英語中考命題的基本理論與實踐

1、英語中考命題的基本理論與實踐,,第一部分 英語測試的基本理論,一、英語測試的類型1、常模參照考試將某個學生的成績與其他學生的成績進行比較；(不適合用于平時課堂測驗，因為課堂測驗的目的不是把學生分為三六九等。),2、標準參照考試將考生的成績與事先制定的標準進行對比，不受其他考生成績的影響。即用一個既定標準/尺度來衡量學生的學習結(jié)果。,二、試題命制應注意的“四度”,1、難度題目難度是題目的難易程度，它是題目對被試者知識和能力水平

2、的適合程度的指標。測驗難度水平的適當與否取決于考試的目的、性質(zhì)和題目的形成。對于一般的常模參照考試而言其目的是測量個體差異，其題目的平均難度最好為0.50，各題難度可在0.50+0.20之間。當考試用于選拔時，題目的難度值應更多地接近錄取率。,試題的難度通常分為A、B、C、D四個層次：A類試題為容易題，相當于70%以上的考生能夠正確回答，難度值處于0.7-1之間。B類試題為中等偏易題，相當于50%-70%的考生能夠正確回答，難度值處

3、于0.5-0.7之間。C類試題為中等偏難題，相當于30%-50%的考生能夠正確回答，難度值處于0.3-0.5之間。D類試題為難題，相當于30%以下的考生能夠正確回答，難度值處于0-0.3之間。,2、區(qū)分度,區(qū)分度是指考試題目對學業(yè)水平不同的考生的區(qū)分程度的指標。具有良好區(qū)分度的題目，對考生有較強的鑒別能力，水平高的考生得分高，反之則得分低。在常模參照考試中，題目的區(qū)分度是一個非常重要的指標，一般依據(jù)選拔的目的和選拔率來確定。對于標準

4、參照考試，只有及格線附近的考生對題目的區(qū)分度要求較高。,3、信度,信度是指測試的結(jié)果是否穩(wěn)定、可靠。如果讓一個考生把同一份試卷做兩次，如果兩次結(jié)果相近，那么測試具有較高的信度。主觀題的信度尤其重要。由于評分者的信度難以保證，主觀題的信度也往往難以保證。,4、效度,效度是指測試是否有效地考查了希望考查的內(nèi)容。就語言水平測試而言，效度直接關(guān)系到測試結(jié)果能否準確反映考生的語言能力。考試內(nèi)容、考試形式與命題技術(shù)都直接關(guān)系到測試的效度。,如

5、果通過讓學生寫單詞的音標來考查學生的語音能力，那么測試就缺乏效度。能寫音標不等于能正確發(fā)音?，F(xiàn)在中考中經(jīng)常使用的間接口語考試的效度也不高。,如果不講究命題技術(shù)，試題也會缺乏效度： Which of the following does paper burn in?A. CO2 B. N2 C. O2 D. H2,三、命題原則,1.基礎性原則考試內(nèi)容 ： 基礎知識 基本技能 綜合運

6、用語言的能力 交際能力 用英語做事,2. 客觀性原則,測試理論分離測試：一般以詞、句形式呈現(xiàn)，缺乏語用情景，孤立測試某一知識或能力，信度高，效度相對較低。綜合測試：一般以語篇形式呈現(xiàn)，具有一定的語境，測試某一知識或能力，信度，效度相對平衡。交際語言測試：以語篇形式呈現(xiàn)，具有較為真實的情景，強調(diào)以互動的形式，測試綜合運用語言的能力，信度較低，效度高,3. 科學性原則,行文準則　 無知識性錯誤 無文字表達錯誤

7、題型設計 知識 知識運用　能力 聽力技能等其它部分主、客觀題 (1) 客觀性題型：答案唯一的選擇題，其整卷權(quán)重值不高于0.61。 (2）主觀性題型：筆錄要點、回答問題、摘錄信息、漢英互譯、情景作文等答案不唯一的題型，其整卷權(quán)重值不低于0.39。,4. 公平性原則,素材選用　面向全體學生　學生的實際生活和身心發(fā)展水平　地域以及文化差異　真實、地道、形式多樣、內(nèi)容健康、　典型、當代 評分標準　目的、重

