單片機設(shè)計外文翻譯2

1、<p>　　Single-chip</p><p>　　The definition of a single-chip</p><p>　　Single-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system .Even though most of his features in a small chi

2、p，but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components：CPU，memory，internal and external bus system，most will have the Core.At the same time，such as integrated communication interfaces，timers，real-time clock

3、and other peripheral equipment.And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice ，image，networking，input and output complex system inte</p><p>　　Also known as single-chip MCU（Microcon

4、troller），because it was first used in the field of industrial control.Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number</p><p>　　of pe

5、ripherals and CPU in a single chip，the computer system so that smaller，more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices.INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the i

6、dea of the processor，F(xiàn)rom then on，the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.</p><p>　　Early single-chip 8-bit or all the four.One of the most successful is INTELs 8031，because the per

7、formance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise.Since then in 8031to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series.based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used u

8、ntil now.As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip，but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used.After the90s w</p><p>　　More than a de

9、dicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems，so it was up to the application.In fact the number of single-chip is the worlds largest computer.Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and

10、mechanical products will have a single-chip integration.Phone，telephone，calculator，home applicances，electronic toys，handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 sing

11、le chip.And personal computers also have a lar</p><p>　　single-chip introduced</p><p>　　Single-chip,also known as single-chip microcontroller,it is not the completion of a logic function of the

12、chip,but a computer system integrated into a chip.Speaking in general terms: a single chip has become a computer .Its small size,light weight,cheap,for the learning,application and development of facilities provided .At

13、 the same time,learning to use the principle of single-chip computer to understand and structure the best choice.</p><p>　　Single-chip and computer use is also similar to the module,such as CPU,memory,paral

14、lel bus, as well as the role and the same hard memory,is it different from the performance of these components are relatively weak in our home computer a lot,but the price is low ,there is generally no more than 10yuan,,

15、can use it to make some control for a class of electrical work is not very complex is sufficient.We are using automatic drum washing machines, smoke hood,VCD and so on inside the home appliances ca</p><p>　　

16、It is an online real-time control computer,control-line is at the scene,we need to have a stronger anti-interference ability,low cost,and this is off-line computer(such as home PC)The main difference.</p><p>

17、;　　By single-chip process,and can be amended.Through different procedures to achieve different functions,in particular the special unique features,this is the need to charge other devices can do a great effort,some of it

18、 is also difficult to make great efforts to do so .A function is not very complicated fi the United States the development of the 50s series of 74 or 60 during the CD4000series to get these pure hardware,the circuit must

19、 be a big PCB board !However,if the United States if the succes</p><p>　　Because of cost of single-chip is sensitive,so the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language,which is in addition to the

20、 lowest level for more than binary machine code of the language ,since such a low-level so why should we use ?Many of the seniors language has reached a level of visual programming why is it not in use ?The reason is sim

21、ple ,that is,single-chip computer as there is no home of CPU,also not as hard as the mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level langu</p><p>　　It can be said that the twentieth century across th

22、e three “power”of the times,that is ,the electrical era,the electronic age and has now entered the computer age. However ,such a computer,usually refers to a personal computer,or PC.It consisits of the host ,keyboards,di

23、splays .And other components.There is also a type of computer,not how most people are familiar with . This computer is smart to give a variety of mechanical single-chip(also known as micro-controller).As the name sugges

24、ts,these </p><p>　　3.single-chip history</p><p>　　single-chip 70 was born in the late 20th century,experienced a SCM,MCU,SOC three stages.</p><p>　　Single-chip micro-computer 1.SCM

25、that(Single Chip Microcomputer)stage,is mainly a single from to find the best of the best embedded systems architecture.”Innovation model”to be successful,lay the SCM with the general-purpose computers,a completely diff

26、erent path of development . In embedded systems to create an independent development path,Intel Corporation credit.</p><p>　　That is 2.MCU microcontroller(Micro Controller Unit)stage,the main direction of te

27、chnology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications,the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits,to highlingt the target of intelligent control.It covers all are

28、as related with the object</p><p>　　System,therefore,the development of MCU inevitably fall on the heavy electrical,electronics manufacturers. From this point of view ,Intels development gradually MCU has it

29、s objective factors.MCU in the development ,the most famous manufacturers when the number of Philips Corporation.</p><p>　　Philips in embedded applications for its enormous advantages,the MCS-51 from the r

30、apid deveploment of single-chip micro-computer to the microcontroller.Therefore,when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems,Intel and Philips do not forget the historical merits.</p><p>

31、　　Single-chip is an independent embedded systems development,to the MCU an important factor in the development stage,is seeking applications to maximize the natural trend .With the mico-electronics technology,IC design,E

32、DA tools development,based on the single-chip SOC design application systems will have greater development. Therefore,the understanding of single-chip micro-computer from a single ,monolithic single-chip microcontroller

33、extends to applications.</p><p>　　Single-chip applications</p><p>　　At present,single-chip microcomputer to infiltrate all areas of our lives,which is very difficult to find the area of almost n

