簡介：中考化學經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題1/9中考化學經(jīng)典試題匯編中考化學經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題工藝流程題1（安徽）我國制堿工業(yè)先驅(qū)侯德榜發(fā)明了“侯氏制堿法”。其模擬流程如下1反應①的化學方程式________________，反應②的基本反應類型為_______。2工業(yè)上用分離液態(tài)空氣的方法制取氫氣，屬于_______變化（填“物理”或“化學”）。3操作A的名稱是_____，實驗室進行此操作所需的玻璃儀器有燒杯、玻璃棒、______。4寫出NH4CL的一種用途________________。（1）CACO3CAOCO2↑；分解反應。（2）物理；（3）過濾；漏斗。（4）做化肥或氮肥等。2（益陽）過氧化鈣晶體﹝CAO28H2O﹞較穩(wěn)定，呈白色，微溶于水，廣泛應用于環(huán)境殺菌、消毒。以貝殼為原料制備CAO2流程如下（1）氣體X是CO2，其名稱是二氧化碳；將過氧化鈣晶體與溶液分離的方法是過濾。（2）反應Y需控制溫度在05℃，可將反應容器放在冰水混合物中，該反應是化合反應，反應產(chǎn)物是CAO28H2O，請寫出化學方程式CAO2＋H2O2＋7H2O＝CAO28H2O。獲得的過氧化鈣晶體中常含有CAOH2雜質(zhì)，原因是CAO或CAOH2過量，且CAOH2微溶。（3）CAO2的相對分子質(zhì)量為72，過氧化鈣晶體﹝CAO28H2O﹞中H、O元素的質(zhì)量比為1∶10。（4）為測定制得的過氧化鈣晶體中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量分數(shù)，設計的實驗如下稱取晶體樣品50G，加熱到220℃充分反應（方程式為2CAO28H2O2CAO＋O2↑＋16H2O△↑，雜質(zhì)不發(fā)生變化），測得生成氧氣的質(zhì)量為32G，請計算樣品中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量分數(shù)（CAO28H2O相對分子質(zhì)量為216），寫出必要的計算過程。解設樣品中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量為X2CAO28H2O2CAO＋O2↑＋16H2O↑△43232X322332432＝X∴X＝432（G）中考化學經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題3/9高溫A．操作1中粉碎的目的是增大反應物的接觸面積B．操作2中，CUS、NACL和O2在高溫條件下反應生產(chǎn)CUCL2和NA2SO4化學方程式為CUS2NACL2O2CUCL2NA2SO4C．操作3的名稱是過濾D．流程圖中能循環(huán)利用的物質(zhì)是NACL和NA2SO46（揚州）醋酸鈣CAAC2是國家允許使用的補鈣制劑之一。以蛋殼為原料回收膜并制備醋酸鈣的一種工藝流程如下。⑴寫出煅燒時的化學方程式。CO2的任意排放會引發(fā)的環(huán)境問題是。CO2與CH4一定條件下化合生成甲醛（HCHO）,則此反應中與最佳質(zhì)量比是。下列做法能減少二氧化碳排放的是。（填序號）⑵在反應I中制備石灰乳，而不是制備澄清石灰水的目的是。寫出熟石灰的一種用途。⑶在反應II中醋酸過量的目的是。寫出反應II的化學方程式。⑷膜分離時，鹽酸不能過量的主要原因是。根據(jù)煅燒產(chǎn)生的CO2和蛋殼的主要成分為CACO3,可以確定化學方程式??23ACOCAOCOC高溫。CO2的任意排放會引發(fā)溫室效應；根據(jù)HCHOCHCO242??一定條件,計算CO2與CH4的質(zhì)量比是4416114。⑵石灰乳中的CAOH2含量比澄清石灰水中多，更利于提高醋酸鈣的產(chǎn)量；⑶保證與CAOH2完全反應，提高醋酸鈣的含量OHACCAHACOHCA22222???⑷加入鹽酸就是為了將蛋殼與膜分開，過量的話會與CACO3反應，會使制作醋酸鈣的原料量減少。7（揚州）含鋅廢渣和各種鋅礦（如菱鋅礦）都有著重要的用途I以含鋅廢渣（主要成分為ZNO,雜質(zhì)為FEO﹑CUO）為原料制備七水硫酸鋅（ZNSO47H2O）的流程如下。

簡介：點擊查看更多湖北省荊州市公安縣高中化學第一單元走進化學工業(yè)課題1化工生產(chǎn)過程中的基本問題學案新人教版選修2精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：1化學工程與工藝專程與工藝專業(yè)實習報告34、實習總結(jié)和感想二．詳細簡介。1實習單位簡介公司概況占地666畝，員工近2000人，投資10億，產(chǎn)資5億。主要產(chǎn)品公司是以無機化工生產(chǎn)為主，有硫酸H2SO4一車間，硫酸二車間，硫酸三車間，兩鈉（硝酸亞鈉NANO2和硝酸鈉NANO3）車間，磷氨（NH4H2PO4）車間，合成氨車間，有磷酸H3PO4車間和甲醛H2CO車間，共8個工作車間，其中硫酸H2SO4一車間每年生產(chǎn)18萬噸產(chǎn)品，硫酸二車間每年生產(chǎn)30萬噸產(chǎn)品，硫酸三車間每年生產(chǎn)12萬噸產(chǎn)品，兩鈉（硝酸亞鈉NANO2車間和硝酸鈉NANO3）車間每年生產(chǎn)16萬噸產(chǎn)品，，甲醛H2CO車間每年生產(chǎn)3萬噸產(chǎn)品，和合成氨車間每年生產(chǎn)20萬噸的產(chǎn)品，公司以此規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)滿足了買家的需求。公司正在以“以人為本，自強不息”的生產(chǎn)運行理念不斷壯大和發(fā)展。11企業(yè)理念安全生產(chǎn)環(huán)保生產(chǎn)可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)高效生產(chǎn)12段簡介硫酸○1第一種方法一期間，硫鐵礦FES218萬噸/年→12萬噸（NH4）H2PO4二期，12萬噸/年→8萬噸/年（NH4）H2PO4第二種方法硫磺制備硫酸30萬噸/年→20萬噸（NH4）H2PO4中間產(chǎn)品○2硫酸制備磷酸（濕法生產(chǎn)）08年國產(chǎn)發(fā)改委規(guī)定實行新工藝。有機產(chǎn)品。甲醛3萬噸/年○3甲醇AG→甲醛（AG做催化劑）甲醇的爆炸上限工藝。（DCS電腦自動控制）硝酸鈉與亞硝酸鈉?！皟赦c”○4一期，前年8萬噸/年兩鈉，3萬噸/稀硝酸

