technology and industrial clusters how different are they to manage【外文翻譯】

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目：Technology and industrial clusters: how different are they to manage? </p><p>　　出 處： Science and Public Policy, 37(

2、9), November 2010, pages 679–688 </p><p>　　作 者： Michele Coletti </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p&

3、gt;<p>　　Industrial districts and clusters have long been known for their positive contribution to local development. In recent years, inspired by successful examples such as the Silicon Valley, many local governm

4、ent and public agencies in Europe and elsewhere have started to launch initiatives to develop technology clusters in selected locations. Usually, cluster initiatives are carried out by ad hoc cluster organisations. These

5、 are intermediate bodies employing people in charge of animating clusters, t</p><p>　　introduction </p><p>　　For a long time, districts and clusters have been noticed by sociologists and economi

6、sts, but it is only in the last two decades that many policy-makers have begun to actively nurture their growth as a way to spur local economic development.</p><p>　　As long ago as in 1890 the economist Alfr

7、ed Marshall introduced the concept of the industrial district and identified the advantages of the co-location of firms. Becattini and Bellandi (2006) describe districts of traditional industries as characterised by seve

8、ral populations/typologies of specialised and autonomous enterprises covering various stages of a productive network. These firms tend to be aggregated in ‘open squads’ which internally exchange knowledge and work togeth

9、er to produce colle</p><p>　　一、Technology and industrial clusters</p><p>　　Despite Porter’s statement that there are no low- or high-tech sectors, but only low- or high-tech companies(1996), par

10、ameters such as the R&D intensity(generally measured as R&D expenditure as a share of sales revenues) vary significantly across sectors(Reinstaller and Unterlass, 2008). The same goes for clusters: there are diff

11、erences as well as similarities between industrial districts and hi-tech clusters. Industrial districts deal with sectors with low or intermediate technology content suc</p><p>　　Traditional industrial distr

12、icts are based on high division of tasks and strong collaboration between companies in a specific location, where only few companies have access to final clients. Innovation happens in industrial districts too, but it is

13、 less directly linked to S&T advances than in hi-tech clusters.In industrial clusters, the connection with local manufacturing activities is a pillar of their success.This is possible because of an extensive overlapp

14、ing of social and business life, whi</p><p>　　On the other hand, hi-tech clusters need stronger links with universities, public and private independent research centres and research labs of big companies(Dim

15、itriadis, 2008). These clusters employ relatively few people (even considering indirect jobs), who have a sense of belonging to their professional network rather than to the local community,so they generally do not devel

16、op a strong identity related to the territory where they are located. In these clusters, new product development is mor</p><p>　　Industrial districts are the result of decades or centuries of activity in tra

17、ditional sectors such as furniture, garment or mechanics triggered by the availability of local resources, local demand, a supportive business climate and a culture favourable to entrepreneurship (as summarised in Porter

18、’s diamond model, 1998b). However, the development of hi-tech clusters often depends on intentional processes of cooperation between public and private bodies rather than endogenous primary factors of g</p><p&

19、gt;　　Both industrial and technology clusters contain an eco-system of different subjects such as machinery suppliers, labs, education and research institutions,consultants, banks, business angels and venture capitalists,

20、local governments, development agencies and, of course, the firms involved in manufacturing and sales. The role of local institutions is to improve the business environment preparing infrastructure to work (land and buil

21、ding) and communicate</p><p>　　(transport and telecommunications), and foster environmental and socio-cultural conditions attractive to high-skilled specialists and their families.</p><p>　　One

22、of the most striking and famous examples of a technology cluster is Silicon Valley. Surrounded by the myth of ‘instant industrialisation’, Silicon Valley has attracted much interest from governments and communities that

23、have tried to understand the ‘recipe’ and replicate it (Sturgeon, 2003). However,the root of its technology concentration is found in the establishment of Stanford University and Stanford Research Park later on. Scholars

24、 have also pointed out the role of informal personal and</p><p>　　二、Cluster policies</p><p>　　So far, we have identified the differences between industrial and technology clusters. However, Ande

25、rsson et al. (2004) introduce the category of ‘innovative clusters’, that is, those that, irrespective of their sector or nature (industrial, regional or S&Tbased),are characterised by the following interrelated inne

