單片機(jī)歷史外文翻譯

1、<p>　　畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）</p><p><b>　　英 文 翻 譯</b></p><p><b>　　譯 文</b></p><p><b>　　單片機(jī)歷史</b></p><p>　　單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代末，經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SoC三大階

2、段。 </p><p><b>　　起初模型</b></p><p>　　1.SCM即單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)（Single Chip Microcomputer）階段，主要是尋求最佳的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)。“創(chuàng)新模式”獲得成功，奠定了SCM與通用計(jì)算機(jī)完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開(kāi)創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立發(fā)展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒(méi)。 </p><p&

3、gt;　　2.MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）階段，主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是：不斷擴(kuò)展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時(shí)，對(duì)象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其對(duì)象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對(duì)象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來(lái)看，Intel逐漸淡出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù)Philips公司。 </p><p&g

4、t;　　Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)，將MCS-51從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。因此，當(dāng)我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時(shí)，不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績(jī)。 </p><p><b>　　嵌入式系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　單片機(jī)是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立發(fā)展之路，向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決；因此，

5、專(zhuān)用單片機(jī)的發(fā)展自然形成了SoC化趨勢(shì)。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計(jì)、EDA工具的發(fā)展，基于SoC的單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)有較大的發(fā)展。因此，對(duì)單片機(jī)的理解可以從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。 </p><p><b>　　單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</b></p><p>　　目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒(méi)有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置

6、，飛機(jī)上各種儀表的控制，計(jì)算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動(dòng)化過(guò)程的實(shí)時(shí)控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車(chē)的安全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開(kāi)單片機(jī)。更不用說(shuō)自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開(kāi)發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器

7、、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專(zhuān)用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過(guò)程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇： </p><p>　　1.在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類(lèi)型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長(zhǎng)度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得

8、儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)備（功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。 </p><p>　　2.在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管 </p><p>　　3.在家用電器中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　可以這樣

9、說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門(mén)，無(wú)所不在。 </p><p>　　4.在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，

10、電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車(chē)無(wú)線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見(jiàn)的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無(wú)線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。 </p><p>　　5.單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>　　6.在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用 &

11、lt;/p><p>　　某些專(zhuān)用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進(jìn)行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂(lè)集成單片機(jī)，看似簡(jiǎn)單的功能，微縮在純電子芯片中（有別于磁帶機(jī)的原理），就需要復(fù)雜的類(lèi)似于計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。如：音樂(lè)信號(hào)以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲(chǔ)器中（類(lèi)似于ROM），由微控制器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂(lè)電信號(hào)（類(lèi)似于聲卡）。 </p><p>　　在大型電路中，這種模塊化應(yīng)用極大地

12、縮小了體積，簡(jiǎn)化了電路，降低了損壞、錯(cuò)誤率，也方便于更換。 </p><p>　　7.單片機(jī)在汽車(chē)設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)在汽車(chē)電子中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，例如汽車(chē)中的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制器，基于CAN總線的汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)智能電子控制器，GPS導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，abs防抱死系統(tǒng)，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>　　此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國(guó)防航空航天等領(lǐng)域

13、都有著十分廣泛的用途。 </p><p>　　學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用六大重要部分</p><p>　　單片機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用的六大重要部分 </p><p><b>　　一、總線：</b></p><p>　　我們知道，一個(gè)電路總是由元器件通過(guò)電線連接而成的，在模擬電路中，連線并不成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)楦髌骷g一般是串行關(guān)系，各器件之間的連線并不

14、很多，但計(jì)算機(jī)電路卻不一樣，它是以微處理器為核心，各器件都要與微處理器相連，各器件之間的工作必須相互協(xié)調(diào)，所以需要的連線就很多了，如果仍如同模擬電路一樣，在各微處理器和各器件間單獨(dú)連線，則線的數(shù)量將多得驚人，所以在微處理機(jī)中引入了總線的概念，各個(gè)器件共同享用連線，所有器件的8根數(shù)據(jù)線全部接到8根公用的線上，即相當(dāng)于各個(gè)器件并聯(lián)起來(lái)，但僅這樣還不行，如果有兩個(gè)器件同時(shí)送出數(shù)據(jù)，一個(gè)為0，一個(gè)為1，那么，接收方接收到的究竟是什么呢？這種情況

