chapter_4

1、Chapter 4,Railroads,Brief History,A significant role in the economic development of US from 1850 to 1950.20世紀後半開始衰落:The rise of alternate transport modes with superior services and/or cost characteristics, primarily mo

2、tor carriers and pipelinesA resurgence in water transportationChanging needs of the US economy.Other modes growing faster, However, may experience a resurgence because of more aggressive marketing and growth in interm

3、odal traffic.,History in Taiwan,劉銘傳興建縱貫鐵路　　清光緒十三年（西元1887），任命補用知府>為鐵路商務總辦，六月開始由大稻埕向基隆舖設鐵路西元1891年完工通車，全長三十二公里，其中穿越獅球嶺的隧道全長五七三公尺，工程頗為艱巨，完工後在隧道南端口勒刻「曠宇天開」的碣碑，此碑仍保留在當?shù)?。西?888年，繼續(xù)開築由稻埕往南的鐵路，至西元1893年完成大稻埕到新竹之間鐵路，不過此時劉銘傳已經(jīng)

4、離職,,History in Taiwan,十大建設?六項交通建設(鐵路電氣化,中山高速公路,基隆港,高雄港,中正國際機場,蘇澳港等.環(huán)島鐵路高鐵http://netcity7.web.hinet.net/UserData/traclubs/,Competition,Railroads were the dominant mode of transportation prior to World War IIThe railwa

5、ys must compete with the other modes of transportation that have either evolved or matured since the 1920s.Taiwan railway need to face the competition after it become a private company.,Intermodal,Railroad company presi

6、dent said:Our service is not as fast as truck, but we have discovered that customers will accept a slower transit time in exchange for a lower rate, as long as service is consistent and we can usually provide a lower fr

7、eight rate because our costs are less than truck.,Abandonments,1916,the railroad industry owned 254,000 miles of track. Today, more than half of that is gone, enough to circle the Earth three times.The railroads had to

8、abandon significant portions of rail trackage to remain competitive.Does Taiwan railroad need to abandon some trackage to remain competitive?,Abandonments,In some cases, all or part of the right of way was turned into h

9、iking trails with some bridges left in place.Some became recreational facilities, like Gi-Gi lane up to Ali Mt.The abandonments were either rural branches or duplicate lines left over.,General Service Characteristics,C

10、ommodities HauledCoalFarm ProductsChemicalsTransportation Equipment,Commodities Hauled,19 century, railroad moved almost every available type of productToday, the railroad system has evolved into a system that ships

11、 large quantities of heavy-weight, low-value commodities.Motor carriers concentrate on the handling of small-volume, high-value finished goods, whereas water and pipelines carry the larger volumes of the lowest value ty

12、pes of bulk commodities.,Coal,43.8 percent of the total tonnage transported in 1996, the primary haulers of coal.Coal is an alternative energy source that will probably continue to be an important commodity shipped by t

13、he railroads.火力發(fā)電及煉鋼,Farm Products,Farm products constitute the second largest commodity group hauled by railroads.,Chemicals,Hazardous materials are transported in specially designed tank cars.The railroads, in compar

14、ison with highway movements, safely transport chemicals, and this safety has been steadily increasing for years.This type of long-haul bulk material is ideally suited for rail movement.,Transportation Equipment,Transpor

15、tation equipment carloadings, which are linked to the relative health of the domestic automobile industry, have increased to more than five percent of total carloadings, an increase of more than 40 percent since 1982.Th

16、e railroad are still an ideal mode of transport for many different types of goods, high-value merchandise and raw materials alike.,Constraints,Railroads are constrained by fixed rights-of-way and therefore provide differ

17、ing degrees of service completeness.If line-haul mileage continues to decline, the industry will become less service-complete and even more dependent on other modes of transportation for completion of many types of move

18、s.,Strengths,A large carrying capacity enables the railroads to handle large-volume movements of low-value commodities over long distances. Although pipelines compete directly with the railroads, they are restricted larg

19、ely to the movements of liquid and gas.Railroad can handle almost any type of commodity by changing the hauling cars.,Strengths,Liability for loss and damage is usually assumed by the railroads.Steel wheel on steel rai