簡介：10中文中文3340字畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯譯文題目譯文題目全自動生化分析儀常見故障診斷、分析與維修（側(cè)重維修）學生姓名學生姓名學號號專業(yè)業(yè)生物醫(yī)學工程方向向醫(yī)療器械指導教師指導教師2008年12月24日12CLASSIFYINGSUCHDISEASES,ANDUNDERAPPROPRIATECIRCUMSTANCES,RESULTSAREUSEDFORDIAGNOSTICPURPOSESINRECENTYEARS,AUTOMATIONINCLINICALCHEMISTRYHASPROGRESSEDWITHACHANGEFROMRIGIDTOVERYFLEXIBLEINSTRUMENTSAUTOMATIONOFCLINICALINSTRUMENTSHASBROUGHTABOUTAREVOLUTIONINTHEFIELDOFMEDICALINSTRUMENTATIONITHASREDUCEDTHELOADONCLINICALLABORATORIESTOAGREATEXTENTBYREDUCINGTHETIMETAKENINTHETESTANDMINIMIZINGTHEINVOLVEMENTOFLABORATORYSTAFFINSTRUMENTDEVELOPEDISCLASSIFIEDASSEMIAUTOMATEDANALYSER2ANDHASADVANTAGESOFPRECISIONANDACCURACYTHESESYSTEMSAREUSEDINHOSPITALSTOTESTVARIOUSBLOODBIOCHEMICALPARAMETERSALLPRIMARYHEALTHCENTRES,COMMUNITYHEALTHCENTRES,ANDDISTRICTHOSPITALSARETHEPOTENTIALUSERSOFTHISMACHINE2MATERIALSANDMETHODS21THEINSTRUMENTIDESIGNPRINCIPLETHEINSTRUMENTISDESIGNEDUSINGTHEPRINCIPLEOFABSORBANCETRANSMITTANCEPHOTOMETRYACCORDINGTOLAMBERTANDBEER’FIGURE1SCHEMATICOFLAMBERTANDBEER’SLAWFIGURE2RELATIONBETWEENPERCENTTRANSMISSIONANDCONCENTRATIONLAW3,WHENMONOCHROMATICLIGHTISPASSEDTHROUGHCOLOUREDSOLUTION,THEINTENSITYOFTHETRANSMITTEDLIGHTDECREASESEXPONENTIALLYWITHTHEINCREASEINCONCENTRATIONOFTHEABSORBINGSUBSTANCETHEVALUEOFABSORPTIONOFLIGHTENERGYISDEPENDENTONTHENUMBEROFMOLECULESPRESENTINABSORBINGMATERIALANDTHETHICKNESSOFTHEMEDIUMTHUS,INTENSITYOFLIGHTENERGYLEAVINGTHEABSORBINGSUBSTANCEISUSEDASANINDICATIONOFCONCENTRATIONOFTHATPARTICULARSUBSTANCEASSHOWNINFIGURES1AND2,IFI0ISTHEINTENSITYOFINCIDENTLIGHTINCOLOUREDSOLUTIONANDITISTHETRANSMITTEDLIGHT,THENACCORDINGTOTHISLAWITI0EKCT1

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簡介：1沈陽理工大學學士學位論文附錄A34

簡介：中文中文40354035字畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院學院系化工學院專業(yè)業(yè)化學工程與工藝姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處JOURNALOFSOLGELSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語該同學翻譯忠于原文，語句比較連貫，意思基本表達清楚，是一篇合格的外文文獻譯文。簽名2013年3月15日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文抗反射聚乙烯醇縮丁醛/二氧化硅混合物涂膜的制備與表征PVB防潮性與疏水性的效應摘要摘要本文旨在介紹一種以硅酸乙酯為前驅(qū)物，聚乙烯醇縮丁醛為改良劑，通過溶膠凝膠催化方法制得的一種新型的改性抗反射涂膜。