論英語(yǔ)新聞中被動(dòng)句的翻譯【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)論文</b></p><p><b>　　（20 屆）</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　論英語(yǔ)新聞中被動(dòng)句的翻譯</p><p>　　The Translation of the Passive Vo

2、ice in English News</p><p><b>　　誠(chéng) 信 聲 明</b></p><p>　　我聲明，所呈交的論文(設(shè)計(jì))是本人在老師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。據(jù)我查證，除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外，論文(設(shè)計(jì))中不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過(guò)的研究成果，也不包含為獲得＿＿＿＿＿＿或其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位或證書而使用過(guò)的材料。我承諾，論文

3、(設(shè)計(jì))中的所有內(nèi)容均真實(shí)、可信。</p><p>　　論文(設(shè)計(jì))作者簽名： 簽名日期： 年 月 日</p><p><b>　　授 權(quán) 聲 明</b></p><p>　　學(xué)校有權(quán)保留送交論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的原件，允許論文（設(shè)計(jì)）被查閱和借閱，學(xué)?？梢怨颊撐模ㄔO(shè)計(jì)）的全部或部分內(nèi)容，可以影印、縮印或其他復(fù)制手段保存論文（

4、設(shè)計(jì)），學(xué)校必須嚴(yán)格按照授權(quán)對(duì)論文(設(shè)計(jì))進(jìn)行處理，不得超越授權(quán)對(duì)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）進(jìn)行任意處置。</p><p>　　論文(設(shè)計(jì))作者簽名： 簽名日期： 年 月 日</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　新聞是傳達(dá)信息最快最便捷的方式，英語(yǔ)新聞也是如此。由于英語(yǔ)新聞的特殊性，當(dāng)我們深入研究英語(yǔ)新聞的時(shí)

5、候我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語(yǔ)新聞中出現(xiàn)了大量的被動(dòng)句。本文從英語(yǔ)新聞中的被動(dòng)句來(lái)著手，從被動(dòng)句的用法、功能以及其語(yǔ)境這三點(diǎn)來(lái)分析如何正確翻譯英語(yǔ)新聞。通過(guò)例證說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)新聞翻譯的過(guò)程中需要注意的問(wèn)題及翻譯技巧，而對(duì)原文的理解程度又關(guān)系到譯文的正確與否。所以正確理解英語(yǔ)新聞當(dāng)中被動(dòng)句的使用意圖是其翻譯的核心問(wèn)題。忠實(shí)原文，翻譯準(zhǔn)確，是本文的宗旨。忠實(shí)原文是翻譯英語(yǔ)新聞中被動(dòng)句的首要問(wèn)題，翻譯準(zhǔn)確是要遵循新聞當(dāng)中的客觀事實(shí)。</p><

6、;p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：英語(yǔ)新聞；被動(dòng)句；翻譯技巧；語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　News is the most rapid way to convey a message, so as the English news. With the deep research we have found that the

7、re are a lot of passive voices used in the English news. We will analyze the linguistic features of translation of the passive voice in English news from its usage function and context. We will take some examples to expl

8、ain what we have to pay more attention to and the method of how to translate them exactly. There are three rules of how to translate the passive voice in English n</p><p>　　Keywords: English news; Passive Vo

9、ice; Translation Skills; Linguistic Features</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract. …………………………………………………………………………......Ⅰ </p><p>　　1 Introduction1</p><p&

10、gt;　　2 The Passive Voice1</p><p>　　2.1 The Definition of Voice1</p><p>　　2.1.1 Active1</p><p>　　2.1.2 Passive1</p><p>　　2.2 The Definition of Passive Voice2</p&

11、gt;<p>　　2.3 The Difference between Chinese Passive Voice and English Passive Voice3</p><p>　　2.4 The Passive Voice in English3</p><p>　　3 The Function of the Passive Voice4</p>

12、<p>　　3.1 Pragmatic Function4</p><p>　　3.2 Euphemism and Politeness5</p><p>　　3.3 Rhetoric Function6</p><p>　　4 Translation of Passive Voice6</p><p>　　4.1 Res