26、r dynamics:</p><p>　　1. New firm creation and technological diversification.</p><p>　　2. Inter-actor network creation, that is, the presence of bridging bodies to facilitate knowledge spillover

27、and collaboration.</p><p>　　3. Policies and activities meant to support clustering.</p><p>　　Moreover, they identify the following categories of cluster policy:</p><p>　　?1.Broker p

28、olicies, aiming at value-enhancing dialogue and collaboration beyond market forces (which may under-supply certain interactions or services).</p><p>　　? 2.Demand side policies Public procurement, when pursue

29、d consistently, can be beneficial to cluster development, despite limitations given by international trade agreements and European laws on competition.</p><p>　　? 3.Training Policies aimed at upgrading SMEs’

30、skills overcome imperfections in information, lack of internal financial resources and unavailability of educational services tailored to the specific needs of clustered SMEs.</p><p>　　?4. Promotion of inter

31、national linkages Traditionally applied in industrial policy, it has been extended to clusters. Removal of trade barriers, and harmonization of market regulations improve resource flows and enhance specialisation of valu

32、e chains.</p><p>　　There is no sharp boundary between cluster policies,in the restricted sense, and broader framework conditions.The macro-economic situation; product and factor markets; education and resear

33、ch systems;physical, institutional and legal infrastructure; social capital; business culture; and entrepreneurial attitudes are environmental conditions which impact clustering and innovation activities.</p><

34、p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　工業(yè)區(qū)與產(chǎn)業(yè)集群因?yàn)閷Ξ?dāng)?shù)氐陌l(fā)展做出了積極的貢獻(xiàn)而人們熟知。近年來，受許多成功例子的影響比如硅谷，許多地方政府和公共機(jī)構(gòu)在歐洲和其他地方已經(jīng)開始實(shí)行措施來開發(fā)技術(shù)集群在指定的地點(diǎn)。一般情況下，特設(shè)集群組織進(jìn)行集群計劃。這些都是中介組織雇員負(fù)責(zé)管理集群，就是所謂的集群經(jīng)理。集群經(jīng)理的工作就是通過自己的能力處理各項事務(wù)。他們同樣要研究技術(shù)集

35、群與產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在管理上的差異。最主要的方法是通過對歐洲集群領(lǐng)域全面的調(diào)查的結(jié)果進(jìn)行二次分析。</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　在過去的很長時間里，區(qū)域與集群已經(jīng)受到社會學(xué)家跟經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的關(guān)注，但是這僅僅是在過去二十年間許多決策者已經(jīng)開始積極的培養(yǎng)區(qū)域與集群成長來刺激當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　早在1890年經(jīng)

36、濟(jì)學(xué)家阿爾弗雷德·馬歇爾就已經(jīng)提出工業(yè)區(qū)的概念并且確定了區(qū)域合作公司的優(yōu)勢。貝卡蒂尼和貝蘭迪(2006)指出傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)區(qū)的特征是人口典型的專業(yè)自主型企業(yè)包括了多個階段的生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些企業(yè)聚集在一起互相交流信息和工作來生產(chǎn)出集體產(chǎn)品，但是如果有需要，他們會把資源分享給其他的公司。工業(yè)區(qū)另外的特征是具有特殊的公共物品，整合分工以及協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)廠家。</p><p><b>　　一、技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)集群<

37、/b></p><p>　　盡管波特聲明，沒有低科技或者高科技部門，只有低科技或者高科技公司（1996），但是參數(shù)表示研發(fā)強(qiáng)度(一般來講作為一份銷售收入是測量研發(fā)支出)在部門之間顯著不同。相同的情況也發(fā)生在集群中，工業(yè)區(qū)域和高技術(shù)集群是有區(qū)別的，但是同樣也有相似之處。工業(yè)區(qū)域處理部門以低技術(shù)或者中間技術(shù)為內(nèi)容，就像食物，水果和衣服一樣，而高技術(shù)集群則處理技術(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。</p><p>

38、;　　傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)域在一個只有少數(shù)公司接觸客戶的特別的公司，這個公司是以高部門區(qū)分和強(qiáng)度合作為基礎(chǔ)的。創(chuàng)新也發(fā)生在工業(yè)區(qū)域，但是它少于直接鏈接到高技術(shù)發(fā)展的高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。在產(chǎn)業(yè)集群中，與當(dāng)?shù)刂圃鞓I(yè)的活動是他們成功的支柱。這是有可能的，由于地理位置的接近，人們的關(guān)系和共享的文化造成的社會生活和商業(yè)生活的廣泛重疊。</p><p>　　從另一個方面來說，高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)集群需要與大學(xué)，公眾和私人的獨(dú)立的研究中心和大公司的研