而AR涂膜和二氧化硅溶膠通過傅里葉變換紅外吸收光譜、粒子尺寸分析、透射電子顯微鏡、可編程流變儀、紫外可見分光光度法、概率測量法、原子力顯微鏡以及接觸角測量法進行表征。實驗表明，加入4﹪的PVB會大大增加AR涂膜的防潮性。用4﹪的PVB改性的AR涂膜在BK7基片中的光透射率近乎100﹪。對于未改性的AR涂膜與4﹪PVB改性的AR涂膜其水的接觸角分別為51°和53°。也就是說，改性后的涂膜沒有明顯的疏水性。將改性后的涂膜暴露在潮濕的環(huán)境中，其透射率最大值幾乎不變，而未改性的涂膜在兩周內(nèi)其透射率從998﹪急劇下降到965﹪。PVB改性AR涂膜具有良好的防潮性的原因可能是AR涂膜表面的PVB的吸附作用。關鍵字關鍵字抗反射涂層聚乙烯醇縮丁醛防潮性疏水性1引言引言從1980年開始的制備有機無機復合材料開始，溶膠凝膠技術就引起了人們的廣泛興趣。由于它具有很多優(yōu)點，諸如良好的均勻性，低粗糙度，良好的沉積性，產(chǎn)量高，而且在膠片中還有良好的微結(jié)構(gòu)可控制性，溶膠凝膠法在玻璃界已經(jīng)廣泛的用于制備抗反射涂膜（AR涂膜），比如機動車窗，太陽能電池，激光系統(tǒng)。對于AR涂膜，透射率是其最重要的性質(zhì)之一。然而，對于傳統(tǒng)的純凈二氧化硅涂膜材料，由于其在潮濕環(huán)境下的吸水性，使其透射率大大降低。這個問題使得這些涂膜不能很好的應用到潮濕的環(huán)境中。通常，防潮性隨著涂膜表面的疏水基團的增加而增加。近年來，科研工作者對如何制備AR涂膜做了大量的研究。最有效的方式就是將有機分子或者聚合物支撐疏水基團作為改性劑嫁接到二氧化硅

簡介：中文中文5460字本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯（2013屆）題目學生姓名學生姓名學號指導教師指導教師專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級所在學院所在學院化學工程與材料學院化學工程與材料學院提交日期提交日期2率密度。因此這對于發(fā)展電極提高電化學性能的改性方法是非常重要的。石墨氈電極的各種改性方法已經(jīng)在研究,其中包括金屬電鍍18、19,熱激活20和酸處理12、21、22。電化學氧化技術對于碳基材料的表面處理是一種有效的方法。這是因為它可以提供許多類型的表面含氧官能團和增加表面粗糙度與此同時,這技術的控制也相對簡單,可以在溫和條件下進行23。然而,全釩氧化液流電池的石墨氈電極的電化學氧化已經(jīng)很少報道。李等人只報道了,相對于未處理的石墨氈電極全釩氧化液流電池的活性已經(jīng)得到改良。在目前的文章中，VOVO??22/氧化還原反應中的經(jīng)過電化學氧化的石墨氈（被氧化的石墨氈）的激活正被詳細研究。被氧化的石墨氈的表面形態(tài)、潤濕性、表面含氧官能團和電化學性質(zhì)在電化學氧化程度上呈現(xiàn)正常變化。這些結(jié)果有助于理解石墨氈的電化學氧化機理,這研究也為確定全釩氧化液流電池電極活化的最佳工藝參數(shù)提供了有用的理論指導。2．實驗實驗2121材料5毫米厚的聚丙烯腈基石墨氈樣本由上海七杰有限有限公司提供。994從沈陽的海中天精細化工廠購買，濃硫酸質(zhì)量分OHVOSO424?數(shù)98來自廣州東香港化工廠。22樣品制備聚丙烯腈基石墨氈在電化學氧化前先切成15厘米15厘米大小,然后所有的樣品都用蒸餾水徹底清洗然后在70?C下48H烘干。石墨氈板作為陽極,石墨板作為陰極。電化學氧化在1M硫酸溶液中發(fā)生。石墨氈電極15厘米15厘米用作陽極是由在兩個聚氯乙烯板片之間壓一塊石墨氈做成,其中一個聚氯乙烯板片有10厘米10厘米的孔,石墨氈通過孔與電解液想通。另一邊的石墨氈與石墨片電流收集器連接。石墨氈樣品在100MACM?2的電流密度下對不同的氧化時段進行電氧化。發(fā)生氧化的石墨氈被拿出來用蒸餾水清洗干凈,然后在70?C下48H烘干。23特性

簡介：SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–17802578972/01/SEEFRONTMATTER?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS02578972?01013366ELECTRODEPOSITIONANDSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESIGARCIA,JFRANSAER,JPCELISA,B,AAKATHOLIEKEUNIVERSITEITLEUVEN,DEPARTMENTMTM,KASTEELPARKARENBERG44,B3001LEUVEN,BELGIUMANATIONALCENTERFORMETALLURGICALRESEARCHCENIMCSIC,DEPARTMENTOFCORROSIONANDPROTECTION,AVGREGORIODELAMO8,28040MADRID,BSPAINRECEIVED1MARCH2001ACCEPTED21JUNE2001ABSTRACTSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZES,NAMELY5,07AND03MM,WERECODEPOSITEDWITHNICKELFROMWATTS’SOLUTIONSITWASFOUNDTHATFORAGIVENNUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTION,THENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHECOATINGINCREASESWITHDECREASINGPARTICLESIZETHEFRICTIONANDWEARBEHAVIOROFTHESECOMPOSITECOATINGSWASEVALUATEDINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSTHEBESTSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEWASOBTAINEDWITHNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAINING4–5VOLSUBMICRONSICPARTICLES?