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1、趙過：外報(bào)閱讀201261Passage1MoarypolicyThreescompanyJul5th201215:57byP.W.|LONDONTHEcollectivetermflionsisapridefrooksaparliament—centralbanksMaybetherightwdfthemshouldbeconcertftheyoftenseemtomoveinconcertedfashiontogether.Some

2、timessuchactionsarecodinated—asinthebigratereductionsmadebythewld’smaincentralbanksduringthefinancialcrisisinOctober2008merecentlythestepstakenlastNovemberbytheUSFederalReservetheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)fourotherstoeased

3、ollarshtagesintheeuroarea.Today’sdecisionsbythreecentralbanksinAsiaEuropewerenotaconcertedefftbuttheyalleasedmoarypolicyalbeitindifferentways.InChinathecentralbankcutthebenchmarklendingratefrom6.31%to6%.TheEuropeanCentra

4、lBank(ECB)cutitsmainpolicyratefrom1%to0.75%arecdlow.InBritainwherethebaseratehasstoodatanalltimelowof0.5%sinceMarch2009thechosendevicewasathirdboutofquantitativeeasing(QE)—buyinggovernmentbondswithfreshlymintedmoney.Over

5、thenextfourmonthstheBankofEnglwillpurchasebondswthanextra￡50billion($78billion)takingthetotalto￡375billion.TheBofEpreviouslyhadmadepurchaseswth￡325billionintwoseparatephasesthelastofwhichendedasrecentlyasearlyMay.Thesede

6、cisionstoloosenmoarypolicyreflectedgrowingapprehensionaboutaglobaleconomicslowdown.AclutchofbusinesssurveyspublishedearlierthisweekshowedhowmanufacturingwasexperiencingadownturninAsiaEuropetheAmericas.InJunefthefirsttime

7、sinceNovemberJapan’spurchasingmanagers’index(PMI)wentbelowthelevelthatseparatesexpansionfromcontractionGermany’shitathreeyearlowBrazil’srecdedcontractionfthethirdsuccessivemonthintheUnitedStatesthemanufacturingindexwentb

8、elow50fthefirsttimesinceJuly2009whenAmericawasemergingfromrecession.Thedangeristhatslackeningdeminonecountryhitsfirmsinanotherleadingtoaselfreinfcingdecline.InAmericamanufacturers’newexptdersfellsharplywithcompaniesblami

9、ngslackerdeminChinaEurope.TheBrazilianeconomyisheavilydependentonexptingcommoditiestoChinasoitisboundtobeaffectedbyaslowdowninindustrialgrowththere.GermanytooisvulnerabletoaChineseslowdownwhichwouldhititsbigexptsofluxury

10、carsinvestmentgoods.OneindicationofChineseweaknessistherecentdecisionbySanyGroupthecountry’sbiggestmanufacturerofconstructionmachinestocutitswkfce.Ifthereisonesinglecauseftheglobalmalaiseitliesintheeuroarea—both趙過：外報(bào)閱讀20

11、1263Passage2PhotoelectriccellsTodyefAnewtypeofcellmaybring“solar”energyindosApr14th2012|fromtheprinteditionTHEphrase“indosolarpower”soundslikeanoxymon.Butthereisgrowinginterestintheideaofusingphotoelectriccellstorungadge

12、tsaswellaspowergrids—doingsoevenwhenthosegadgetsareinsidebuildings.Muchofthelightthesecellsusedwouldofnecessitycomefromincescentbulbsfluescenttubeslightemittingdiodes(LEDs)ratherthanthroughthewindowfromthesun.Butiftherig

13、htstsofcellswereavailablethiscouldbecheaperthanconstantlyreplacingthebatteriesthatcurrentlypowerelectronicgizmos.OnApril8thG24InnovationsafirmbasedinWalesannouncedthatitmayhavecomeupwithjustsuchacell.Thelatestversionofit

14、sspecialdyebasedphotoelectricdeviceshassetanewrecdftheconversionoflightfrombulbsintoelectricity:anefficiencyof26%comparedwiththe15%whichpreviousonescanmanage.Thatliftsdyebasedcellstothepointwheretheymightbewidelydeployab

15、lefindopower.Dyebasedcellsaresimilartothesiliconbasedvarietyfoundonrooftopsaroundthewldinthatbothrelyonasemiconducttoassisttheconversionofluminousenergyintotheelectricalst.Thedifferenceisthatinthecaseofsiliconcellsthisco

16、nversionhappensdirectly.Thatmeansthefrequencyoflightabsbedisconstrainedbythephysicalpropertiesofsiliconitself.InthecaseofdyebasedcellswhichwereinventedattheFederalPolytechnicSchoolofLausanneinSwitzerlinthe1990sthelightis

17、firstcapturedbymoleculesofaphotosensitivedye.Tinkerwiththecompositionofthisdyeyouchangethefrequencyoflightthatcanbecaptured.Thismakesdyebasedcellsmeflexiblethansiliconones.Thedyemoleculesthemselvesareboundtotinyparticles

18、oftitaniumdioxidealessfamous(butcheaper)semiconductthansiliconthewholeassemblyisimmersedinanelectrolyteswichedbetweentwoelectrodes.Whenaphotonoflightisabsbedbyadyemoleculeanelectronisknockedintothetitaniumdioxide.Fromthe

19、reittravelstooneoftheelectrodesacurrentisthusgenerated.Theflexibilitybroughtbythedyebasedapproachmakesthisstofcellparticularlyusefulindos.Siliconbasedsolarcellshavebeenoptimisedfsunlight.Butartificiallightwhetheroftheinc

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