39、究實(shí)驗(yàn)室有高度的聯(lián)系。這些集群者喜歡有一種屬于他們自己的專業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)甚于當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的相對較少的人（甚至考慮到間接工作），所以他們一般不在當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)展較廣的與身份相關(guān)的范圍。在這些集群者當(dāng)中，在工業(yè)區(qū)域中新產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展是關(guān)鍵活動比新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)更重要。</p><p>　　工業(yè)區(qū)域是由于數(shù)十年或者近世紀(jì)的傳統(tǒng)部門活動，如：家具，服裝行業(yè)或者由于當(dāng)?shù)刭Y源的可用性，當(dāng)?shù)匦枨?，商業(yè)風(fēng)氣的支持和對企業(yè)家的文化優(yōu)惠政策引起的力學(xué)觸發(fā)。（波

40、特的鉆石模型，1998b）。但是，高科技集群的發(fā)展經(jīng)常依賴于公眾和私人有意識的進(jìn)一步合作甚于內(nèi)在主要因素的增長。</p><p>　　不管是工業(yè)還是技術(shù)集群都包含一個不同主題的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，如：機(jī)械供貨商，實(shí)驗(yàn)室，教育和研究機(jī)構(gòu)，咨詢公司，銀行，企業(yè)家和風(fēng)險投資顧問，當(dāng)?shù)卣l(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)，當(dāng)然還包括這些公司參與的制造和銷售。當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)構(gòu)的角色是提升商業(yè)環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的工作（土地和建筑）和交流（運(yùn)輸和通訊），還有構(gòu)建周圍環(huán)

41、境和社會文化用于吸引高科技的專家和他們的工廠。</p><p>　　最顯著和最著名的的例子之一：技術(shù)集群地硅谷。因?yàn)楣韫壬衩氐摹凹磿r工業(yè)化”，硅谷吸引了很多來自政府和社團(tuán)的興趣，他們嘗試了解以及掌握這個‘配方’（Sturgeon, 2003）。但是，后來學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)科技集中的根本原因是斯坦福大學(xué)和斯坦福研究公園的建立。同時他們也指出科技集中在非正式的個人網(wǎng)絡(luò)和社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)所扮演的重要角色。</p><

42、p><b>　　二、產(chǎn)業(yè)集群政策</b></p><p>　　到目前為止，我們已經(jīng)分辨出產(chǎn)業(yè)集群與技術(shù)集群之間的不同之處。然而，創(chuàng)新集群類別的引進(jìn)，也就是說，不論其部門或者性質(zhì)，具有以下的相關(guān)內(nèi)在特點(diǎn)：</p><p>　　1.公司創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)多樣化。</p><p>　　2.公司之間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造，也就是說，網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接主體的存在促進(jìn)了知識的流通

43、與合作。</p><p>　　3.政策和活動支持產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。</p><p>　　另外，他們確定了以下幾種類型的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策：</p><p>　　1.經(jīng)紀(jì)政策，是為了超越市場力量實(shí)現(xiàn)價值提升的對話和合作。</p><p>　　2.公共采購方面的需求政策，當(dāng)這個政策持續(xù)進(jìn)行時，是有利于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的，盡管在競爭方面國際貿(mào)易協(xié)議和歐洲法律有很多限制。&l

44、t;/p><p>　　3.培訓(xùn)政策是為了提高中小企業(yè)的技術(shù)來克服中小企業(yè)在信息中的不完善，內(nèi)部財務(wù)資源的缺乏以及不可用的教育定制服務(wù)，對于中小企業(yè)集群有特殊需求的。</p><p>　　4.為了促進(jìn)國際跟傳統(tǒng)的連接的工業(yè)政策已經(jīng)延續(xù)到集群了。清除貿(mào)易壁壘和協(xié)調(diào)市場規(guī)則提高了資源的流動以及對價值鏈的專業(yè)化。</p><p>　　集群政策之間沒有尖銳的限制條件以及更廣泛的框