34、o traces of single-chip microcomputer.Missile navigation equipment,aircraft control on a variety of instruments,compuer network communications and data transmission,industrial automation,real-time process control and dat

35、a processing ,are widely used in a variety of smart IC card,limousine civilian security systems,video recorders,cameras,the control of automatic washing m</p><p>　　Single-chip widely used in instruments and

36、meters,household appliances，medical equipment ,acrospace,specialized equipment and the intellingent management in areas such as process control,generally can be divided into the following areas:</p><p>　　1.I

37、n the smart application of instrumentation</p><p>　　Single-chip with small size,low power consumption,control,and expansion flexibility , miniaturization and ease of sensors,can be realized,such </p>

38、<p>　　voltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,length,hardness,element,measurement of physical pressure. SCM makes use of digital instrumentation,intelligence,miniaturization and func

39、tional than the use of electronic or digital circuitry even stronger.For example,precision measurement equipment(power meter,oscilloscope,and analyzer).</p><p>　　2.In the industrial control</p><p&

40、gt;　　MCU can constitute a variety of control systems,data acquisition system.Such as factory assembly line of intelligent management ,intelligent control of the lift ,all kinds of alarm systems ,and computer networks con

41、stitute a secondary control system.</p><p>　　3.In the applicationof household appliances</p><p>　　It can be said that almost all home appliances are using the single-chip control,electric rice f

42、rom favorable,washing machines,refrigerators,air conditioners,color TV and other audio video equipment,and then to the electronic weighing equipment,all kinds ,everywhere.</p><p>　　4.On computer networks and

43、 communication applications in the field of </p><p>　　Generally with the modern single-chip communication interface,can be easily carried out with computer carried out with computer data communications,compu

44、ter networks and in inter-application communications equipment to provide an excellent material conditions,the communications equipment to provide an excellent material condition,from the mobile phone ,telephone , mini-p

45、rogram-controlled switchboards,buiding automated communications system call,the train wireless communications,and then you can </p><p>　　5.Single-chip in the field of medical equipment applications</p>

46、<p>　　Single-chip microcomputer in medical devices have a wide range of purpose,such as medical ventilator,various analyzers,monitors,ultrasonic diagnostic equipment and hospital call systems.</p><p&g

47、t;　　6.In a variety of large-scale electrical applications of modular</p><p>　　Some special single-chip design to achieve a specific function to carry out a variety of modular circuit applications,without req

48、uiring users to understand its internal structure.Integrated single-chip microcomputer such as music ,which seems to be simple</p><p>　　Functions,a miniature electronic chip in a pure(as distinct from the pr

49、inciple of tape machine),would require a complex similar to the principle of the computer. Such as :music signal to digital form stored in memory(similar to ROM),read out by the microcontroller into analog music signal(s

50、imilar to the sound card).</p><p>　　In large circuits,modular applications that greatly reduces the size ,simplifying the circuit and reduce the damage,error rate ,but also to facilitate the replacement.<

51、/p><p>　　In addition,single-chip microcomputer in the industrial,commercial,financial,scientific research ,education,defense aerospace and other fields have a wide range of uses.</p><p><b>　

52、　單片機</b></p><p><b>　　1.單片機定義</b></p><p>　　單片機是一種集成在電路芯片上的完整計算機系統(tǒng)。盡管他的大部分功能集成在一塊小芯片上，但是它具有一個完整計算機所需要的大部分部件：CPU、內(nèi)存、內(nèi)部和外部總線系統(tǒng)，目前大部分還會具有外存。同時集成諸如通訊接口、定時器，實時時鐘等外圍設(shè)備。而現(xiàn)在最強大的單片機系統(tǒng)甚至可以

53、將聲音、圖像、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、復(fù)雜的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)集成在一塊芯片上。</p><p>　　單片機也被稱為微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），是因為它最早被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來，最早的設(shè)計理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個芯片中，使計算機系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進復(fù)雜的而對體積要求嚴格的控制設(shè)備當中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計出的處理器，從此以后，單

54、片機和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚鑣。</p><p>　　早期的單片機都是8位或4或的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因為簡單可靠而性能不錯獲得了很大的好評。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機系統(tǒng)?；谶@一系統(tǒng)的單片機直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機，但因為性價比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機技術(shù)得到了巨大的提高。隨著INT

55、EL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛 應(yīng)用，30位單片機迅速取代16位單片機的高端地位，并且進入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號出廠價格跌落至1美元，最高端的型號也只有10美元。當代單片機系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機上。

56、而在作為掌上電腦和手機核心處理的高端單片機甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　單片機比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實上單片機是世界上數(shù)量最多的計算機。現(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機械產(chǎn)品中都會集成有單片機。手機、電話、計算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機。而個人電腦中也會有為數(shù)不少的單片機在工