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSELECTRODEPOSITIONCOMPOSITESWEARNICKELSIC1INTRODUCTIONELECTRODEPOSITEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONSISTOFAMETALORALLOYMATRIXCONTAININGADISPERSIONOFSECONDPHASEPARTICLESW1–3XTHESEPARTICLESCANBEHARDOXIDEORCARBIDEPARTICLES,SUCHASALO,SIC,TIO,WC,SIO2322ORDIAMOND,ASOLIDLUBRICANT,SUCHASPTFE,GRAPHITEORMOS,OREVENLIQUIDCONTAININGMICROCAPSULESW4XTO2IMPROVEWEARRESISTANCEANDYORTOREDUCEFRICTIONELECTROPLATEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONSIZEDPARTICLESAREUSEDASWEARRESISTANTCOATINGSW5–7X,EGNICKEL–SICINCARENGINESW1,8–10XWITHTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFNANOPARTICLES,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEELECTROLYTICANDELECTROLESSCODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESW11XTHEMAJORCHALLENGESOFTHECODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESSEEMTOBETHECODEPOSITIONOFASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFPARTICLES,ANDAVOIDINGTHEAGGLOMERATIONOFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELQ3415538900FAXQ3415347425EMAILADDRESSIGARCIACENIMCSICESIGARCIAINTHISWORK,THEELECTROLYTICCODEPOSITIONOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESFROMNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONS,ANDTHESLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFSUCHNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSAREINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEANDNUMBEROFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONONTHENUMBEROFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESISREPORTEDTHECODEPOSITIONRESULTSANDAMODELBASEDONTHENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESCODEPOSITEDAREDISCUSSEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEONTHECODEPOSITIONPROCESSOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSIZEDNONBROWNIANPARTICLESISCLARIFIEDTHEEFFECTOFCODEPOSITEDSUBMICRONPARTICLESONTHEWEARRESISTANCEOFCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSISDISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTALTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONUSEDWASASTANDARDNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONANDTHEPLATINGPARAMETERSAREGIVENINTABLE1SICPARTICLESWITHAMEANDIAMETEROF03BSC21