風(fēng)力發(fā)電變槳系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院</p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　系 別： 信息工程系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化 </p><p>　　姓 名： 李學(xué)良 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào)

2、： 04309421 </p><p>　　2013 年 3 月 20 日</p><p><b>　　外文資料翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　1 風(fēng)機(jī)變槳系統(tǒng)概述 </p><p>　　1.1風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組控制系統(tǒng)硬件分別安裝在三個(gè)不同部分： </p><p>　　機(jī)艙控制，

3、安裝在機(jī)艙內(nèi) 。地面控制，安裝在塔架底部 。變槳控制，安裝在輪轂內(nèi)部。</p><p><b>　　1.2 人機(jī)界面</b></p><p>　　觸摸屏顯示風(fēng)機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀況和參數(shù)，或者啟動(dòng)或停止風(fēng)機(jī)。</p><p>　　1.3 風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組四種控制方式： </p><p>　　1.3.1 定速定漿距控制</p>

4、;<p>　　發(fā)電機(jī)直接連到恒定頻率的電網(wǎng),在發(fā)電時(shí)不進(jìn)行空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)控制。</p><p>　　1.3.2 定速變漿距控制 </p><p>　　發(fā)電機(jī)直接連到恒定頻率的電網(wǎng),在大風(fēng)時(shí)漿距控制用于調(diào)節(jié)功率。 </p><p>　　1.3.3 變速定漿距控制 </p><p>　　變頻器將發(fā)電機(jī)和電網(wǎng)去耦(decouples),允

5、許轉(zhuǎn)子速度通過(guò)控制發(fā)電機(jī)的反力矩改變。在大風(fēng)時(shí),減慢轉(zhuǎn)子直到空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)失速限制功率到期望的水平。 </p><p>　　1.4 變速變漿距控制 </p><p>　　變頻器將發(fā)電機(jī)和電網(wǎng)去耦, 允許通過(guò)控制發(fā)電機(jī)的反力矩改變轉(zhuǎn)子速度。在大風(fēng)時(shí),漿距控制用于調(diào)節(jié)功率。</p><p>　　2 變槳系統(tǒng)的工作原理 </p><p>　　定漿距風(fēng)機(jī)

6、通過(guò)葉片的失速,即改變?nèi)~片橫斷面周圍流動(dòng)的氣流,導(dǎo)致效率的損失,從而控制風(fēng)機(jī)的最大輸出功率。 </p><p>　　變漿距風(fēng)機(jī)是通過(guò)葉片沿其縱向軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),改變氣流對(duì)葉片的攻角,從而改變風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組獲得的空氣動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)矩,使發(fā)電機(jī)功率輸出保持穩(wěn)定。 </p><p>　　變槳伺服控制系統(tǒng)作為風(fēng)力發(fā)電控制系統(tǒng)的外環(huán),在風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的控制中起著十分重要的作用。它控制風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組的葉片節(jié)距角可以隨風(fēng)速的

7、大小進(jìn)行自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)。在低風(fēng)速起動(dòng)時(shí),槳葉節(jié)距可以轉(zhuǎn)到合適的角度,使風(fēng)輪具有最大的起動(dòng)力矩；當(dāng)風(fēng)速過(guò)高時(shí),通過(guò)調(diào)整槳葉節(jié)距,改變氣流對(duì)葉片的攻角,從而改變風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組獲得的空氣動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)矩,使發(fā)電機(jī)功率輸出保持穩(wěn)定。</p><p>　　3 變槳系統(tǒng)和定槳系統(tǒng)的比較 </p><p>　　定槳距失速調(diào)節(jié)型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組 定獎(jiǎng)距是指槳葉與輪載的連接是固定的，槳距角固定不變，即當(dāng)風(fēng)速變化時(shí)，槳葉的迎風(fēng)角

8、度不能隨之變化,槳葉翼型本身所具有的失速特性。當(dāng)風(fēng)速高于額定風(fēng)速時(shí)，氣流的攻角增大到失速條件，使槳葉的表面產(chǎn)生渦流，效率降低，來(lái)限制發(fā)電機(jī)的功率輸出。為了提高風(fēng)電機(jī)組在低風(fēng)速時(shí)的效率，通常采用雙速發(fā)電機(jī)（即大/小發(fā)電機(jī)）。在低風(fēng)速段運(yùn)行的，采用小電機(jī)使槳葉縣有較高的氣動(dòng)效率，提高發(fā)電機(jī)的運(yùn)行效率。 失速調(diào)節(jié)型的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是失速調(diào)節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單可靠，當(dāng)風(fēng)速變化引起的輸出功率的變化只通過(guò)槳葉的被動(dòng)失速調(diào)節(jié)而控制系統(tǒng)不作任何控制，使控制系統(tǒng)大為減化。其缺點(diǎn)