8、點　科學、可行　全面、公正、客觀、準確　鑒定和激勵，正面反撥作用,5. 友好性原則,卷面設計 　為考生服務　認知心理、學習習慣，　題干語有親和力，　愉悅的心情　考出實際水平,第二部分 英語試卷的命題技術(shù),一、試題編寫基本規(guī)則 (1)語言正確、地道、得體、簡潔；(2)避免偏頗性，注意中西文化背景的差異；(3)考點明確，且通常只考一個考點；(4)試題設計要具有嚴密的科學性和嚴謹性,要保證試題的答案沒有爭議；(5)

9、題干與備選項之間在邏輯關(guān)系或詞語使用上應避免有所暗示或包含；,(6)同一套試卷中不能有互為答案的試題；(7)備選項的長度、結(jié)構(gòu)、語言表達要盡量一致；(8)單選題通常只包含闡明問題所需要的條件，沒有空白的句子對選項起限制作用，一般沒有冗余信息；(9) 備選項要求同質(zhì)，干擾項要有較大的似真性，應與正確選項在邏輯上和語法上跟題干保持一致，不應拼湊明顯不合理的選項；(10)試題具有時效性，避免超出時效范圍的題目；(11)正確選項出現(xiàn)在

10、各個位置(A、B、C、D) 的次數(shù)應大致相等。,二、各種題型編制的具體要求,1、聽力題（1）選材a)應該為口頭英語材料，聽起來自然、真實；b)材料應該創(chuàng)設一個較為明確的語境；c)應該是一段完整的語言材料；d)談話雙方的身份應該明確，應盡量選差異較大的兩個人進行的一段對話；,,e)材料應該有足夠的信息量，以供試題設 計之用；f)材料中不應該存在生詞；g)材料內(nèi)容應該盡量符合考生的年齡層 次，不應該使考生這

11、一年齡層次的人感 到過于生疏；h)材料不應該過長或過短。,（2）試題命制的基本原則,a)考查的必須是關(guān)鍵信息，而且必須是只有通過聽才能獲得的信息。b) 題目應按材料中有關(guān)內(nèi)容的先后順序排列；c)考點對材料內(nèi)容的覆蓋應盡可能全面；,d)試題應測試考生對對話內(nèi)容、場景等的理解情況，數(shù)學運算和一般生活常識類的試題不應該在聽力部分出現(xiàn)；e)各選項的長度、難度、句子結(jié)構(gòu)應該基本一致； f)應避免各選項相互牽連與包容。,（3）試

12、題設問技巧,① 問談話本身的意思W: Excuse me, would you mind if I used your phone?M: Help yourself. It’s on the table over there.Q: What does the man tell the woman to do?A. Bring some food to the table.B. Help herself to some food

13、.C. Use the phone on the table.,②問從談話可以推斷的情況W：I was at the bus stop at 1:00. Why didn’t I see you there?M: I got there at a quarter to 12 and waited a while. But I guess I left before you got there.When did the man p

14、robably leave the bus stop?A. 11:00.B. 12:00.C. 1:00.,③問談話的情景或語境W: Sorry, you can only borrow three books at a time.M: OK. But must I put these two books back to the book shelves or I can leave them here?W: Of co

15、urse you must put them back yourself.Where did this conversation probably take place? In a book store.B. In a library.C. In a laboratory.,2、單項選擇題,側(cè)重考查學生在一定的語境中靈活運用語法、詞匯等語言知識的能力。單項填空題要注意加大考點的覆蓋面，力求題干語境真實、語義豐富、表達地道。 由

16、于近年來單選題數(shù)量有逐步減少的趨勢，因此該題型考查范圍盡可能局限于語法項目。（實例略）,3、完形填空題,a)所選短文應該主旨明確，大意清楚，有較好的連貫性；b)語言難度適當，題材是學生比較熟悉的內(nèi)容；c)所選短文的長度要適當。太短的材料不利于挖空，可能使刪詞過于密集；太長的材料則會增加學生的閱讀負擔和考試時間；d)不宜在短文的首句和末句中挖空；,e)空白之間的間距要適當。一般間距為7至9個單詞為宜。間距過小會增加試題的難度；間距

17、太大則會降低難度，同時增加材料的篇幅和閱讀的時間；f)要注意所刪詞語在文段中確實有上下文線索，使學生能夠依據(jù)這些線索進行推斷。g)不宜把語言知識以外的其他知識作為考查的重點，如一般不把專有名詞等挖空。h)完形填空屬于閱讀理解的范疇，不要考純語法的項目。,One day, a young man called Tom came 1 see the great artist, Da Vinci（達· 芬奇）. He wa