13、triction of Context6</p><p>　　4.2 The Pragmatic Intention8</p><p>　　4.3 Avoiding Repeat8</p><p>　　4.4 Implementer Unknown9</p><p>　　4.5 The Disappeared Passive in t

14、he English News Title9</p><p>　　5 Conclusion10</p><p>　　Bibliography12</p><p>　　Acknowledgements13</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　From the turn of th

15、e century there have been a lot of researches domestic as well as abroad researching the passive voice in English. These research data have provided us with an instructive principle of how to use and understand the passi

16、ve sentence. The study which the researchers have done gave us a brief idea of passive voice. They have pioneered a new way to acknowledge and master the passive voice. However, there are little studies which research th

17、e translation of passive voice in English</p><p>　　2 The Passive Voice</p><p>　　2.1 The Definition of Voice</p><p>　　In grammar, the voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describe

18、s the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the a

19、ctive voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.</p><p>　　2.1.1 Active</p><p>　　The active voice is the most commonly used

20、in many languages and represents the "normal" case, in which the subject of the verb is the agent. Such as: </p><p>　　(1) I eat the cake.</p><p>　　The word I is the subject, while the

21、word cake is object. The word I uses the action to eat the cake.</p><p>　　(1) 我吃了蛋糕。</p><p>　　2.1.2 Passive</p><p>　　The passive voice is employed in a clause whose subject expresse

22、s the theme or patient of the verb. That is, it undergoes an action or has its state changed. The Spanish language and the English language use a periphrastic passive voice; that is, it is not a single word form, but rat

23、her a construction making use of other word forms. Specifically, it is made up of a form of the auxiliary verb to be and a past participle of the main verb.</p><p>　　2.2 The Definition of Passive Voice</p

24、><p>　　Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. Passive is used in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb. That is, the subject undergoes

25、 an action or has its state changed. A sentence whose theme is marked as grammatical subject is called a passive sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which the subject has the agent role is called an active sentence, and

26、 its verb is expressed in active voice. Many languages have both an active and a </p><p>　　Transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"

27、;), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs. Such as:</p><p>　　(2) The cake was eaten by me.</p><p>　　This is the passive sentence of the example (1). In this sentence, th

28、e word cake is the subject, while the word I is the object.</p><p>　　(2) 蛋糕被我吃了。</p><p>　　The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other tha

29、n the agent in subject position. This may be used to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role. Passive voice may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.</p>&

30、lt;p>　　English, like some other languages, uses a periphrastic passive. Rather than conjugating directly for voice, English uses the past participle form of the verb plus an auxiliary verb, either be or get, to indica

31、te passive voice. </p><p>　　The example (1) and (2) are the same meaning and they can transfer to each other. But if one wants to know where the cake is, then we can use (2). And if one is asked what he/she

32、is doing. The example (1) is the best answer. From these two different sentences, it is clear to us that the passive have its own advantage.</p><p>　　The active voice is the dominant voice in English at larg

33、e. Many commentators, notably George Orwell in his essay "Politics and the English Language"(1946) and Strunk & White in The Elements of Style(1918), have urged minimizing use of the passive voice. However,

34、 the passive voice has important uses. Jan Freeman of The Boston Globe (1993) states "all good writers use the passive voice "– including Orwell and Strunk & White themselves, in the sections of their essay

35、s criticizing the passive voice</p><p>　　2.3 The Difference between Chinese Passive Voice and English Passive Voice</p><p>　　As we all know, nearly all the language have the passive voice. In th

36、is section, I will emphasis on the difference between Chinese Passive Voice and English Passive Voice.</p><p>　　In Chinese, we use one passive word to express the passive voice, however, in English, we have

37、to change the grammar voice of the verb to express the passive voice. For example:</p><p>　　(3) The mosquito bites me; </p><p>　　(4) I am bit by the mosquito. </p><p>　　The verb bit

