[雙語翻譯]外文翻譯—虛擬世界中的青少年犯罪荷蘭使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪、依賴網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪和線下犯罪的異同（原文）

1、See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328730277Juvenile Delinquency in the virtual world: Similarities and differences betweencyber- enabled, cyber-

2、dependent and offline delinquents in the NetherlandsArticle in International Journal of Cyber Criminology · November 2018DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1467690CITATIONS0READS784 authors, including:Some of the authors of this

3、 publication are also working on these related projects:Juveniles in prison View projectMonitor Jeugdcriminaliteit / Juvenile crime monitor View projectJosja RokvenResearch and Documentation Centre (WODC)17 PUBLICATIONS

4、 13 CITATIONS SEE PROFILEGijs WeijtersResearch and Documentation Centre (WODC)40 PUBLICATIONS 128 CITATIONS SEE PROFILEAndré M. Van der LaanResearch and Documentation Centre (WODC)49 PUBLICATIONS 319 CITATI

5、ONS SEE PROFILEAll content following this page was uploaded by Josja Rokven on 14 November 2018.The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.Rokven et al. – Juvenile Delinquency in the Virtual World ©

6、 2018 International Journal of Cyber Criminology (Diamond Open Access Journal). Under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License 28 primarily to traditional offlin

7、e offenses. One possible explanation for the observed crime drop is that juveniles have shifted from committing traditional offline offenses to online offenses (Tcherni et al., 2016). With the digitalization of society

8、, new ways to commit traditional offline offenses have emerged, as well as opportunities to commit new types of offenses online. This raises the question as to whether ‘street criminals’ have gone online, or whether w

9、e are dealing with a new type of delinquent. Previous research distinguishes two types of online delinquency: cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquency (Holt McGuire Raskauskas Ybarra Higgins, 2005; Higgins, Fe

10、ll Wolfe Khey et al., 2009; Yar, 2005a). To the best of our knowledge, only one study has focused on a broader range of online offenses, whilst also including offline offenses (Donner, Jennings & Banfield, 2015).

11、 Donner and colleagues found that online delinquents were often prone to offline delinquency as well. However, these findings are based on a sample from a specific population, namely undergraduate college students in

12、the US. The question is whether their results can be generalized to a national probability sample of juveniles. In the current study, we build on previous research by first investigating the extent to which cyber-ena

13、bled and cyber-dependent delinquents differ from each other, and secondly the extent to which they differ from offline delinquents. Studying types of online delinquents and their similarities and differences with tradi

14、tional offline delinquents is important, because if online delinquents are similar to offline delinquents, the same prevention methods could be used for both. However, if differences emerge within and between groups,

15、different approaches regarding prevention and forensic treatment may be required. To study potential differences between cyber-enabled, cyber-dependent, and offline delinquents, we used the Youth Delinquency Survey (Y

16、DS), a cross-sectional self- reported study on a national probability sample of juveniles from the Netherlands (see Van der Laan, Blom & Kleemans, 2009). The YDS contains detailed information on both self- reported

17、online and offline delinquency, and on risk and promotive factors that are related to traditional offline delinquency. Risk factors increase the likelihood of delinquency, whereas promotive factors decrease this likeli