18、nted 2 drawing. Da Vinci gave him 3 egg and told him 4 it. The young man worked quickly and 5 . “ Draw it again, ” said Da Vinci.1. A. in B. at C. to2. A. study B. to study

19、 C. to learn3. A. a B. an C. the4. A. to eat B. draw C. to draw5. A. show the artist it B. show it to the artist C. showed it to the artist,The young man drew 6 egg, bu

20、t Da Vinci made him 7 it again. The young man was very angry. “I can draw an egg 8 two minutes. Why do you keep me 9 ?Please teach me how to draw.” Da Vinci smiled and said, “ Yes, you can. But it 10

21、you several years to learn to draw a perfect egg.”6. A. another B. the other C. other7. A. draw B. drawing C. drawn8. A. in B. with C. after9. A. to wait B. waiting

22、 C. waiting for10. A. will spendB. take C. will take,Once upon a time a poor farmer 1 a bag of wheat to the mill did not know 2 to do when it slipped from his horse and fell into the road. The bag was

23、too heavy 3 him to lift, and his only hope was that presently someone 4 come by and 5 a hand.1. A. bringingB. carryingC. taking2. A. howB. whatC. which3. A. aboutB. forC. of4. A. shallB. shouldC. w

24、ould5. A. borrowB. lendC. help,Once upon a time a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to the mill. When the bag slipped from his 1 and fell to the ground, he didn’t know what to do. It was too 2 for him to lift

25、, and his only hope was that 3 someone would come by and 4 a hand.1. A. handB. shoulderC. horse2. A. wetB. heavyC. loose3. A. presentlyB. at presentC. quickly4. A. borrowB. lend C. help,It was not 6

26、 a rider appeared, but the farmer’s heart 7 when he recognized him, 8 it was the great man who lived in a castle nearby. The farmer would dare to ask another farmer to help, or any poor man 9 might have come along

27、the road, but he could not beg a favor of 10 . However, as soon as the great man came up he got 11 his horse, saying, “I see you’ve had bad luck, friend. How good it is 12 I’m here just at the right time.” Then he

28、took one end of the bag, the farmer 13 and between them they lifted it on the horse. 6. A. after longB. before longC. long before7. A. sankB. sankedC. sink8. A. because B. forC. owing to9. A. heB. one

29、C. who10. A. a great so man B. a so great manC. so great a man11. A. awayB. off C. down12. A. ifB. thatC. when13. A. anotherB. otherC. the other,It was not 5 a rider appeared, but the farmer’s heart

30、 6 when the man came nearer, 7 it was the wealthy lord from a nearby town. The farmer would not have hesitated to stop another farmer or any 8 for help. But how could he stop this great lord and ask him to 9 a ba

31、g of wheat. 10 , as soon as the great lord came up he got off his horse without being asked to. “I see you’ve had bad 11 , friend,” he said to the farmer. “What a 12 thing that I came just at the right moment.” Th

32、en…5. A. before longB. long beforeC. after long6. A. sankB. brokeC. stopped7. A. andB. forC. since8. A. poor man B. rich manC. rider9. A. liftB. takeC. carry10. A. OtherwiseB. On the contraryC.

33、However 11. A. luckB. horseC. time12. A. funnyB. goodC. strange,4、閱讀理解題,A．選材原則a)短文的主題應該得當，應該對各類考生均公平合理；b)短文應該語言地道、條理清晰、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；c)語言難易適度；文章內(nèi)容恰當；內(nèi)容不要過于專業(yè)；d)文章長短適宜，要有新信息；e)材料里信息的呈現(xiàn)，要符合不同的閱讀方式的要求；f)文章應該自成一體，有頭有尾

34、。,B.試題命制,a)考查的應該是只有通過閱讀才能獲得的信息。b)考點對材料內(nèi)容的覆蓋應盡可能全面；c)避免將閱讀題出成語法或翻譯題；d)各選項的形式、長度、結(jié)構(gòu)應基本一致；e)各選項不應相互牽連或包容；f)正確答案一般不應是材料中的原句。,C、閱讀新題型命制舉例,(1)任務型閱讀A)圖片B)廣告C)表格D)告示與海報E)文章標題F)圖書目錄,Look at the poster and choose the ri

35、ght one.A. All the students can go to the club on Friday morning.B. It costs you ?2.5 a month if you go to the club every weekend.C. A 15-year-old student can go to the club at 21:00 on Saturday.,（2）閱讀填空,主要考查學生的閱讀策略。它