38、e changes to its passive voice bit, and the pronunciation relatively changes. The passive sentence uses a preposition by to express that the mosquito is the actor who is the subject of the active sentence. However we don

39、’t have to change the formation of the verb in Chinese, and we use a new passive word to express the passive meaning. In contrast, we have to change the formation and the pronunciation of a verb when the passive voice is

40、 necessary.</p><p>　　Therefore, we have to remember the passive voice of a verb when we learn English. It can help us to read English more effectively.</p><p>　　When is the passive likely to app

41、ear in English? Which genre we use passive largely? How can we translate the passive into Chinese?</p><p>　　2.4 The Passive Voice in English</p><p>　　In our life, passive voice is not widely use

42、d. We tend to use the active voice to express ourselves, which means that in spoken language passive voice is not widely used. Therefore, when the passive is likely to appear? The researchers have found that we use many

43、percents passive voice in the news and technological article.</p><p>　　To some extent, the function of the passive determines the distribution of the use of the passive. Just as the outcome of the research s

44、hows that in new and technological articles use many percents passive voice, however, in novels and our daily conversation uses merely little percents passive voice. The difference between modern English and modern Chine

45、se is the usage the passive, in modern Chinese, we don’t use a lot of passive, while in English we use a lot of passive.</p><p>　　3 The Function of the Passive Voice</p><p>　　3.1 Pragmatic Funct

46、ion</p><p>　　English passive sentences are not the solely simple substituting forms of their corresponding English active sentences, but possess particular textual, pragmatic and rhetoric applications in ver

47、bal communication. Based on the analysis of data, this research has explored factors in influencing and restricting the application of English passive sentences. Finally, is comes to realize that: the selection of Englis

48、h passive sentence is due to comprehensive functioning of their functions, contexts, r</p><p>　　The large use of passive in English news shows us that grasping the meanings is helpful for us to understand th

49、e news. For our Chinese English learners, the process of learning English is the process of translating English into Chinese in our mind. In order to understand the English we have to translate the English into Chinese.

50、This process is the best way to master the English. Therefore, how to translate these English into Chinese is the topic we have to know. The effective way to translate t</p><p>　　One of the functions is to e

51、xpress the euphemism and politeness. When the author doesn’t want to mention the implementer, this kind of usage foregrounds the advantage. This usage can avoid hurting the implementer. When the implementers don’t want t

52、o be mentioned or we have to respect the privacy of the implementer. On the premise, we use passive to make best of the both worlds.</p><p>　　Another function is rhetoric function which is able to express th

53、e balanced sentence. The author uses this function to make the sentences balanced and constant. It also can emphasis on the mood of the sentence and make the expressions more impressing and vivid.</p><p>　　(

54、5) Vitamins were originally placed in categories based on their function in the body and were given letter names. Later as their chemical structure were revealed, they were also given chemical names. Today, both naming c

55、onventions were used.</p><p>　　The inclined words are passive voice. From the above, we can see that all of the sentences are passive voice and there is no subject. It shows the function of pragmatic functio

56、n. </p><p>　　(5) 他們本來(lái)按在體內(nèi)功能在目錄里排好，并給他們一個(gè)字母名字。后來(lái)根據(jù)他們的化學(xué)組成賦予他們一個(gè)學(xué)名。至今這兩種命名方式都適用。 </p><p>　　In contrast, if we transfer this sentence into active sentence.</p><p>　　The example (5) wil

57、l be like this: we originally placed them in categories based on their functions in the body and we gave them letter name, we would give them chemical names when found that their chemical structure revealed. Later, we us

58、e both of naming conventions.</p><p>　　Such active sentence tell us we did something but not the chemical materials. We will focus on what we have done not the chemical materials self.</p><p>　　

59、In this way the examples (5) will be like this: 我們按他們?cè)隗w內(nèi)的不同功能在目錄里排好，在給他們一個(gè)字母名。我們后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的化學(xué)功能又給他起了一個(gè)學(xué)名。我們至今都在用這兩種名稱。</p><p>　　From these two different expressions and translations we can find we will make diff

