esmo臨床指南轉移性結直腸癌的診斷治療和隨訪2014

1、Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up,匯報人：李維玲日期: 2015.10.08,incidence,In 2012, there were 447000 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Europe. CRC is

2、the second most frequent cancer and represents 13.2% and 12.7% of all cancer cases in men and women, respectively.CRC was responsible for 215 000 deaths in Europe in 2012. This represents 11.6% and 13.0% of all cancer

3、deaths in men and women , respectively. Approximately 25% of patients present with metastases at initial diagnosis and almost 50% of patients with CRC will develop metastases, contributing to the high mortality rates r

4、eported for CRC.The CRC-related 5-year survival rate approaches 60%.,diagnosis,Clinical or biochemical suspicion of metastatic disease should always be confirmed by adequate radiological imaging [usually a computed tom

5、ography (CT) scan or, alternatively, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography]. A fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan can be useful in determining the malignant characteristics of

6、tumoural lesions, especially when combined with a CT scan or in the case of elevated tumour markers [carcinoem bryonic antigen (CEA)] without indications of the location of relapse on CT scan in the surveillance of CRC.,

7、diagnosis,An FDG-PET scan is also especially useful to characterise the extent of metastatic disease and to look for extrahepatic metastases (or extrapulmonary metastases) when the metastases are potentially resectable.,

8、Histology of the primary tumour or metastases is always necessary before chemotherapy is started. For metachronous metastases, histopathological or cytological confirmation of metastases should be obtained, if the clin

9、ical or radiological presentation is atypical or very late (e.g. later than 3 years) after the initial diagnosis of the primary tumour. Resectable metastases do not need histological or cytological confirmation before

10、resection.,multidisciplinary approach for selecting the best treatment strategy,The optimal treatment strategy for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) should be discussed in a multidisciplinary expert team.In order to

11、identify the optimal treatment strategy for patients with mCRC, the staging should include at least clinical examination, blood counts, liver and renal function tests, CEA and CT scan of the abdomen and chest (or alterna

12、tively MRI) . The evaluation of the general condition, organ function and concomitant nonmalignant diseases determines the therapeutic strategy for patients with mCRC.,The general condition and performance status of th

13、e patient are strong prognostic and predictive factors.Known laboratory prognostic factors are white blood cell count, alkaline phosphatase level, lactate dehydrogenase, serum bilirubin and albumin. Additional examin

14、ations, as clinically needed, are recommended before major abdominal or thoracic surgery with potentially curative intent. An FDG-PET scan can give additional information on equivocal lesions before resection of metast

15、atic disease, or can identify new lesions in the case of planned resection of metastatic disease.,treatment of potentially resectable mCRC,The majority of patients have metastatic disease that initially is not suitable f

16、or potentially curative resection. It is, however, important to select patients in whom the metastases are suitable for resection and those with initially unresectable disease in whom the metastases can become suitable

17、 for resection after a major response has been achieved with combination chemotherapy. The aim of the treatment in the last group of patients may therefore be to convert initially unresectable mCRC to resectable diseas

18、e.,treatment of unresectable mCRC,The optimal treatment strategy for patients with clearly unresectable mCRC is rapidly evolving. The treatment of patients should be seen as a continuum of care in which the determinat

19、ion of the goals of the treatment is important: prolongation ofsurvival, cure, improving tumour-related symptoms, stopping tumour progression and/or maintaining quality of life.,However, there is increasing evidence tha

20、t other ablative techniques may be helpful methods of control of oligometastatic disease, even after some weeks of initial systemic treatment and in case of non-curative intention[IV, B].,cytotoxic agentsThe backbone o

21、f first-line palliative chemotherapy alone, as well in combination with targeted agents, consists of a fluoropyrimidine (FP) [intravenous (i.v.) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or the oral FP capecitabine] in various combinations

22、and schedules. Infused regimens of 5-FU/leucovorin (LV) are less toxic than bolus regimens and should preferably be used. The oral FP capecitabine is an alternative to i.v. 5-FU/LV. Combination chemotherapy with 5-FU

23、/LV/oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or 5-FU/LV/irinotecan (FOLFIRI) provides higher response rates (RRs), longer progression-free survival (PFS) and better survival than 5-FU/LV alone [I, B].,FOLFOX and FOLFIRI as chemotherapy alon

24、e have similar activity and are both partners for biologicals, but have a different toxicity profile: more alopecia and, in most trials, more severe diarrhoea for irinotecan and more polyneuropathy for oxaliplatin [I, B]