9、是葉片重量大（與變槳距風(fēng)機(jī)葉片比較），槳葉、輪載、塔架等部件受力較大，機(jī)組的整體效率較低。 </p><p>　　變槳距調(diào)節(jié)型風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)組是指通過(guò)變槳驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置,帶動(dòng)安裝在輪轂上的葉片轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng), 從而改變?nèi)~片槳距角的大小。其調(diào)節(jié)方法為：當(dāng)風(fēng)電機(jī)組達(dá)到運(yùn)行條件時(shí)，控制系統(tǒng)命令變槳系統(tǒng)將槳距角調(diào)到45°，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到一定時(shí)，再調(diào)節(jié)到0°，直到風(fēng)力機(jī)達(dá)到額定轉(zhuǎn)速并網(wǎng)發(fā)電；在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，當(dāng)輸出功率小于額定功

10、率時(shí)，槳距角保持在0°位置不變，不作任何調(diào)節(jié)；當(dāng)發(fā)電機(jī)輸出功率達(dá)到額定功率以后，調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)根據(jù)輸出功率的變化調(diào)整槳距角的大小，使發(fā)電機(jī)的輸出功率保持在額定功率。 缺點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，故障率相對(duì)較高。</p><p>　　4 變槳系統(tǒng)的分類 </p><p>　　4.1 變槳距系統(tǒng)根據(jù)其工作方式可分為統(tǒng)一變槳和獨(dú)立變槳二種方式 </p><p>　　統(tǒng)一變槳距

11、控制即機(jī)組所有槳葉都由一個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動(dòng)，或者三個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)同時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng),槳葉節(jié)距角變化相同。由于液壓系統(tǒng)力矩大，在大型風(fēng)力機(jī)統(tǒng)一變槳距方式一般都采用液壓方式。 </p><p>　　獨(dú)立變槳距方式，每個(gè)槳葉都由獨(dú)立的變槳距執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動(dòng)，如果其中一個(gè)變槳距執(zhí)行結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)故障，其它兩個(gè)槳葉仍能調(diào)節(jié)槳葉節(jié)距角,實(shí)現(xiàn)功率控制，而統(tǒng)一變槳距執(zhí)行結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)故障，只能停機(jī)維修；另外自然界的風(fēng)在整個(gè)風(fēng)輪掃及面上分布是不均勻的，獨(dú)立槳葉控制

12、可以根據(jù)各個(gè)槳葉上的風(fēng)速不同進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，不僅能維持發(fā)電機(jī)輸出功率，而且能減小槳葉拍打振動(dòng)，因此獨(dú)立槳葉控制比統(tǒng)一控制更具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。獨(dú)立變槳距控制將槳葉負(fù)載分別由單一的執(zhí)機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)，所以一般都采用電機(jī)執(zhí)行方式，電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)主動(dòng) 齒輪帶動(dòng)槳葉輪轂內(nèi)齒圈，使槳葉節(jié)距角發(fā)生改變。但變槳距過(guò)程槳葉節(jié)距 角變化只是0 到90°。 但風(fēng)力機(jī)組風(fēng)速傳感器安裝在風(fēng)輪后的機(jī)艙上，不能正確反映掃及面上的風(fēng)速，因此控制時(shí)一般都以發(fā)電機(jī)額定功率或轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速

13、為界，即當(dāng)發(fā)電機(jī)輸出功率（轉(zhuǎn)速）低于額定值時(shí)，進(jìn)行變速恒頻控制，最大捕獲風(fēng)能；而當(dāng)輸出功率（轉(zhuǎn)速）高于額定值時(shí)，進(jìn)行變槳距控制，維持發(fā)電機(jī)功率在額定值附近。 要實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的獨(dú)立變槳,輸入變量包括槳葉節(jié)距角變化和風(fēng)速，以及每個(gè)槳葉受力等,實(shí)現(xiàn)多變量控制，但由于風(fēng)速傳感器不能反映每個(gè)槳葉上的風(fēng)速情況，而且復(fù)雜的控制程序也很難在工程中實(shí)</p><p>　　4.2根據(jù)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的類型可分為液壓變槳和電動(dòng)變槳。 </p

14、><p>　　4.3電動(dòng)變槳根據(jù)所用電機(jī)可以分為直流伺服和交流伺服兩種類型。 </p><p>　　4.3.1直流型電變槳伺服控制系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　直流型變槳系統(tǒng)主要由以下特點(diǎn)：采用串激直流電機(jī),起動(dòng)力矩大。對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)重達(dá)數(shù)噸﹑直徑數(shù)十米的葉片有好處； 由于采用直流無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速,低速性能好； 不允許空載運(yùn)行,否則會(huì)引起“飛車”； 電機(jī)有碳刷,維修困難； 加后備