20、lComparatively high percentage of goods damaged in transit.(~3%)Incidence of loss is usually higher than on other modes because of the high degree of multiple handlings.New Technologies to prevent the cargo damaged –

21、multilevel suspension systes and end-of-car cushioning devices.,Equipment,Carload is the basic unit of measurement of freight handling by the railroads.1996-91.9tons/car;1929-46.3tons/carGeneralized car types:Boxcar(p

22、lain): Standardized roofed freight car with sliding doors on the side used for general commodities.,Equipment,Boxcar(equipped): Specially modified boxcar used for specialized merchandise, such as automobile partsHopper

23、car: A freight car with the floor sloping to one or more hinged doors used for discharging bulk materialsCovered hopper: A hopper car with a roof designed to transport bulk commodities that need protection from the elem

24、ents, like rain.,Equipment,Flatcar: A freight car with no top or sides used, for instance, building materials.Refrigerator car: A freight car to which refrigeration equipment has been added for controlled temperatureGo

25、ndola: A freight car with no top, a flat bottom, and fixed sides used primarily for hauling bulk commoditiesTank car: Specialized car used for the transport of liquids and gases,Tank car,,35T23000型篷斗車篷斗車專作為運輸散裝穀類（例如小麥、

26、玉米、黃豆）或散裝糖類的有篷斗車,Boxcar,守車供「列車長、車長」與其他列車服務人員乘坐執(zhí)行公務而的車輛,Flatcar,Gondola,煤斗車(Hopper),Service Innovations,Piggyback traffic – TOFC & COFCTOFC – Trailer-on-flatcar,on-time deliveries, regularly scheduled departures, an

27、d fuel efficiency are the potential. Also simplified their billing procedures and made their computers accessible to customers for service innovations.,Service Innovations,COFC – container-on-flatcarA container does no

28、t have the wheels and must therefore be placed on a flatbed truck for ramp-to-door delivery.運送貨櫃可吸收小體積貨品,以其與motor carriers 競爭.International commerce: combine with ocean vessels,Service Innovations,Unit train – speciali

29、zes in the transport of only one commodity, usually coal or grain, from origin to destination. Many times the shipper owns cars, and the train is, in effect, rented to the shipper for a particular period of time.,Cost St

30、ructure,Fixed CostsSemi-variable CostsVariable CostsLaborFuel,Fixed Costs,The railroads, along with the pipelines, are the only modes that own and maintain their own network and terminals. Therefore, there are a larg

31、e proportion of indirect fixed costs.Mostly operation, maintenance and ownership of rights-of-way, which are not found in other modes(excluding pipelines).,Fixed Costs,Extensive investment in private terminal facilities

32、Freight yards, which trains are sorted and assembledTerminal areas & sidings, where shippers and connecting railroads are serviced.Freight cars and other equipments.motors can use free of right-of-way, because th

33、ey don’t need to build roads.,Semi-variable Costs,Maintenance of Rights-of-way, structures and equipment,Variable Costs,Labor cost is the largest single element of variable costs for railroads.Fuel and power costs are t

34、he next largest group of variable costs.,Economies of Scale,Very large capital investment because of the cost incurred in buying land, laying tracks, building bridges, providing terminals, and providing right-of-way faci

35、lities.Equipment investment is significant.Maintenance of right-of-way structures also results in fixed costs.,Technology,Computers are playing a large role in every mode of transportation, and the railroads are no exc

36、eption.Advanced train control systems – can track the flow of trains…Railyard Control – sort and classify as many as 2,500 railcars a dayCommunications and Signaling – communications between dispatchers, yard workers,

37、 field workers and train crewsCustomer ServiceHigh Speed Train,Current Issues,Alcohol and Drug AbuseLong hours, low supervision, and nights away from home.EnergyRailroads are more energy-efficient than any other fre

38、ight mode except pipelines per ton-mile than most of the other modesRailroads cause less damage to the environment than do trucks. Railroad emissions(0.9 grams per net ton-mile) were 75 percent less than truck emissions