25、. Four randomised studies have shown that combination chemotherapy was not superior to sequential treatment in terms of overall survival (OS), and therefore sequential therapy starting with FP alone remains a valid opt

26、ion in selected and frail patients for treatment with chemotherapy alone [I, B].,cytotoxic agents,The combination of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX; capecitabine 2000 mg/m²/day; day 1–14 q 3 weeks and oxalipla

27、tin 130 mg/m² day 1 q 3 weeks) is an alternative to the combination of infused 5-F U/LV and oxaliplatin [I, A] based on similar activity and safety profiles.,cytotoxic agents,The data on triplet combination cytotoxi

28、c treatment with 5-FU, oxaliplatin and irinotecan are interesting, but remain controversial: an Italian randomised phase III study showed a better outcome for patients treated with FOLFOXIRI compared with FOLFIRI, while

29、a Greek study did not show any difference.,In patients refractory to FOLFOX or CAPOX, an irinotecan-based regimen is proposed as second-line treatment: irinotecan monotherapy (350 mg/m² q 3 weeks) and FOLFIRI are op

30、tions. There is evidence that FOLFIRI has a better therapeutic index in second-line compared with irinotecan monotherapy, also because there are clear safety advantages of FOLFIRI compared with irinotecan q 3 weekly[I,

31、 B].,cytotoxic agents,In patients refractory to an irinotecan-based regimen, second-line treatment must consist of an oxaliplatin-containing combination (FOLFOX and CAPOX).,Monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab) or proteins

32、 (aflibercept) against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in combination with chemotherapy should be considered in patients with mCRC, since they improve the

33、 outcome of mCRC. Only trials with a combination of cytotoxics and a biological targeted treatment consistently reported a median survival exceeding 24 months.,biological targeted agents,Bevacizumab has been shown to i

34、ncrease the survival,PFS and RR in first-line treatment in combination with 5-FU/LV/irinotecan and in combination with 5-FU/LV or capecitabine alone[I, B]. Bevacizumab has also been shown to improve the PFS in combina

35、tion with an FP plus oxaliplatin in the first-line treatment of mCRC [I, B]. The combination of FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab has shown better PFS and RR than FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab in a trial with also one of the longe

36、st survivals reported to date.,anti-VEGF strategies,Bevacizumab, an antibody that binds circulating VEGF- A, increases the activity of any active cytotoxic regimen.,Bevacizumab is usually continued in combination with a

37、cytotoxic agent/combination until progression or toxicity. Bevacizumab also improves the survival and PFS in combination with FOLFOX in second-line treatment [I, B]. It has also been shown that continuing bevacizumab

38、 while changing the cytotoxic backbone, in second line after progression in first line, improves the outcome (survival and PFS)[I,B].,anti-VEGF strategies,Aflibercept, a recombinant fusion protein, that blocks the activi

39、ty of VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placenta growth factor, improves survival, PFS and RR when combined in second line with FOLFIRI in oxaliplatin pre-treated patients, whether or not the patients were pre-treated with bevacizumab

40、in first line. Aflibercept has a similar VEGF-related toxicity pattern compared with bevacizumab, but it increases the chemotherapy-related adverse events: diarrhoea ,neutropenia, asthenia and stomatitis.,anti-VEGF str

41、ategies,Regorafenib is an oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown significant improvement of survival and PFS in patients refractory to all available cytotoxics and to bevacizumab and to the anti-EGFR a

42、nti bodies; it can be proposed as a standard treatment in last line in fit and motivated patients with mCRC[ I, B].,The anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are active in different lines of treatment and in var

43、ious combinations.,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of the RAS status as prerequisite,It was shown that the ‘expanded RAS ’ analysis (also including the detection of mutations in exons 3 and 4 of the KRAS gene

44、as well as mutations in the NRAS [exons 2 –4] gene) is superior to the KRAS (exon 2) analysis in predicting both more efficacy in the expanded RAS wild-type (WT) patients and a potential detrimental effect in patients ha

45、rbouring any RAS mutation in their tumour genome [II, A].,It has been shown that cetuximab improves the survival of chemorefractory patients compared with best supportive care (BSC )[I, B]. Panitumumab improves the PFS

46、 compared with BSC in chemorefractory metastatic (K)RASWTCRC[I, B].,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of the RAS status as prerequisite,Both anti-EGFR antibodies have a comparable clinical activity as single age

