOMICSINTHEUS,BPANDCONOCOPHILLIPSARETWOOFTHEBIGGESTCBMPRODUCERSINTHESANJUANBASINSEEFIG1,WHEREBPHASOVER1500WELLS,WHILECONOCOPHILLIPSHASOVER800PRODUCINGWELLSPALMER,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY822010184–195EMAILADDRESSIANHIGGSPALMERCOM01665162/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOAL200912010CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJCOALGEOTOPRODUCEECONOMICGASFROMLOWPERMCOALSREQUIRESATHREEPRONGEDSTRATEGYPALMER,20081LOCATEASWEETSPOTBYUSINGSTRUCTURALGEOLOGYTOPREDICTWHERETOFINDONE,ORBYDRILLINGALOTOFWELLSUNTILYOUENCOUNTERONE,2DRILLHORIZONTALWELLS,AND3DEPLOYNOVELSTIMULATIONTECHNIQUESANEXAMPLEOFTHEFIRSTSTRATEGYISTHEAUSTRALIANCBMPLAYONTHEUNDULLANOSE,WHICHISTHE“FAIRWAY”O(jiān)FTHESURATBASIN,WITHPERMEABILITIESUPTO500MDSCOTTETAL,2004THEUNDULLANOSEISASTRUCTURALHIGH,ANDTHECOALMEASURESAREDRAPEDACROSSTHENOSETHISDRAPINGCAUSEDCLEATSANDFRACTURESTODEVELOPDURINGCOALIFICATIONSTRATEGIES2AND3WILLBEDISCUSSEDBELOWANASSIGNMENTOFCBMCOMPLETIONSBASEDONPERMEABILITYISSHOWNINFIG2WEWILLELABORATEMOREONTHISRANKINGSHORTLYBUTFIRST,TOFOLLOWTHISPERMBASEDCOMPLETIONSTRATEGYREQUIRESAFULLPERMEABILITYPICTUREOFTHEPROSPECTIVERESERVOIRTHISMEANSPERFORMINGLOTSOFPERMEABILITYMEASUREMENTSBOTHAREALLY～50MEASUREMENTSDESIRABLEACROSSTHECBMPLAYANDWITHINDIFFERENTSEAMSTHISCANBEEXPENSIVE,BUTISIMPORTANTTOOPTIMIZ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簡(jiǎn)介：1900單詞，單詞，11500英文字符，英文字符，3500漢字漢字出處出處WEISST,SCHIELESVIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSJELECTRONICMARKETS,2013,234307316VIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSTHOMASWEISSWEILLUMINATECOMPETITIVEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSOFCONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEWEAPPLYUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEORYREPORTINGONTENINDEPTHEXPERTINTERVIEWSASWELLASSURVEYDATACOLLECTEDFROM360ESPORTSPLAYERSWEREVEALTHATBOTHCOMPETITIVECOMPETITIONANDCHALLENGEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSESCAPISMDRIVECONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEKEYWORDSVIRTUALWORLDSESPORTSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSINTRODUCTIONVIRTUALWORLDSAREPERSISTENTANDNONPERSISTENT“GRAPHICALIMMERSIVEENVIRONMENTSTHATSUPPORTAHOSTOFACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMSOCIALINTERACTIONTOACTIONORIENTEDGAMINGTHEYAREMULTIMODALPLATFORMSTHATFEATURERICHGRAPHICS,3DRENDERING,HIGHFIDELITYAUDIOANDVIDEO,MOTIONANDINTERACTIVITY”SCHULTZE2010,434ESPECIALLYINLEISURESETTINGS,SUCHVIRTUALWORLDSREVEALSOCIALINTERACTIONANDLEARNINGFUNCTIONALITIESPETRAKOU2010THEYARESAIDTOFOSTERSOCIALCOMPUTINGMESSINGERETAL2009THELITERATUREONVIRTUALWORLDSMAINLYSTEMSFROMENGINEERINGANDPSYCHOLOGYITPREDOMINATELYHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNOLOGICALPREREQUISITESANDCHALLENGESOFVIRTUALWORLDSZHAO2011ORTHEEFFECTSOFVIRTUALWORLDCONSUMPTIONFISCHERETAL2007THEFEWSTUDIESFOCUSSINGONTHEUSEOFVIRTUALWORLDSHAVEDEVELOPEDWITHINTWOBROADTHEMESTHEFIRSTTHEMEISUSERACCEPTANCEEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFVIRTUALWORLDACCEPTANCEEXAMINEPSYCHOLOGICALPROCESSESOFINDIVIDUALSFORMINGTHEINTENTIONTOUSEVIRTUALWORLDSANDVIRTUALWORLDCOMMUNITIESFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THEYIDENTIFYPREVIOUSLYUNEXPLOREDANTECEDENTSREGARDINGITACCEPTANCEEG,ROLEPROJECTION,EMOTIONALINVOLVEMENTINBOTHENTERTAINMENTORIENTEDEG,HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007ANDMOREWORKORLEARNINGORIENTEDENVIRONMENTSEG,FETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007SUCHWORKSHIGHLIGHTINDIVIDUALSTOPOSITIONTHEMSELVESWITHINVIRTUALTEAMSANDTHUSWITHINTHECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSOFESPORTSINTURN,THEFINDINGREGARDINGCOMPETITIONALSOSUPPOSESTHATTHEDEGREEOFCOMPETITIONDETERMINESTHEFIGHTOVERPLACESWITHINVIRTUALTEAMSFORWHICHACTUALESPORTSUSEISREQUIREDCONSEQUENTLY,ASMUCHASCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSUSECAUSESCOMPETITION,COMPETITIONLEADSTOCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSTHEIMPORTANCEOFCHALLENGEPARTLYREFLECTSTHELITERATUREWHILECHALLENGEHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASAPREDICTOROFCOMPETITIVEOFFLINEGAMINGUSE,ITREVEALEDNOINFLUENCEONTHETIMESPENTPLAYINGINJANSZANDTANIS’STUDYONCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSPOSSIBLY,THISMIXEDRESULTISDUETOTHEDEFINITIONOFCHALLENGEINCONTRASTTOM?YR?,FORINSTANCE,WHOSTRESSESCHALLENGESARISINGFROMNEWDIRECTIONSINTHEVIRTUAL,ORJANSZANDTANIS,WHODEFINECHALLENGEAS“TOMASTERTHEGAME”,CHALLENGEASDEFINEDWITHINTHISSTUDYHIGHLIGHTSTHESPORTIVECONNOTATIONOFESPORTSSINCECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSARESINGLELEVELVIDEOANDCOMPUTERGAMES,WEASSUMETHATCHALLENGINGONESELFISLESSABOUTSELFAFFIRMATIONTHROUGHMASTERINGTHEVIRTUALBUTABOUTTHESTRIVINGFORFAMEWITHINCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSCOMMUNITIESSIMILARTOCHENETAL,ANDYEE,WEFINDESCAPISMPOSITIVELYAFFECTINGESPORTSUSEHOWEVER,ONEMAYARGUEWHETHERESCAPISMINTHECONTEXTOFCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSBELONGSTOHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSDIFFERENTFROMCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDSENVIRONMENTS,ESCAPISMINESPORTSISNOTABOUTTHESOCIALEXPERIENCEOFSLIPPINGINTOAVATARS’ROLESANDBECOMINGTHEVIRTUAL‘OTHER’INDIVIDUALSWOULDLIKETOBEASACOMPETITIVEACTIVITY,ESPORTSGIVESINDIVIDUALSONLYVERYLIMITEDROOM“TOEXPRESSTHEMSELVESINWAYSTHEYMAYNOTFEELCOMFORTABLEDOINGINREALLIFEBECAUSEOFTHEIRAPPEARANCE,GENDER,SEXUALITY,AND/ORAGE”RATHER,ESCAPISMISABOUTGATHERINGTHECAPABILITIESOFHIGHLYSKILLEDAVATARSWHILEIMMERSINGINTOTHECOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDINORDERTOGAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,WHICHISANINSTRUMENTTHATLEADSTOPOWERINTHEVIRTUALCONSEQUENTLY,INDIVIDUALSEXPOSETHEIRTRUESELFTHROUGHTHEWAYTHEYBEHAVEINCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSACTINGASTHEIRVIRTUALSELFITISWORTHNOTINGTHATSOCIALRELATIONSHIPISINSIGNIFICANTWITHINOURMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISTHISISINCONTRASTTOPRIORLITERATUREONCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,ACCEPTANCEANDUSE,ANDUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEOFTENPRONOUNCEDSOCIALRELATIONSHIPANDTEAMWORKFUNCTIONALITYOFCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,WHICHPOSSESSESASIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERVALUETOPROFESSIONALANDAMATEURESPORTSPLAYERSTHANTONONPLAYERS,SEEMSTOFADEPOSSIBLY,THISISDUETOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPETITIVEVIRTUALWORLDSINCOLLABORATIVEVIRTUALWORLDS,FORINSTANCE,SOCIALINTERACTIONAPPEARSTOBEACONSEQUENCEOFVIRTUALWORLDSCHARACTERISTICSCONTRIBUTINGTOINDIVIDUALS’PERCEIVEDENJOYMENTINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETOSTATETHEIRPREFERENCEFORCERTAINCHARACTERISTICSBASEDUPONCHOICEOFGAMEGENREANDTITLEHENCE,ITHASTOBESEENWHETHERSOCIALINTERACTIONINESPORTSSERVESTHEIMPROVEMENTOFINDIVIDUALS’PERFORMANCEINSTEADOFSOCIALITY

簡(jiǎn)介：SPECIALTHEMEVIRTUALWORLDSINCOMPETITIVECONTEXTSANALYZINGESPORTSCONSUMERNEEDSTHOMASWEISSWEILLUMINATECOMPETITIVEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSOFCONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEWEAPPLYUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSTHEORYREPORTINGONTENINDEPTHEXPERTINTERVIEWSASWELLASSURVEYDATACOLLECTEDFROM360ESPORTSPLAYERSWEREVEALTHATBOTHCOMPETITIVECOMPETITIONANDCHALLENGEANDHEDONICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSESCAPISMDRIVECONTINUOUSESPORTSUSEKEYWORDSVIRTUALWORLDSESPORTSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSJELCLASSIFICATIONM1–BUSINESSADMINISTRATIONM19–OTHERINTRODUCTIONVIRTUALWORLDSAREPERSISTENTANDNONPERSISTENT“GRAPHICALIMMERSIVEENVIRONMENTSTHATSUPPORTAHOSTOFACTIVITIESRANGINGFROMSOCIALINTERACTIONTOACTIONORIENTEDGAMINGTHEYAREMULTIMODALPLATFORMSTHATFEATURERICHGRAPHICS,3DRENDERING,HIGHFIDELITYAUDIOANDVIDEO,MOTIONANDINTERACTIVITY”SCHULTZE2010,434ESPECIALLYINLEISURESETTINGS,SUCHVIRTUALWORLDSREVEALSOCIALINTERACTIONANDLEARNINGFUNCTIONALITIESPETRAKOU2010THEYARESAIDTOFOSTERSOCIALCOMPUTINGMESSINGERETAL2009THELITERATUREONVIRTUALWORLDSMAINLYSTEMSFROMENGINEERINGANDPSYCHOLOGYITPREDOMINATELYHIGHLIGHTSTHETECHNOLOGICALPREREQUISITESANDCHALLENGESOFVIRTUALWORLDSZHAO2011ORTHEEFFECTSOFVIRTUALWORLDCONSUMPTIONFISCHERETAL2007THEFEWSTUDIESFOCUSSINGONTHEUSEOFVIRTUALWORLDSHAVEDEVELOPEDWITHINTWOBROADTHEMESTHEFIRSTTHEMEISUSERACCEPTANCEEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFVIRTUALWORLDACCEPTANCEEXAMINEPSYCHOLOGICALPROCESSESOFINDIVIDUALSFORMINGTHEINTENTIONTOUSEVIRTUALWORLDSANDVIRTUALWORLDCOMMUNITIESFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THEYIDENTIFYPREVIOUSLYUNEXPLOREDANTECEDENTSREGARDINGITACCEPTANCEEG,ROLEPROJECTION,EMOTIONALINVOLVEMENTINBOTHENTERTAINMENTORIENTEDEG,HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007ANDMOREWORKORLEARNINGORIENTEDENVIRONMENTSEG,FETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008HOLSAPPLEANDWU2007SUCHWORKSHIGHLIGHTTHEIMPORTANCEOFPERFORMANCEEXPECTANCY,SOCIALINFLUENCEANDPERCEIVEDVALUEOFCOMMUNICATIONFORVIRTUALWORLDUSEANDEMPHASIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFVARIOUSTYPESOFCOOPERATIONORCOLLABORATIONBETWEENINDIVIDUALSFETSCHERINANDLATTEMANN2008THESECONDTHEME,WITHINWHICHTHISRESEARCHISSITUATED,ISUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSSTUDIESCONSIDERINDIVIDUALSASACTIVEVIRTUALWORLDUSERSTHEYRESPONSIBLEEDITORSHANSDIETERZIMMERMANNANDNILMINIWICKRAMASINGHETWEISSDEPARTMENTOFBUSINESS,MEDIAANDTECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCOLOGNE,POHLIGSTR1,50969COLOGNE,GERMANYEMAILTHOMASWEISSUNIKOELNDESSCHIELEDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCOLOGNE,POHLIGSTR1,50969COLOGNE,GERMANYEMAILSCHIELEWIMUNIKOELNDEELECTRONMARKETS201323307–316DOI101007/S1252501301275WESTRUCTURETHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERASFOLLOWSFIRST,WEPRESENTTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHBASEDONANEPISTEMOLOGICALDEDUCTIVEAPPROACH,WESUBSEQUENTLYISSUENEEDGRATIFICATIONSIDENTIFIEDWITHINTHEVIRTUALWORLDSLITERATUREAPPLYINGAVARIANCEBASEDRESEARCHMETHOD,WETESTFORSUPPORTOFTHENEEDGRATIFICATIONSBYCOMBININGQUALITATIVEINTERVIEWSWITHQUANTITATIVESURVEYSANALYZEDTHROUGHMULTIPLEREGRESSIONANALYSISWEREFLECTTHERESULTSAGAINSTTHELITERATUREINTHE“DISCUSSION”SECTIONWECONCLUDEWITHASUMMARYOFOURCONTRIBUTIONANDAREASFORFURTHERRESEARCHTHEORETICALBACKGROUNDUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACH1RAYBURNANDPALMGREEN1984STEMSFROMMEDIAEFFECTSRESEARCHANDISGEAREDTOTHEPERCEPTIONOFINFORMATION,ATTITUDE,ANDBEHAVIOROFINDIVIDUALSRUGGIERO2000ITILLUMINATESINDIVIDUALS’INVOLVEMENTINMASSMEDIACOMMUNICATIONSINTERMSOFUSEREXPERIENCEANDPERSPECTIVECONSEQUENTLY,THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHEXAMINESINDIVIDUALS’NEEDGRATIFICATIONSREGARDINGMEDIAUSEWITHRELATIONTOLIFECYCLESANDCORRESPONDINGCHANGESINATTITUDESANDNEEDSITHASBEENWIDELYPUBLISHEDINAVARIETYOFSCIENTIFICFIELDSANDAPPLIEDTONUMEROUSPHENOMENAINCLUDINGINTERNETUSE,INTERACTIVEADVERTISING,INNOVATIONADOPTION,ANDPAIDONLINECONTENTADOPTIONSTAFFORDETAL2004THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHRESTSONTHEASSUMPTIONSTHATDIFFERENCESINTHECOSTSOFMASSMEDIACONSUMPTIONOCCURBETWEENDIFFERENTAUDIENCEMEMBERSANDTHATSUCHDIFFERENCESCORRELATEWITHOTHERCOMMUNICATIONRELEVANTFACTORSRUGGIERO2000ITRESTSUPONTHREEMAINPILLARS,1BELIEFSANDEVALUATIONS,2NEEDGRATIFICATIONSSOUGHT,AND3NEEDGRATIFICATIONSOBTAINEDBELIEFSANDEVALUATIONSDESCRIBETHESUBJECTIVEPROBABILITYOFINDIVIDUALSTHATAMEDIUMPOSSESSESDISTINCTCHARACTERISTICSINTURN,THESEARCHFORGRATIFICATIONSLEADINGTOMEDIACONSUMPTIONISARESULTOFBELIEFSFINALLY,NEEDGRATIFICATIONSOBTAINEDREFERSTOTHEINDIVIDUALOUTCOMEOFACTUALMEDIACONSUMPTIONTHEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHIS“EXCEEDINGLYUSEFULINEXPLAININGAUDIENCEACTIVITYWHENINDIVIDUALSAREMOSTACTIVEINCONSCIOUSLYMAKINGUSEOFMEDIAFORINTENDEDPURPOSES”RUGGIERO2000,19ITDIFFERSFROMACCEPTANCEANDUSESTUDIESTHROUGHMODELINGINDIVIDUALSASACTIVEISUSERSRUGGIERO2000THEUSESANDGRATIFICATIONSAPPROACHREACHESBEYONDINDIVIDUALS’COGNITIVEPROCESSESSTAFFORDETAL2004ITTYPICALLYCLUSTERSRESULTINGBASICNEEDGRATIFICATIONSINEXTRINSICANDINTRINSICMOTIVATIONSRYANANDDECI2000EXTRINSICMOTIVATION“REFERSTODOINGSOMETHINGBECAUSEITLEADSTOASEPARABLEOUTCOME”RYANANDDECI2000,55ITDENOTESNEEDGRATIFICATIONSSUCHASPERSONALINTEGRATIVE,SOCIALUTILITY,ANDSURVEILLANCENEEDSRUGGIERO2000SANGWAN2005SONGETAL2004INCONTRAST,INTRINSICMOTIVATION“ISDEFINEDASTHEDOINGOFANACTIVITYFORITSINHERENTSATISFACTIONSRATHERTHANFORSOMESEPARABLECONSE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