15、是不允許的，所以要通過(guò)控制線進(jìn)行控制，使器件分時(shí)工作，任何時(shí)候只能有一個(gè)器件發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)（可以有多個(gè)器件同時(shí)接收）。器件的數(shù)據(jù)線也就被稱(chēng)為數(shù)據(jù)總線，器件所有的控制線被稱(chēng)為控制總線。在單片機(jī)內(nèi)部或者外部存儲(chǔ)器及其它器件中有存儲(chǔ)單元，這些存儲(chǔ)單元要被分配地址，才能使用，分配地址當(dāng)然也是以電信號(hào)的形式給出的，由于存儲(chǔ)單元比較多，所以，用于地址分配的線也較多，這些線被稱(chēng)為地址總線。 </p><p>　　二、數(shù)據(jù)、地址、指令

16、：</p><p>　　之所以將這三者放在一起，是因?yàn)檫@三者的本質(zhì)都是一樣的——數(shù)字，或者說(shuō)都是一串‘0’和‘1’組成的序列。換言之，地址、指令也都是數(shù)據(jù)。指令：由單片機(jī)芯片的設(shè)計(jì)者規(guī)定的一種數(shù)字，它與我們常用的指令助記符有著嚴(yán)格的一一對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，不可以由單片機(jī)的開(kāi)發(fā)者更改。地址：是尋找單片機(jī)內(nèi)部、外部的存儲(chǔ)單元、輸入輸出口的依據(jù)，內(nèi)部單元的地址值已由芯片設(shè)計(jì)者規(guī)定好，不可更改，外部的單元可以由單片機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)者自行決定

17、，但有一些地址單元是一定要有的（詳見(jiàn)程序的執(zhí)行過(guò)程）。 </p><p>　　三、P0口、P2口和P3的第二功能用法：</p><p>　　初學(xué)時(shí)往往對(duì)P0口、P2口和P3口的第二功能用法迷惑不解，認(rèn)為第二功能和原功能之間要有一個(gè)切換的過(guò)程，或者說(shuō)要有一條指令，事實(shí)上，各端口的第二功能完全是自動(dòng)的，不需要用指令來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)換。如P3.6、P3.7分別是WR、RD信號(hào)，當(dāng)微片理機(jī)外接RAM或有外部I

18、/O口時(shí)，它們被用作第二功能，不能作為通用I/O口使用，只要一微處理機(jī)一執(zhí)行到MOVX指令，就會(huì)有相應(yīng)的信號(hào)從P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令說(shuō)明。事實(shí)上‘不能作為通用I/O口使用’也并不是‘不能’而是（使用者）‘不會(huì)’將其作為通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一條SETB P3.7的指令，并且當(dāng)單片機(jī)執(zhí)行到這條指令時(shí)，也會(huì)使P3.7變?yōu)楦唠娖?，但使用者不?huì)這么去做，因?yàn)檫@通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的崩潰。</p>&l

19、t;p>　　四、程序的執(zhí)行過(guò)程：</p><p>　　單片機(jī)在通電復(fù)位后8051內(nèi)的程序計(jì)數(shù)器（PC）中的值為‘0000’，所以程序總是從‘0000’單元開(kāi)始執(zhí)行，也就是說(shuō)：在系統(tǒng)的ROM中一定要存在‘0000’這個(gè)單元，并且在‘0000’單元中存放的一定是一條指令。 </p><p><b>　　五、堆棧：</b></p><p>　　