60、erence due to the pragmatic function of the passive voice. And these two translations have different emphasis.</p><p>　　3.2 Euphemism and Politeness</p><p>　　One of the functions of the passive

61、voice is to express the euphemism and the politeness, especially when the author doesn’t want to mention the implementer.</p><p>　　(6) Based on the total figure, it appears that an error was made in the budg

62、et.</p><p>　　From these sentences we can know that there is no implementer in these sentences. The author does not want to mention the implementer or for the sake of politeness the author just let us know wh

63、o is victim. In other word, this expression also shows the euphemism which not to hurt the implementer. However, if we express these sentences in active voice, we have to mention the implementer to let the sentences be i

64、n integrity. Under such circumstance, it makes the best of the both worlds.</p><p>　　To some extent, the function of the passive voice directly determines the exertion in communication.</p><p>　

65、　(6) 根據(jù)總數(shù)，似乎在預(yù)算里有錯(cuò)誤。</p><p>　　The author does not intend the implementer by using the passive expression.</p><p>　　Who made the error is not what the author wants to say, the author just wants t

66、o tell the truth that there was an error in the budget. This expression foregrounds its advantage. We can see that in this way when we translate English into Chinese, we also don’t have to translate the subject.</p>

67、;<p>　　How about transferring this sentence into active voice, the example (6) will be like this: Based on the total figure, A seemed to make an error in the budget.</p><p>　　(6) 根據(jù)總數(shù)，A好像預(yù)算做出借了。</p

68、><p>　　If based on the context, we may imply who made the error. When we translate this into Chinese we can avoid using the name of the person which will make the sentence smoother and clearer.</p><p

69、>　　3.3 Rhetoric Function </p><p>　　There is an antithesis function in rhetoric function. Antithesis is a counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. In setting the oppos

70、ite, an individual brings out a contrast in the meaning (e.g., the definition, interpretation, or semantics) by an obvious contrast in the expression. We can use the antithesis function to make sentences balanced, consta

71、nt. By using the antithesis function we can emphasize the semantics and make the structure of the expression pr</p><p>　　(7) All his time was devoted to science; and all his life was struggled through.</p

72、><p>　　We can see clearly that it uses the antithesis function to make the structure of the expression balanced and emphasize all his everything was devoted to science. </p><p>　　(7)可以翻譯成他的一生都獻(xiàn)給了科學(xué)

73、并在科學(xué)的路上努力。</p><p>　　This method of translation can use one subject to express its meaning. All his time and all his life can be uses one word to translate and this usage can make the consistence of the sente

74、nce. When translating such sentence, first of all we must find its subject, second, we use the subject to keep the sentence in consistency. It is very crucial not to use two subjects which will make the sentence long and

75、 no emphasis.</p><p>　　4 Translation of Passive Voice</p><p>　　4.1 Restriction of Context</p><p>　　According to the study of the researchers, there is more passive voice in written

76、language than in spoken language. English news is the written language which uses a lot of passive voice to keep its impersonal aspects.</p><p>　　Passive are dominated by the context. At times, we use passiv

77、e to avoid changing the subject, which will lead to the incoherence of the sentence. </p><p>　　(8) He still had murderous tantrum and was feared by everyone in the hotel, not including Fredie, Lucy and Jules

78、 Segal.</p><p>　　In this sentence, the subject is He, if we use he as the subject, when it comes to fear we have to change the subject because of the subject of fear is everyone. In order not to change the s

79、ubject, what we can do is to use passive voice to not to make everyone to be the subject. It seems complex, in a word, we have to find a way to make he be the subject.</p><p>　　The usage of the passive voice

80、 always is restricted by the context. Especially the compound sentence, we have to use passive voice for the inconsistence by changing the subject.</p><p>　　(8) 他還是有一點(diǎn)兇殘的小孩子脾氣還害怕賓館里的每一個(gè)人。</p><p>

81、;　　We can see this sentence is an active sentence. We have to change the subject to everyone. In English, there is a rule that in one sentence there is only one subject. When we face such sentence structure we must recog