15、電池比較方便。 </p><p>　　4.3.2交流型電變槳伺服控制系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　交流型變槳系統(tǒng)主要由以下特點(diǎn)： 采用交流永磁同步電機(jī)或交流異步電機(jī),結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單﹑維修工作量?。?代表了伺服控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向； 必須加UPS；以便在電網(wǎng)突然斷電或其它緊急情況停機(jī)時(shí), 變槳伺服系統(tǒng)可以通過(guò)自備的UPS短暫供電,使變槳系統(tǒng)完成收槳及采取予定的其它安全措施。 </p>

16、<p>　　5 變槳系統(tǒng)的組成 </p><p>　　變槳系統(tǒng)主要由PLC﹑可逆直流調(diào)速裝置﹑直流電機(jī)﹑絕對(duì)式位置編碼器等組成,并由蓄電池作為后備電源。 PLC組成變漿的控制系統(tǒng),它通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(例如CAN總線)和主控制系統(tǒng)通信,接受主控制系統(tǒng)的指令(主要是槳葉轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的速度和角度指令),并控制可逆直流調(diào)速裝置驅(qū)動(dòng)直流電機(jī)帶動(dòng)槳葉朝要求的方向和角度轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),同時(shí)PLC還負(fù)責(zé)蓄電池的充電控制﹑蓄電池電壓的監(jiān)控等輔

17、助控制。</p><p>　　6 主要技術(shù)性能指標(biāo) </p><p><b>　　6.1伺服電機(jī) </b></p><p>　　額定轉(zhuǎn)速 2500 rpm </p><p>　　額定輸出電流 17A </p><p>　　額定轉(zhuǎn)矩

18、 20.0 Nm </p><p>　　電源電壓 三相AC380V </p><p>　　絕緣等級(jí) F級(jí) </p><p>　　冷卻方式 自然冷卻 </p><p>　　防護(hù)等級(jí) IP64 </p><p

19、>　　環(huán)境溫度 －25℃～＋40℃ </p><p>　　制動(dòng)裝置 選件 </p><p>　　編碼器 絕對(duì)值位置編碼器 </p><p>　　6.2伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　額定輸出功率 7.5KW </p&g

20、t;<p>　　額定輸出電流 24A </p><p>　　額定輸出電壓 3×0---400V(AC) </p><p>　　輸入電壓 3×AC380V(－25％～＋10％) </p><p>　　過(guò)載能力 43A/30秒 <

21、;/p><p>　　冷卻方式 散熱器外置自然冷卻 </p><p>　　防護(hù)等級(jí) IP24或更高 </p><p>　　環(huán)境溫度 －25℃～＋40℃ </p><p>　　制動(dòng)電阻 外加 </p><p&g

22、t;　　配置現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線 CAN總線 </p><p>　　保護(hù)功能 電機(jī)三相短路保護(hù)﹑過(guò)載保護(hù)﹑電源過(guò)壓保護(hù)等</p><p><b>　　外文原文</b></p><p>　　1 fan pitch System Overview</p><p>　　1.1 wind t

23、urbine control system hardware were installed in three different parts The cabin control, installed inside the cabin. Ground control, mounted on the bottom of the tower. Pitch control, internally mounted on t

24、he hub.1.2 man-machine interface The touch screen displays the operational status and parameters of the fan, or to start or stop the fan.1.3 wind turbine the four control way</p><p>　　1.3.1 Constant spee

25、d given pitch control</p><p>　　The generator is directly connected to the constant frequency of the grid, theaerodynamic control is not performed when t

26、he power generation.</p><p>　　1.3.2 constant speed variable pitch control</p><p>　　The generator is directly connected to the constant frequency of the power grid, power is used to adjust t

27、he pitch control in high winds.</p><p>　　1.3.3 variable speed and pitch control</p><p>　　The inverter of the generator and grid decoupling (decouples), to allow the rotor speed by the anti-torqu

28、e control of the generator changes. In high winds, slow down the rotor until aerodynamic stall limit power to the desired level.</p><p>　　1.4 variable speed pitch control</p><p>　　Inverter gener

29、ator and grid decoupling change permitted by the anti-torque control of the generator rotor speed. In high winds, the pitch control is used to adjust the power.</p><p>　　2 pitch system works</p><p

30、>　　Fixed pitch by a stall of the blade, i.e. to change the airflow flowing around the blade cross section, resulting in a loss of efficiency, thereby controlling the maximum output power of the blower fan.</p>

31、<p>　　The variable pitch fan is through the vanes to rotate along its longitudinal axis to change the angle of attack of the airflow to the blades, thereby changing the the aerodynamic torque obtained by the wind tu

32、rbine generator, so that the generator power output stable.</p><p>　　Pitch servo control system as the outer ring of wind power control system, plays a very important role in the control of the wind turbine.