57、作。汽車一般配備40多部單片機，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能數(shù)百臺單片機在同時工作！單片機的數(shù)量不僅遠超過PC機和其他計算的綜合，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。</p><p><b>　　2. 單片機介紹</b></p><p>　　單片機又稱單片微控制器，它不是完成某一個邏輯功能的芯片，而是把一個計算機系統(tǒng)集成到一個芯片上。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺計算機，它的體積小

58、，質(zhì)量輕，價格便宜，為學(xué)習(xí)，應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機是了解計算機原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。</p><p>　　單片機內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價錢也是低的，一般不超過10元即可，用它來做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動滾筒洗衣機、排煙罩、VCD等等的家

59、電里面都可以看到它的身影!它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。</p><p>　　它是一種在線式實時控制計算機，在線式就是現(xiàn)場控制，需要的是有較強的抗干擾能力，較低的成本，這也是和離線式計算機的（比如家用PC）的主要區(qū)別。</p><p>　　單片機是靠程序的，并且可以修改。通過不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨特的一些功能，只是別的器件需要費很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難

60、做到的。一個不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年達的CD4000系列這些純硬件來搞定的話，電路一定是一大塊PCB板！但是如果要是用美國70年代成功投放市場的系列單片機，結(jié)果就會有天壤之別！只因為單片機的通過你編寫的程序可以實現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！</p><p>　　由于單片機對成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級匯編語言，它是除了二進制及其碼以上最低級的語言了，既然

61、這么低級為什么還要用呢？很多高級的語言已經(jīng)達到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡單，就是單片機沒有家用計算機那樣的CPU，也沒有像影片那樣的海量存儲設(shè)備。一個可視化高級語言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個按鈕，也會達到幾十K的尺寸！對于家用PC的硬盤來講沒什么，可是對于單片機來講是不能接受的。單片機在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理，如果把巨型計算機上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來運

62、行，家用PC的也是承受不了的。</p><p>　　可以說，二十世紀跨越了三個“電”的時代，即電氣時代，電子時代，和現(xiàn)已進入的點時代，不過，這種電腦，通常是指個人計算機，簡稱PC機。它由主機、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計算機，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計算機就是把智能賦予各種機械的單片機（亦稱微控制器），顧名思義，這種計算機的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進行簡單運算和控制。因為它體積小，通常都藏在被空機械“

63、肚子”里。它在整個裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個裝置就癱瘓了。現(xiàn)在，這種單片機的使用領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)十分廣泛，如智能儀表，實施工控，通訊設(shè)備，導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級換代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機等?，F(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其他業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來的某些產(chǎn)品，不是電路太復(fù)雜，就是功能太簡單且極易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品為使用單片機或其他可編程

64、邏輯器件上。</p><p><b>　　3單片機歷史</b></p><p>　　單片機誕生于20世紀70年代末，經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SOC三大階段。</p><p>　　1.SCN即單片微型計算機（Single Chip Microcomputer）階段，主要是尋求最佳的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)。“創(chuàng)新模式”獲得成功，奠定了SCM

65、與通用計算機完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨立發(fā)展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒。</p><p>　　2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）階段，主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是：不斷擴展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時，對象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其對象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來看，Intel逐漸淡

66、出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展MCU方面，最著名的廠家當數(shù)Philips公司。</p><p>　　Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢，將MCS-51從單片微型計算機迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。因此，當我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時，不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績。</p><p>　　3.單片機是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨立發(fā)展之路，向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系

67、統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決；因此，專用單片機的發(fā)展自然形成了SOC化趨勢。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計、EDA工具的發(fā)展，基于SOC的單片機應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計會有較大的發(fā)展。因此，對單片機的理解可以從單片微型計算機、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　4.單片機的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　目前單片機滲透到我們生活的各個領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個領(lǐng)域沒有單片機的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛機

68、上各種儀表的控制，計算機的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動化過程的實施控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車的完全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機、攝像機、全自動洗衣機的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機。更不用說自動控制領(lǐng)域的機器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機的學(xué)習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計算機應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。</p><p>　　單片機廣泛應(yīng)用與儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)

69、備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個范疇：</p><p>　　1.在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強、擴展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)

70、字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強大。例如精密的測量設(shè)備（功率計，示波器，各種分析儀）。 </p><p>　　2.在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用</p><p>　　用單片機可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報警系統(tǒng)，與計算機聯(lián)網(wǎng)構(gòu)成二級控制系統(tǒng)等。 </p><p>　　3.在家用電器中的應(yīng)用 &

71、lt;/p><p>　　可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機、電冰箱、空調(diào)機、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無所不在。 </p><p>　　4.在計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計算機進行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，

72、現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實現(xiàn)了單片機智能控制，從手機，電話機、小型程控交換機、樓宇自動通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動電話，集群移動通信，無線電對講機等。 </p><p>　　5.單片機在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><

73、;p>　　6.在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　某些專用單片機設(shè)計用于實現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂集成單片機，看似簡單的功能，微縮在純電子芯片中（有別于磁帶機的原理），就需要復(fù)雜的類似于計算機的原理。如：音樂信號以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲器中（類似于ROM），由微控制器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號（類似于聲卡）。</p><