82、nize it as the first glance. It can help us quickly understand its meaning and it is very essential for us to translate this sentence skillfully.</p><p>　　(9) A man stole a small aircraft at gunpoint Sunday

83、and flew it downtown Frankfurt, circling skyscrapers and threatening to crash into European Central Bank. He landed safely after about two hours and was arrested. In radio contact with air traffic controllers, the man th

84、reatened to crash into the European Central Bank unless he was allowed the TV interview as well as a call to Baltimore. He later said he wanted to commit suicide by plunging the planes into Man River. It was unclear if t

85、he man w</p><p>　　There are three passive voices in this news. When translating this English news into Chinese, we can analyze this news from three main principles. First of all, it is very essential to comp

86、ly with the faithfulness, exactness, standardization. Second, we have to abbey its functional and contextual aspects.</p><p>　　(9) He landed safely after about two hours and was arrested. It was unclear if t

87、he man was forced to land or talked down. Air traffic controllers and the police psychologist had been in contact with him</p><p>　　(9) 他大約兩小時(shí)后安全著陸并被捕。現(xiàn)在并不確認(rèn)他是否是強(qiáng)迫著陸還是被說(shuō)服。</p><p>　　Under such ci

88、rcumstance, the sentence uses one subject he to keep its consistency. When we translate such sentence we have to pay more attention to such point. One characteristics of news is to state the object facts.</p><

89、p>　　4.2 The Pragmatic Intention</p><p>　　In some circumstance, we have to know the pragmatic intention so that we can know what the author wants to express.</p><p>　　(10a) The rain destroyed

90、the flowers.</p><p>　　(10b) The flowers were destroyed by the rain.</p><p>　　Actually, these two sentences are the same meaning and they can be conversed to each other without changing the meani

91、ng.</p><p>　　The first sentence emphasizes on the rain, in contrast, the second sentence emphasizes on the flowers. When these two sentences are in a specially designated context, we can use only one.</p&

92、gt;<p>　　For example, A said the flowers are all gone. What happened to them? B said the flowers were destroyed by the rain. And B can’t say the rain destroyed the flowers because A emphasizes on the flowers. Unde

93、r such circumstance, we know that in order to translate these English into Chinese correctly we have to fully understand the context.</p><p>　　We can see that the examples (10a) and (10b) are the same meanin

94、g. But in different context, they convey difference meanings. Due to the difference stress, the example (10a) stresses on the flowers has gone, while the example (10b) stresses on the rain.</p><p>　　(11a) Is

95、 it a heavy rain?</p><p>　　(11b) Yes, it is. The rain has destroyed the flowers</p><p>　　(12a) The flowers are all gone. What happened to them.</p><p>　　(12b) The flowers were destr

96、oyed by the rain.</p><p>　　(11a) 雨很大嗎？</p><p>　　(11b) 是的，雨把花都打散了。</p><p>　　(12a) 花都不見(jiàn)了，怎么了？</p><p>　　(12b) 花都被雨打散了。</p><p>　　This example explains that in

97、different context we have to pay more attention to its context to avoid mistranslation.</p><p>　　4.3 Avoiding Repeat</p><p>　　When the implementer appeared once and there is no need to repeat on

98、ce again, otherwise it will make the sentence tediously long. In such context we have to use passive voice to make the sentence short and sweet.</p><p>　　(13) She told me that her master had dismissed her. N

99、o reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.</p><p>　　她告訴我她的師傅把他開(kāi)除了，沒(méi)有說(shuō)明什么原因，沒(méi)有什么指示。她被禁止出現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　In this sentence

100、we can see that she has appeared once, the subject of the sentence following is also she. Therefore, passive voice foregrounds its advantage. By using the passive voice, we make the sentence smooth and short. When transl

101、ating these sentences into Chinese we have to pay attention to its usage.</p><p>　　(14) When anomalocaridids were first described, in the late 1800s, their scaly appendages had been found in isolation and we