33、 It controls the blade pitch angle of the wind turbine can automatically adjust the size of the wind velocity. The start of the low wind speed, the blade pitch can go to the right angle, so that the wind wheel has a maxi

34、mum starting torque;, thereby changing wind when the wind velocity is too high, by adjusting the blade pitch, and to change the angle of attac</p><p>　　3 pitch system and the comparison of fixed-blade system

35、</p><p>　　Fixed-blade away from the stall adjustment type wind turbine given Award from the connection of the paddle wheel load is fixed, the pitch angle is fixed, that is, when the wind changes, the windwar

36、d angle of the blade can not be changes, bladethe airfoil itself has stall characteristics. When the wind speed is higher than the rated wind speed, the angle of attack of the air flow is increased to a stall condition,

37、the eddy current is generated on the surface of the blades, reducing efficiency, an</p><p>　　The pitch adjustment wind turbines generating means through the pitch drive means, driving the rotation of the bla

38、des mounted on the hub, thereby changing the size of the blade pitch angle. Adjustment method: When the wind turbine operating conditions, the control system commands pitch pitch angle adjusted to 45 °, and then adj

39、usted to 0 ° when the speed reaches a certain reach the rated speed until the wind turbine to the grid; during operation, when the output power is less than the rated powe</p><p>　　4 pitch classificatio

40、n</p><p>　　4.1 Variable pitch unified pitch and independent pitch system in accordance with its work can be divided into two kinds of ways</p><p>　　Unified variable pitch control that crew all b

41、lades by an executive agency drive, or drive three implementing agencies, the blade pitch angle changes. The torque of the hydraulic system, unified in a large wind turbine pitch distance is generally hydraulically.</

42、p><p>　　Independent variable pitch mode, each blade by the independent pitch actuator driver, if one pitch implementation of structural failure, and the other two blades can still adjust the blade pitch angle,

43、the power control, unified pitch implementation of structural failure, only a maintenance shutdown; Further, the nature of the wind in the sweep of the entire wind wheel and the surface is not uniformly distributed, inde

44、pendent blade control may be adjusted depending on the wind speed on the respe</p><p>　　4.2 can be divided according to the type of the implementing agency the hydraulic pitch, and the electric pitch.</p&

45、gt;<p>　　4.3 electric pitch depending on the motor can be divided into two types of DC servo and AC servo.</p><p>　　4.3.1 dc electric pitch servo control system</p><p>　　DC pitch system m

46、ainly consists of the following characteristics: a series wound DC motor starting torque. Tens of meters in diameter blade rotation weighing several tons, is good; DC stepless speed, low-speed performance; does not allow

47、 no-load operation, otherwise it would cause "Speed"; motor carbon brush, maintenance difficulties; Canadian The backup battery is more convenient.</p><p>　　4.3.2 AC electric pitch servo control sy

48、stem</p><p>　　AC-type pitch system mainly consists of the following characteristics: AC permanent magnet synchronous motors, or AC induction motor, simple structure, maintenance workload is small; represents

49、 the development direction of the servo control system; must be added to the UPS; sudden power failure so that the grid or otheremergency shutdown, the pitch servo system can briefly owned the UPS power supply system to

50、complete the closing paddle and take other safety measures predetermined pitch.</p><p>　　5 The composition of the pitch system</p><p>　　The pitch system mainly by the PLC, reversible, absolute p

51、osition encoder DC speeder, DC motor by the battery as a backup power supply. PLC composed of the pitch control system via fieldbus (eg CAN bus) and the main control system communication, to accept the instruction of the

52、 main control system (mainly the instructions of the speed and angle of blades), and control reversible DC speeder driver DC motor driven by the blades toward the required direction and angle of rotation, while the PLC i

53、s </p><p>　　6 main technical performance indicators</p><p>　　6.1 servo motor</p><p>　　Rated speed 2500rpm</p><p>　　Rated output current

54、 17A</p><p>　　Rated torque 20.0 Nm</p><p>　　Supply Voltage  Phase AC380V</p><p>　　Insulation class

55、 Class F</p><p>　　Cooling method Natural cooling</p><p>　　Protection class  IP64</p><p>　　Ambient

56、 temperature -25 ℃ ~ +40 ℃</p><p>　　Braking device Option</p><p>　　Encoder Absolute position encoder</p>

57、;<p>　　6.2 Servo drive system</p><p>　　Rated output power 7.5KW </p><p>　　Rated output current   24A</p><p>　　Rated outp

58、ut voltage  3 × 0 --- 400V (AC)</p><p>　　Input voltage 3 × AC380V (-25% ~ +10%)</p><p>　　Overload capacity

59、 43A/30 seconds</p><p>　　Cooling method The radiator external natural cooling</p><p>　　Protection class IP24 or higher</p><p>　

60、　Ambient temperature   -25 ℃ ~ +40 ℃</p><p>　　Braking resistor Additional</p><p>　　Configuring the fieldbus   CAN b