47、nts in chemorefractory patients, as shown in a phase III head-to-head comparison trial [I, B].In chemorefractory patients, the combination of cetuximab with irinotecan is more active than cetuximab monotherapy [II, A]

48、and has become the reference treatment in fit chemorefractory (K)RAS WT mCRCpatients.,In second-line trials, improved RR and PFS have been shown when the anti-EGFR antibodies are combined with an irinotecan-based regimen

49、, although no survival advantage has been demonstrated, probably also because of cross-over to the anti- EGFR antibodies in later lines [I,B].Survival, PFS and RR benefits have been demonstrated for the combination of

50、FOLFIRI /cetuximab compared with FOLFIRI alone in the first-line treatment of (K) RAS WT patients [I, B].,anti-EGFR treatment and molecular testing of the RAS status as prerequisite,Panitumumab also increases objective

51、RR (ORR), PFS and OS when combined with FOLFOX in the first-line treatment of RAS WT mCRC.,To date, data from three head-to-head phase III studies are available: the AIO/FIRE-3 trial comparing FOLFIRI plus cetuximab vers

52、us FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab did not reveal a difference in RR (the primary end point) or in PFS in both the initially analysed KRAS WT cohort and the RAS WT cohort, analysed later. There was, however, a survival benefi

53、t (secondary end point) for patients treated with cetuximab compared with those treated with bevacizumab in the KRAS WTpopulation, which was even more striking in the RAS WT population (HR 0.70) and a difference in RR a

54、ccording to an independent review of responses.,preferable choice of anti-EGFR- or anti-VEGF strategy in RAS WT mCRC patients?,Until then, all chemotherapy (FOLFOX/FOLFIRI)- antibody combinations should be regarded as ap

55、propriate, and the decision-making will be a complex surrogate, taking into account many clinical factors, as well as patient preferences.Anti-EGFR antibodies should not be combined with bevacizumab [I, B].,preferable

56、choice of anti-EGFR- or anti-VEGF strategy in RAS WT mCRC patients?,Regorafenib is an orally available multikinase inhibitor, inhibiting several targets, including anti­angiogenesis. Regorafenib has shown efficacy

57、 in patients pre­treated with all other options in a large phase III trial, where it prolonged OS compared with placebo [I, B]. Therefore, regorafenib is to be considered a standard option in pre-treated patients

58、[I, B].More relevant side-effects include a specific hand-foot-skin reaction, fatigue and elevated liver enzymes, limiting the benefit to patients in good performance status with adequate organ function.,multikinase in

59、hibitors,The definition of a (potential) treatment aim is important for both the integration of a multimodal approach and for the choice of a first-line systemic treatment.,treatment strategy,An established practical app

60、roach is to subdivide patients into four clinically defined groups:Group 0: Primarily technically R0-resectable liver or lung metastases and no ‘biological’ relative contraindications (e.g. relapse during adjuvant trea

61、tment, etc.).However, the only phase III trial in this situation has shown a benefit in disease-free survival and non-significant improvement of OS (51% at 5 years) if perioperative treatment with FOLFOX is administere

62、d [I, B].,Group 1: Potentially resectable metastatic disease with curative intention.The goal of a disease-free status after downsizing by chemotherapy, enabling secondary surgery, may give the potential of long-term s

63、urvival or cure. Therefore, the most active ‘induction’ chemotherapy should be selected upfront in this group.According to cross­trial comparisons in (K)RAS WT tumours with FOLFIRI/ FOLFOX and to a prospectively p

64、lanned assessment in the AIO/FIRE-3 trial, anti-EGFR antibodies appear to be more effective in terms of tumour shrinkage(and therefore, theoretically secondary resectability) than bevacizumab- based combinations [II, B].

65、,treatment strategy,Group 2: Disseminated disease, technically ‘never’/unlikely resectable intermediate intensive treatment.The treatment intention is rather palliative. In patients with symptoms, more aggressive biol

66、ogy or extensive disease, very active first-line treatment with a high likelihood to induce metastases regression in short time, seems to be the best option.,treatment strategy,In this group of patients, a cytotoxic doub

67、let in combination with a targeted agent is generally proposed and should be regarded as the preferred option.,The most often recommended targeted agent here is bevacizumab, in view of the continuum of care approach, tak

68、ing into account the fact that bevacizumab has only been examined in early lines ( first and second line), the better subjective profile in terms of symptomatic toxicity, and that the activity of the anti-EGFR antibodies