36、要求學生通讀全文，在全面理解文章的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎上，進行仔細的推敲，通過上下文把摘出來的句子還原到文章中。此題型十分有利于考查學生把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文邏輯推理的能力。,（3）閱讀歸納,本題是一道閱讀匹配題，它給學生提供五段簡短的段落和六個備選的段落標題或中心意思，要求考生閱讀每一個段落后進行概括，并找出與之匹配的中心短語或中心句。要求學生讀懂原文，了解原文大意，對每一段短文做一個精煉的概括，找到相應的答案。,5、寫作技能題,考查學生根

37、據(jù)提示，以書面的形式進行信息溝通，再現(xiàn)生活經(jīng)歷，描述周圍的人、物的能力，以及表達意見、觀點的能力，特別是考查學生表達個人經(jīng)歷的能力。因此，命題必須圍繞是否可以有效表述自己的思想進行。初中階段的書面表達不是真正意義上的作文，命題時必須考慮題材和體裁均是學生熟悉的東西，不要設計新穎的意境和優(yōu)美的文字，要能激勵學生動筆。,（1）單詞拼寫,命題立意是在閱讀理解的基礎上考識記。所有的單詞都必須根據(jù)上下文來確定，首字母和漢語既是提示又是限制。必

38、須注意詞形的變化，包括名詞的單復數(shù)、動詞的時態(tài)、形容詞和副詞的比較級（最高級）等。,Dear grandma,How’s it going? I hope that grandpa is well now. I was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week. I hope you are in good (1)健康 .Things are fine here. I finished

39、my end-of-year (2)e last week, and got my report card today. I (3)總是 get nervous when I see the envelope from school in the mail, but I’m (4) 幸運的 that I did OK this time. I had a really hard time with science this

40、semester, and I wasn’t surprised to find that my (5)最差的 report was from my science teacher.,She said I was (6) 懶惰 , which isn’t true. It’s just that I find science really (7) d . Another disappointing result was in hi

41、story. My history teacher said I could do (8) b . The good news is that my (9) m teacher said I was hard-working. And my Spanish teacher said my listening was good. Well, that’s about all the news I have for now. Mo

42、m and (10) D send their love.Love,Alan,（2）摘錄要點,A)命題選文時必須考慮是否有足夠的信息量；B)表格的設計必須脈絡清楚，是文章最主要信息或觀點的圖表體現(xiàn)C)考點應涉及語言歸納與重組能力；D)考點與答案均不要過于直白。,Courses of American High Schools,（3）完成對話,A)選擇材料時應考慮對話的長度適中，信息點充分；B)挖空以問句為主的試題，以利

43、于調(diào)控答案的基本一致；C)挖空以答句為主的試題，以利于學生因人而異自由作答，更接近本題型的初衷；D)考點以句而不是以單詞或詞組為單位；E)所填句子必須受上下文或全篇控制，而不是以常識為依據(jù)。,A: Hi, can I help you?B: Yes, please. I want to join a club.A: Good. May I have your name? B: Zhang Yang.A: How old a

44、re you? B: 1 .A: What club do you want to join? B: 2 .A: Why?B: 3 .A: How long have you learned it?B: 4 .A: Do you have an e-mail address?B: 5 .A: Great. Thanks a lot.B: Thank you!,（4）情景作

45、文,A)體裁應多樣化，考生應熟悉命題作文、看圖（表）寫話、書信、電子郵件、日記等B)書寫至少以句為單位；C)評分以達意為基本準則，不宜求全責備，要求過高。,三、題型和素材選取的導向性,體現(xiàn)新課標倡導的教育理念 糾正普遍存在的教學誤區(qū)引導學生掌握正確的學習方法素材盡可能具有正面的、積極的教育意義將考試變成學習,四、試題命題的流程,（1）選定命題教師,（2）確定考試性質(zhì),（3）制定雙向細目表,（4）選擇語言材料,A）題材廣泛、體

46、裁多樣,B）有強烈的時代感,C）貼近學生生活實際,（5）命題、審題、校對、制定評分標準,Thanks for your attention！,2010.4.,Thanks for your attention!,2010-4-19,_______, I would like take an umbrella with me.Had I been youB. I were youC. Were I you

47、D. I had been you,It was ordered that no smoking_____ in the library.A. is allowedB. be allowedC. will be allowed,,The family ate dinner at the restaurant. caféB. tea houseC. hospitalD. clinic,,I broke

48、my legs and____ in bed for weeks.A. liedB. lainC. layD. laid2. If my legs had not been broken, I should not____ in bed for weeks.lieB. layC. have lainD. have laid3. If my legs had not been broken, I_____ i

49、n bed for weeks.should have liedB. should not have lainC. should have layD. should not have laid,The boy is very thirsty. Would you ______ him some ______, please? A. take, breadB. bring, drink

50、 C. get, eggsD. help, cakes,He gained his _____ by printing_____ of famous writers.A. wealth; workB. wealths; worksC. wealths; workD. wealth; works,You’re going to the movies, ____?aren’t you B. don’t weC.

51、aren’t they D. aren’t IYou’re going to the movies, ____you?A. aren’t B. don’t C. areD. do,,The three months of spring in China are ______. A. December, January and February B. March, April and May C. J

52、anuary, February and March D. February, March and April,By the time we got home, I____ all about it. had forgotB. had forgottenC. forgotD. was forgettingYou look hungry. Don’t you want ____ to eat?A. somethi

53、ng B. anything C. nothing D. everything,My father____ me to become a doctor.(78年高考） thinksB. saysC. hopesGreat men never give up_____ difficulty. (85MET) in face ofB. in face of theC. in the face of

54、D. in the face of the,He _____ before seven o’clock.ate, dressed and washedB. washed, ate and dressedC. washed, dressed and ateD. ate, washed and dressed,,This arrangement suits me down to the ground. is exactly as

55、I wanted is the last thing I wanted is against my wishes is not what I want is a burden to me,The frown on the man’s face showed that he was displeased. look of fearB. look of angerC. look of delightD. look of

56、surpriseHe thought it was lawful to buy a gun without a permit.allowed by lawB. against the societyC. a pleasureD. necessary,,23. He didn’t attend the meeting. If he had, you____ him.would seeB. had seen C. w

57、ould have seen28. If you_____ here yesterday, you would have seen his mother.A. were B. had beenC. came,,That man was dead to all sense of shame. quite dead dead, and could not feel shame any more too ashamed

58、shameless,,—How long did the meeting___ yesterday afternoon?—Not more than two hours. We went home at about 5 o’clock.A. stayB. lastC. liveD. do,He hasn’t slept at all for three days. _______he is tired out.

59、A．I don’t thinkB．It is impossibleC．It is no wonderD．It is no way,,_____! Things are not so bad as they seem.A. Happy upB. Get upC. Cheer upD. Sit upMarie_____ to the store; you’ve missed her.A. is

60、just goingB. had just beenC. has just wentD. has just goneSuch an error ____this can be avoided, if you are more careful.A. likeB. asC. withD. that,It’s too windy to go for a walk.A. swimB. sailC. driveD.

61、 stroll,,Text (omitted)Questions:Why do so many people become addicted to cigarettes?A. Because they liked the taste of tar.B. Because smoking makes them relaxed.C. Because smoking cures them of cancer.2. What i

62、s the substance in cigarettes that causes cancer?A. Cigarette ashes.B. Nicotine.C. Tar.3. Health experts are trying to persuade people to____.A. buy cigarettes with less tarB. smoke only a few cigarettes a day

63、 C. give up smoking entirely4. Smokers welcome low-tar cigarettes because ____.A. they are less harmfulB. they cost less C. they taste better,聽短文，填寫文中所缺的單詞。將該詞填入答題卡。 It is 1 to find your way from the station t

64、o the school. When you come 2 of the station, turn left and walk until you 3 the traffic lights. Turn left 4 . You will be 5 Flower Street. Keep 6 until you come to the cinema.,,Listen to me, boys and girls,We

65、’re going to see a film in the Red Moon Cinema this afternoon. The name of the film is My brothers and Sisters. It starts at 2:30. Please get to school before 2 o’clock. We are going to the cinema together.1. Which cine

66、ma are the students going to this afternoon?A. The Red Moon Cinema.B. The Blue Star Cinema.C. The Red Sun Cinema.2. What is the name of the film?A. My Parents.B. My Brothers and Sisters. C. My Uncles and Aunts.

67、3. When does the film start?A. At 2:00.B. At 2:30.C. At 3:00.,,W: You speak English very well. How long have you been learning English?M: I’ve been learning English for five and a half years.How long has the man

68、been learning English?Four years.B. Five years. C. Five and a half years.,,M: Have you heard of a Mr Smith living in this neighborhood? People say he’s very old.W: Yes, he was born in 1918. But his sister is even ol