20、堆棧是一個(gè)區(qū)域，是用來(lái)存放數(shù)據(jù)的，這個(gè)區(qū)域本身沒(méi)有任何特殊之處，就是內(nèi)部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用數(shù)據(jù)的方式，即所謂的‘先進(jìn)后出，后進(jìn)先出’，并且堆棧有特殊的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸指令，即‘PUSH’和‘POP’，有一個(gè)特殊的專(zhuān)為其服務(wù)的單元，即堆棧指針SP，每當(dāng)執(zhí)一次PUSH指令時(shí)，SP就（在原來(lái)值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動(dòng)加1，每當(dāng)執(zhí)行一次POP指令，SP就（在原來(lái)值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動(dòng)減1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改變，所以只要在程序開(kāi)始階段更改了

21、SP的值，就可以把堆棧設(shè)置在規(guī)定的內(nèi)存單元中，如在程序開(kāi)始時(shí)，用一條MOV SP，#5FH指令，就時(shí)把堆棧設(shè)置在從內(nèi)存單元60H開(kāi)始的單元中。一般程序的開(kāi)頭總有這么一條設(shè)置堆棧指針的指令，因?yàn)殚_(kāi)機(jī)時(shí)，SP的初始值為07H，這樣就使堆棧從08H單元開(kāi)始往后，而08H到1FH這個(gè)區(qū)域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器區(qū)，經(jīng)常要被使用，這會(huì)造成數(shù)據(jù)的混亂。不同作者編寫(xiě)程序時(shí)，初始化堆棧指令也不完全相同，這是作者的習(xí)慣問(wèn)題。當(dāng)設(shè)置好堆棧區(qū)后，

22、并不意味著該區(qū)域成為一種專(zhuān)用內(nèi)存，它還是可以象普通內(nèi)存區(qū)域一樣使用，只是一般情況下編程者不會(huì)把它當(dāng)成普通內(nèi)存用了。</p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　SCM history</p><p>　　SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM,

23、 MCU, SoC three stages. First model</p><p>　　1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Inn

24、ovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.</p><p&

25、gt;　　2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits

26、 and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electr

27、onics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU develop</p><p>　　Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development

28、of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.</p><p>　　MCU applications</p><p>　　SCM now perme

29、ate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmissio

30、n, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and p

31、rogram-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., w</p><p>　　SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and pr

32、ocess control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:</p><p>　　1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments</p><p>　　SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controllin

33、g function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, f

34、low, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more po

35、werfu</p><p>　　2. In the industrial control application</p><p>　　With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent c

36、ontrol</p><p>　　3. In Household Appliances </p><p>　　Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, co

37、lor TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.</p><p>　　4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications </p><p>　　MC

38、U general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all

39、 communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can

40、be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile ra</p><p>　　5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications </p><p>　　SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensi

41、ve, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system.</p><p>　　6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications

42、</p><p>　　Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music i

43、ntegrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signa

44、l to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog </p><p>　　In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the dama

45、ge, error rate, but also easy to replace.</p><p>　　7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment </p><p>　　SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle e

46、ngine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..</p><p>　　In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, e

47、ducation, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.</p><p>　　Application of six important part of learning </p><p>　　MCU learning an important part of t

48、he six applications </p><p><b>　　1, Bus: </b></p><p>　　We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a p

49、roblem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected

50、with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to connect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor an</p><p>　　Second, data, address, command:</p>&

51、lt;p>　　The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of '0 'and '1' form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are

52、also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instructions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for

53、 MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of t</p><p>　　Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use:</p><p>　　Beginners often on the P0 port, P

54、2 and P3 port I use the second function puzzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need

55、 instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external RAM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port

56、 used, so long as a A micro</p><p>　　Fourth, the program's implementation: </p><p>　　Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 &#

57、39;, the process is always from the 0000' units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 'this unit , and in 0000 'unit must be stored in a single instruction. 5, the stack:</p><p>　　S

58、tack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called 'advanced post out backward first out

59、', and the stack has a special data transmission instructions that' PUSH 'and' POP ', has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution