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1、Chapter 3,藥物效應(yīng)動力學(xué),pharmacodynamics,§1 藥物的基本作用 Basic actions of drugs,一 、藥物作用與藥理效應(yīng) Drug action &pharmacological effect,作用(action):藥物對機體的初始作用。效應(yīng)(effect):初始作用引起的機體機能改變。,阿托品(-)M-R → 擴瞳(mydrias

2、is),action,effect,興奮(excitation): 使機體原有功能水平↑,Excitation (興奮) is an increase of the function caused by a drug.,抑制(inhibition): 使機體原有功能水平↓,Inhibition (抑制) is a decrease of the function caused by

3、 a drug.,指藥物在適當(dāng)劑量時只影響機體的某種功能,而對其它功能影響很小或沒有影響。,形成原因:1)藥物在體內(nèi)的分布不均 2)組織器官的結(jié)構(gòu)不同 3)生化功能差異意義:1)藥物分類依據(jù) 2)臨床選藥基礎(chǔ),藥物作用的選擇性(selectivity):,Note:,Selectivity is different from spe

4、cificity. For example, atropine(阿托品) blocks(阻斷) M-R specifically, but it has effects on heart, smooth muscle, eye and glands.,選擇性不同與特異性,例如,阿托品特異性阻斷M-R,但卻可影響心臟、平滑肌、眼和腺體。,二 治療效果(therapeutic effect),1、對因治療: 消除致病因素,Etiologic

5、al treatment aims to eradicate (消除) the pathogenic (致病的) factors,2、對癥治療:改善癥狀,Symptomatic treatment aims to reduce (減輕) or improve (改善) the symptoms.,三 不良反應(yīng)(adverse reaction),1、副作用(side reaction),在治療量產(chǎn)生的與治療目的無關(guān)的作用。,Side r

6、eaction is unconcerned (無關(guān)) with the therapeutic (治療的) aim and occurs (出現(xiàn)) at therapeutic dose (劑量).,特點(properties),1) 治療量產(chǎn)生 (occurs at therapeutic dose.)2) 不嚴重 ( not serious)3) 與治療作用可以互相轉(zhuǎn)化 (can be trans

7、ited to therapeutic effect)4) 可預(yù)知 (can be forecasted),松馳平滑肌,擴瞳,阿托品(atropine),,,治療作用,副作用,緩解胃腸絞痛,便秘,視力模糊,檢查眼底,副作用,,治療作用,2、毒性反應(yīng)(toxic reaction),用藥量過大或用藥時間過長引起的危害性反應(yīng)。,1)急性毒性(acute toxicity),It occurs immediately and frequen

8、tly damages (損害) the circulation (循環(huán)), respiratory (呼吸) and nervous (神經(jīng)) system(系統(tǒng)).,2)慢性毒性 (chronic toxicity),It commonly damages (損害) liver (肝), kidney (腎), bone marrow (骨髓) and endocrine (內(nèi)分泌) system. Carcinog

9、enesis (致癌), teratogenesis (致畸) and mutagenesis (致突變) also belong to the chronic toxicity. They are also called potential (潛在) toxicity.,3、后遺效應(yīng)(residual effect),血藥濃度降至有效濃度以下時殘存的效應(yīng)。,4、停藥反應(yīng)(withdrawal reaction): 回躍反

10、應(yīng)(rebound reaction): 突然停藥后原有疾病加劇。,5、變態(tài)反應(yīng)(allergic reaction) 過敏反應(yīng)(hypersensitive reaction),1)與劑量無關(guān) (unconcerned with dose)2)因藥而異,因人而異 ( vary from drug to drug and person to person ),6、特

11、異質(zhì)反應(yīng)(idiosyncrasy):,由于先天遺傳異常所致的對某些藥物高敏。,Patients with genetic (遺傳的) enzyme defects (缺陷), such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶) deficiency (缺乏). The deficiency will result in haemolysis (溶血) if an oxidan

12、t (氧化劑) drug, e.g. aspirin (阿司匹林), is taken.,§2 藥物劑量與效應(yīng)關(guān)系,Dose-effect relationship,一 劑量( dose / dosage),極量:,臨床允許使用的最大劑量。有一次極量或一日極量。,即用藥的份量。按藥物的效應(yīng)由小到大,把劑量分為幾種。,,劑量,,作用強度,,,,最小有效量,,,,,常用量(治療量),,,,極量,,,,最小中毒量,,,,最小致死量,

13、二 量效關(guān)系(dose-effect relationship),在一定的范圍內(nèi)藥理效應(yīng)與劑量成正比。,量效關(guān)系常用量-效曲線(dose-effect curve,D-E曲線)表示。,(一)量反應(yīng)的量效曲線,量反應(yīng)(graded response):,藥理效應(yīng)的強弱呈連續(xù)增減的變化,可用具體數(shù)量或最大反應(yīng)的百分率表示。如血壓(blood pressure)等。,量反應(yīng)量效曲線的特點,(Properties of dose-effect

14、curve of graded-response),1、反映效應(yīng)的量隨劑量而變化的情況2、效應(yīng)可用實測值或最大效應(yīng)百分數(shù)表示3、劑量為橫坐標時,量效曲線呈長尾S形, 以對數(shù)劑量為橫坐標時,為對稱S形。4、可通過測定藥物的效價強度和效能來評 價藥效。,,,,Log C,E,,,E,C,,長尾S型曲線,對稱S型曲線,,100%,,,50%,,,,Emax,圖3-1 藥物作用的量效關(guān)系

15、曲線,(A),(B),曲線分析(analysis of the curve):幾個特定位點,,,,,,Log C,最小有效濃度(minimal effective concentration),,效能(efficacy)最大效應(yīng)(maximal effect, Emax),,,半最大效應(yīng)濃度 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect, EC50),,斜率,,較陡:藥效較劇烈,較平坦:

16、藥效較溫和,,,,,,,E,最小有效量(minimal effective dose)最低有效濃度 (minimal effective concentration)閾劑量或閾濃度 (threshold dose or concentration) 能夠引起效應(yīng)的最小藥量或最低藥物濃度。,最大效應(yīng)(maximal effect, Emax)效能(efficac

17、y),隨著藥物劑量的增加,藥物效應(yīng)增強,當(dāng)效應(yīng)增加到一定程度后,若繼續(xù)增加劑量而效應(yīng)不再增強,這一藥理效應(yīng)的極限稱為最大效應(yīng)。,Efficacy(效能) refers to the maximal response produced by drug. It depends on drug’s intrinsic activity(內(nèi)在活性).,半最大效應(yīng)濃度 (concentration for 50% of

18、 maximal effect, EC50),引起50%最大效應(yīng)的藥物濃度。,The EC50 is the concentration producing 50% of the maximal response. Thus, the lower the EC50, the more potent the drug.,效價強度(potency),能引起等效反應(yīng)的相對濃度或劑量。 (即等效劑量比),Potency

19、 means the relative concentrations or doses of drugs at which the equal effect is produced. The lower the concentration or dose, the higher the potency. Potency is related to the affinity (親和力) of drug.,,劑量,,每日尿排鈉

20、量 mmol,,,,,效價強度: 氫氯噻嗪 > 呋噻米,,,效能: 呋噻米 > 氫氯噻嗪,氫氯噻嗪,呋噻米,,,圖3-2 各種利尿藥的效價強度和最大效應(yīng)比較,,,,,,環(huán)戊噻嗪,氫氯噻嗪,呋噻米,氯噻嗪,,(二)質(zhì)反應(yīng)的量-效曲線,質(zhì)反應(yīng)(quantal response),藥理效應(yīng)以陽性或陰性,全或無(all-or-none)的方式表示,如死亡或生存,驚厥或不驚厥。,質(zhì)反應(yīng)量-效曲線的特點,

21、(Properties of dose-effect curve of quantal-response),1、表示效應(yīng)的性質(zhì)隨劑量變化的情況, 劑量由小到大,效應(yīng)從無到有。2、觀察各劑量組中某效應(yīng)出現(xiàn)的百分率 (頻數(shù))3、求得所測指標的中值劑量(median dose),進行藥效及安全性評價。,,圖 3-3 質(zhì)反應(yīng)的量-效曲線,質(zhì)反應(yīng)的量-效曲線,半數(shù)有效量(median

22、effect dose, ED50),引起50%的實驗動物出現(xiàn)陽性反應(yīng)的藥物劑量。,ED50 is the dose of a drug at which 50% of the population occur positive reaction. The lower the ED50, the more potent the drug.,,,,,,,反應(yīng)數(shù)%,死亡數(shù)%,對數(shù)劑量,對數(shù)劑量,,,,,,,,,,半數(shù)有效量(medi

23、an effective dose , ED50 ),,半數(shù)致死量(median lethal dose , LD50 ),半數(shù)致死量(median lethal dose, LD50),引起50%實驗動物死亡的藥物劑量,LD50 is the dose of a drug to cause 50% of the experimental animals to die.,The lower the LD50, the more to

24、xic the drug.,LD50 is the index to measure the toxicity of drug, but it is not a exactly one, the therapeutic index should be considered.,治療指數(shù)(therapeutic index, TI),Therapeutic index is the ratio of LD50 to ED50.,TI,=,

25、,LD50,ED50,﹥,3,藥物的半數(shù)致死量與半數(shù)有效量的比值。,,,,,,,ED50,LD50,,,,,對數(shù)劑量,效應(yīng),A藥ED曲線,A藥LD曲線,B藥ED曲線,B藥LD曲線,A藥與B藥的TI相等。,但是否同樣安全呢?,可靠安全系數(shù)(certain safety factor,CSF) CSF = LD 1 / ED 99 >1安全范圍: ED 95 ~ LD 5 之間的距離,,,,,,,結(jié)論:TI 評價藥物安全性不

26、完全可靠,,,對數(shù)劑量,效應(yīng),A藥ED曲線,A藥LD曲線,,圖 3-4 藥物效應(yīng)和毒性的量效曲線,(三) 量效曲線的意義 (significance of dose-effect curve),1、評價藥效: 半數(shù)有效量(ED50) 效能(efficacy) 效價強度(potency)2、評價藥物的安全性 半數(shù)致死量(LD50) 治療指數(shù)(therapeut

27、ic index, TI) 可靠安全系數(shù)(certain safety factor,CSF),§3 藥物與受體(drug & receptor),一 受體(receptor),1、定義(definition),受體是一類介導(dǎo)細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的功能蛋白質(zhì),能與特異性配體結(jié)合,并產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)。,A receptor is a specific protein molecule that is usually located

28、 in the cell membrane. Endogenous or exogenous ligands bind to the receptors , thereby causing activation or inactivation of the cell and a subsequent cellular response.,,配體(ligands),內(nèi)源性配體(endogenous ligands) 神經(jīng)遞

29、質(zhì)(neurotransmitters ) 激素(hormones) 自體活性物質(zhì)( autocoid)外源性配體(exogenous ligands): drug,Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released from nerve terminals, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and bind to p

30、re-or postsynaptic receptors.,Hormones are chemicals that, after released into the bloodstream from specialized cells, can act at neighbouring or distant cells.,,In many cases there is more than one receptor for each mes

31、senger, so that the messenger often has different pharmacological specificity and different functions according to where it binds (e.g. adrenaline.),Receptor number and responsiveness to messengers can be modulated.,,2、受

32、體特性(characteristics),靈敏性(sensitivity): 劑量小特異性(specificity): 結(jié)構(gòu)要求高飽和性(saturability): 數(shù)目有限可逆性(reversibility):結(jié)合后可解離多樣性(multiple-variation): 分布不同,效應(yīng)不同,二 受體與藥物相互作用,Drug-receptor interactio

33、ns,藥物與受體結(jié)合并產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)需要二個條件: 1)親和力(affinity); 2)內(nèi)在活性(intrinsic activity, α),(一) 親和力與效價強度,(affinity & potency),親和力(affinity),即藥物與受體結(jié)合的能力,反映藥物的效價強度,親和力大,效價強度高。,D,+,R,,,DR,-----→,E,k1,k2,根據(jù)受體占領(lǐng)學(xué)說,藥物與受體的相互作用可用以下公式表示:,平衡時的解離常

34、數(shù)為KD,KD,=,,k2,k1,=,,〔D〕,〔R〕,〔DR〕,當(dāng)全部受體被占領(lǐng)時,效應(yīng)達最大值Emax,當(dāng)50%受體與藥物結(jié)合時, KD =〔D〕,KD表示藥物與受體的親和力,單位為摩爾,其意義是引起最大效應(yīng)的一半時(即50%受體被占領(lǐng))所需的藥物劑量。KD越大,藥物與受體的親和力越小。,The affinity(親和力) is defined by the dissociation constant(解離常數(shù)) which is

35、given the symbol KD. The higher the KD, the lower the affinity.,,親和力指數(shù)(pD2)(affinity index),pD2,=,-lgKD,In this way, KD can be expressed without using mol units. pD2 and affinity are in direct ratio(呈正比) .,在量效曲線上,親和力指數(shù)

36、是產(chǎn)生50%最大效應(yīng)所對應(yīng)的濃度的負對數(shù)。,KD的負對數(shù)稱為親和力指數(shù),其值與親和力成正比。,(二)內(nèi)在活性與效能 (intrinsic activity & efficacy),內(nèi)在活性(intrinsic activity),藥物與受體結(jié)合后激動受體的能力。內(nèi)在活性與藥物的效能成正比。常用α表示,0≦ α≦1。,當(dāng)兩藥親和力相等時,其效應(yīng)強度取決于內(nèi)在活性強弱,當(dāng)內(nèi)在活性相等時,則取決于親和力大小。,,,,,

37、,,,,,-lgC,E (%),pD2,a,b,c,親和力:a=b=c 內(nèi)在活性:a﹥b﹥c,,,,,,,,,,-lgC,E (%),100,50,x,y,z,pD2x,pD2y,pD2z,親和力:x﹥y﹥z 內(nèi)在活性:x=y=z,三 作用于受體的藥物分類,classification of drugs acting on the receptor,(一)激動藥(agonist),完全激動藥(full agonist

38、),具有高親和力和高內(nèi)在活性( α =1),Full agonists have high affinity and high efficacy (i.e. ?=1). They are able to produce a maximal response when they occupy only a small percentage of the receptors.,部分激動藥(partial agonist),具有高親和力和

39、較低的內(nèi)在活性 ( 0﹤α﹤1 ),Partial agonists have high affinity and lower intrinsic activity (0﹤α﹤1 ). They cannot bring about the same maximum response as full agonists, even if their affinity for the receptor is the same.,(二)拮抗

40、藥(antagonist),具有較強的親和力而無內(nèi)在活性(α=0)的藥物。,Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them. However, because antagonists occupy the receptor, they prevent agonists from binding and therefore block their action.

41、 Two types of antagonist exist, competitive and non-competitive.,競爭性拮抗藥(competitive antagonist),特點(properties),1、與激動劑可逆性競爭同一受體2、降低激動藥與受體的親和力, 而不降低內(nèi)在活性。3、產(chǎn)生何種效應(yīng)取決于兩者濃度4、使激動劑的量效曲線平行右移, 但Emax不變5、可用拮抗參數(shù)( p

42、A2 )表示其作用強度,,,,,,,,,10mg,20mg,拮抗劑0.1mol,pA2 = - log 0.1,拮抗參數(shù)(pA2),激動藥與拮抗藥合用時,若2倍濃度激動藥所產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)恰好等于未加入拮抗藥時激動藥所引起的效應(yīng),則加入的拮抗藥的摩爾濃度的負對數(shù)值為pA2。 pA2越大,拮抗作用越強。,非競爭性拮抗藥 (non-competitive antagonist),特點(properties),1、與激動劑作用于

43、不同受體2、使激動藥的親和力與內(nèi)在活性均?3、使激動劑的量效曲線右移,Emax↓,,,Log C,E,,,A,A+B,,,Log C,E,,,A,A+B,四 受體類型 Types of receptors,1、G蛋白耦聯(lián)受體 (G protein-coupled receptor)2、配體門控離子通道受體 (ligand-gated ion channel)3、酪氨酸激酶受體4、細胞內(nèi)受體5、其他酶類受體

44、,五 細胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),第一信使(first messenger ): 多肽類激素、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、細胞因子第二信使(second messenger): cAMP cGMP 肌醇磷脂 鈣離子第三信使(third messengers ): 生長因子 轉(zhuǎn)化因子,Chapter 4,影響藥物效應(yīng)的因素,Factors affecting the e

45、ffects of drugs,§ 1 藥物因素,一 、藥物制劑和給藥途徑,二、藥物相互作用(drug interaction),藥物相互作用,,體外相互作用:配伍禁忌,體內(nèi)相互作用,,藥效學(xué):協(xié)同、拮抗,藥動學(xué),,吸收,分布,代謝,排泄,§2 機體因素,1、年齡2、性別3、遺傳因素4、特異質(zhì)5、病理狀態(tài)6、心理因素:安慰劑(placebo),7、長期用藥引起的機體反應(yīng)性變化,耐受性(toleranc

46、e),機體與藥物反復(fù)接觸后對藥物的敏感性降低,使藥效減弱或消失。,耐藥性(resistance),病原體或腫瘤細胞對藥物的敏感性降低。,習(xí)慣性:精神依賴性(主觀依賴性) (psychological dependence),成癮性:軀體依賴性(客觀依賴性) (physical dependence)戒斷癥狀,名詞解釋:,1、簡述藥物的治療效果和不良反應(yīng)2、評價藥物藥效和安全性指標有哪些?3、

47、藥物與受體結(jié)合:親和力、內(nèi)在活性、 激動劑、拮抗劑。4、從藥動學(xué)或藥效學(xué)角度簡述藥物相互作用。,1. side reaction 2. therapeutic index3. agonist: full agonist, partial agonist4. antagonist : competitive, non-competitive5. tolerance 6. resist

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