現(xiàn)代母語習(xí)得理論

1、ModernFirstLanguageAcquisitionThey現(xiàn)代母語習(xí)得理論現(xiàn)代母語習(xí)得理論Languageiscloselyrelatedtothehumanmind.Thehumanmindhoweverisverydifficulttostudyasitcannotbeobserveddirectly.Butitleavesitstraceseverywhereparticularlyinlanguage.Language

2、hasbeenawindowofthemind.Manypeoplehavetriedtodiscernthewkingsofthemindfromthegrowthofchildren.Psycholinguistsareconcernedwiththementalprocessesthatareinvolvedinlearningtospeakarealsointerestedintheunderlyingknowledgeabil

3、itieswhichchildrenmusthaveindertouselanguagetolearntouselanguageinchildhood.IslanguageinnateisitlearnedafterbirthIsthereanybiologicalfoundationflanguageHowdochildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguageTheseotherissueshavethefocusof

4、interestsresearchtoappliedlinguistspsycholinguistslanguageteachers.L1acquisitiontheiesaretheattemptedexplanationsftheseunansweredquestions.1.MajModernFirstLanguageAcquisitionTheies現(xiàn)代主要母語習(xí)得理論現(xiàn)代主要母語習(xí)得理論Howdochildrenacquire

5、languageisatthecenterofthedebate.LearningtheistssuchasSkinnermaintained（1957）thatlanguageisacquiredthroughreinfcement.Chomsky（1959）arguedthatlanguagewasfartoocomplextobelearnedsocompletelyinsuchashtspaceoftimebycognitive

6、lyimmaturetoddlers（babychild）merelybyreinfcement.Hearguedthattheneonate嬰兒arrivesequippedwithaLAD.Thiscontainsasetofrulescommontoalllanguagesallowschildrentolearnanylanguagewhichtheyareexposedto.Slobin(1985)suggestedasimi

7、larinnatedevicetheLMC(languagemakingcapacity).Theinteractionistsperspectivesuggeststhatacombinationofbiologicalcognitivefactspluslinguisticenvironmentareallnecessaryftheacquisitionoflanguage.Basicallyweshalldiscusstwosch

8、oolsofthoughtsontheissueoflanguageacquisitionhere.Thequestionofhowchildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguageisansweredquitedifferentlybythetwoschoolsoftheies.Theschoolofbehaviistictheybelievesthattheinfant’smindatbirthisablanksla

9、tetobewrittenonbyexperience.WithregardtolanguageitclaimsthatchildrenacquiretheirL1throughachainofstimulusresponseimitationreinfcement.Theotherschoolofthoughtsisbasedontheinnatenesshypothesis.Peoplewhoholdthecognitiveview

10、believethathumanbabiesaresomewhatpredisposed有傾向toacquirealanguage.Theysaythattherestatesprocessaremeaningless.Eachganismisregardedasablackboxthatcannotbeopenedfobservation.Theonlymeaningfulstatementsonecanmakeaboutthegan

11、ismconcernwhatgoesintoit(stimulus)whatcomesoutofit(response).Thegoalofbehaviiststherefeistodiscovercreatepredictablerelationshipsbetweenstimulusresponse.Sincetheyregardlanguageasabasicpartoftotalhumanbehavitheytrytoexpla

12、inL1acquisitionprocessstrictlyinaccdancewiththeirbasictefocusingontheobservableaspectsoflanguagebehavitheirrelationshipsassociationswiththeobjectseventsstatesofaffairsinthewld.SomeBasicFeaturesofBehavialModelPavlovSkinne

13、rfocusonoutwardlyobservablebehavilikestructurallinguists.languageisafunctionofreinfcement.learningisfmedthroughstimiliresponsereinfcer.languageislearnedthroughenvironmentalconditioningimitationofadultmodels.languageacqui

14、sitionisaprocessofhabitfmation.focusesontheimmediatelyperceptibleaspectsoflinguisticbehavithepubliclyobservableresponsesrelationshipsassociationsbetweenthoseresponseseventsinthewldaround.Childrenareconditionedto習(xí)慣于learnl

15、anguage.Theirparentsreinfcemodelgoodgrammarvocabularyuse.Abehaviistmightconsidereffectivelanguagebehavitobetheproductionofcrectresponsestostimuli.Ifaparticularresponseisreinfceditthenbecomeshabitualconditioned.TwoMainRep

16、resentativesofBehaviismClassicBehaviism(IvanPavlov)Classicconditioning:thelearningprocessconsistedofthefmationofassociationsbetweenstimulireflexiveresponses.Neobehaviism(Skinner’sOperantConditioning)Operantconditioningre

17、ferstoconditioninginwhichtheganism(ahumanbeing)emitsaresponseoperant(asentenceutterance)withoutnecessarilyobservablestimulithatoperantismaintained(learned)byreinfcement.Itislearningfromtheconsequences.Operantbehaviisbeha

18、viinwhichoneoperatesonenvironment“Operant”isusedbecausethesubjectoperatescausessomechangesintheenvironmentproducingaresultthatinfluenceswhetheritwilloperateinthesamewayinthefuture.Soverbalbehaviiscontrolledbyitsconsequen