C,PERFORMANCECERAMICS,JAPAN,07BS07,ELEKTROSCHMELZWERKKEMPTEN,GERMANYAND5MME110?4000,NORTON,NORWAYWEREUSEDALLPARTICLESWEREUSEDASRECEIVED173IGARCIAETAL/SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–178FIG2VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEFIG3VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEPOSITIONISOBTAINEDWITH07MMPARTICLESQUITEUNEXPECTEDLYW13X,THE03MMSICPARTICLESCODEPOSITMORETHANTHE07MMPARTICLESAPOSSIBLEREASONCOULDBETHEDIFFERENCEINTHESURFACECONDITIONOFTHESESICPARTICLESOBTAINEDFROMDIFFERENTPRODUCERSANOTHERREASONCOULDBETHEAGGLOMERATIONOFTHE03MMPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONTHEWEARTRACKSONTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSAFTERUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSHAVEABLACKAPPEARANCE,ANDSHOWSCRATCHESPARALLELTOTHEDIRECTIONOFMOTIONSUCHSCRATCHESARETYPICALFORABRASIVEWEARFORALLNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSTESTED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISAPPROXIMATELY05DURINGTHEFIRSTFEWSLIDINGCYCLESAFTERTHERUNNINGINPHASE,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONOFNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING07OR03MMSICPARTICLESISAPPROXIMATELY029THATCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISLOWERTHANTHEVALUEOF034OBSERVEDONNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESATACOMPARABLEVOLUMEPERCENTOFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREACHSICPARTICLESIZEINVESTIGATED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASESWITHINCREASINGVOLUMEPERCENTOFSICPARTICLESINTHECOATINGS,FROMAPPROXIMATELY034TO047INTHECASEOF5MMSICPARTICLES,ANDFROM028TO030INTHECASEOF07MMPARTICLESTHEWEARLOSSONNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGSICPARTICLESOFDIFFERENTSIZES,AFTERSLIDINGAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALWEARTESTS,ISSHOWNINFIGS2AND3,RESPECTIVELYTHEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONPURENICKELCOATINGSANDCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSISAPPROXIMATELYTWOORDERSOFMAGNITUDELOWERTHANTHATNOTEDINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSTHISISCONSISTENTWITHSLIDINGWEARDATAOBTAINEDONHARDCERAMICCOATINGS,SUCHASTIN,SHOWINGAMUCHLOWERWEARRATEUNDERUNITHANUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTCONDITIONSW14XHOWEVER,UNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESEXHIBITALOWERWEARRESISTANCEWITHINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFSICTHANPURENICKELCOATINGSREFERREDTOASEDNICKELREFERENCEINFIG2ONTHECONTRARY,COMPOSITE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簡介：ARSENICINTHEENVIRONMENTBIOLOGYANDCHEMISTRYPROSUNBHATTACHARYAA,?,ALANHWELCHB,KENNETHGSTOLLENWERKC,MIKEJMCLAUGHLIND,JOCHENBUNDSCHUHE,GPANAULLAHFAKTHINTERNATIONALGROUNDWATERARSENICRESEARCHGROUP,DEPARTMENTOFLANDANDWATERRESOURCESENGINEERING,ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYKTH,SE10044STOCKHOLM,SWEDENBNEVADAWATERSCIENCECENTER,UNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY,2730NDEERRUNROAD,CARSONCITY,NV89701USACUNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY,MS413,BOX25046,FEDERALCENTER,DENVER,CO80225,USADCSIROLANDANDWATER/UNIVERSITYOFADELAIDE,PMB2,GLENOSMOND,SA5064,AUSTRALIAEINTERNATIONALTECHNICALCOOPERATIONPROGRAMMECIMGTZ/BA,GERMANY,INSTITUTOCOSTARRICENSEDEELECTRICIDADICE,PYSA,APARTADOPOSTAL10032,1000SANJOSE,COSTARICAFCIMMYT,BANGLADESH,POBOX6057GULSHAN,DHAKA1212,BANGLADESHRECEIVED6FEBRUARY2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25FEBRUARY2007ACCEPTED27FEBRUARY2007AVAILABLEONLINE16APRIL2007ABSTRACTARSENICASDISTRIBUTIONANDTOXICOLOGYINTHEENVIRONMENTISASERIOUSISSUE,WITHMILLIONSOFINDIVIDUALSWORLDWIDEBEINGAFFECTEDBYASTOXICOSISSOURCESOFASCONTAMINATIONAREBOTHNATURALANDANTHROPOGENICANDTHESCALEOFCONTAMINATIONRANGESFROMLOCALTOREGIONALTHEREAREMANYAREASOFRESEARCHTHATAREBEINGACTIVELYPURSUEDTOADDRESSTHEASCONTAMINATIONPROBLEMTHESEINCLUDENEWMETHODSOFSCREENINGFORASINTHEFIELD,DETERMININGTHEEPIDEMIOLOGYOFASINHUMANS,ANDIDENTIFYINGTHERISKOFASUPTAKEINAGRICULTUREREMEDIATIONOFASAFFECTEDWATERSUPPLIESISIMPORTANTANDRESEARCHINCLUDESASSESSINGNATURALREMEDIATIONPOTENTIALASWELLASPHYTOREMEDIATIONANOTHERAREAOFACTIVERESEARCHISONTHEMICROBIALLYMEDIATEDBIOGEOCHEMICALINTERACTIONSOFASINTHEENVIRONMENTIN2005,ACONFERENCEWASCONVENEDTOBRINGTOGETHERSCIENTISTSINVOLVEDINMANYOFTHEDIFFERENTAREASOFASRESEARCHINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTASYNTHESISOFTHEASISSUESINTHELIGHTOFLONGSTANDINGRESEARCHANDWITHREGARDSTOTHENEWFINDINGSPRESENTEDATTHISCONFERENCETHISCONTRIBUTIONPROVIDESABACKDROPTOTHEISSUESRAISEDATTHECONFERENCETOGETHERWITHANOVERVIEWOFCONTEMPORARYANDHISTORICALISSUESOFASCONTAMINATIONANDHEALTHIMPACTSCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2007PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSARSENICCONTAMINATIONPOLLUTIONGROUNDWATERTUBEWELLSCREENINGFIELDTESTKITHEALTHSAFEAQUIFERSAGRICULTURESOILSMININGENVIRONMENTPHYTOREMEDIATIONSORPTIONREMEDIATION1INTRODUCTION11LOCATIONANDSCALEOFPROBLEMARSENICASHASBEENDETECTEDINGROUNDWATERINSEVERALCOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD,WITHCONCENTRATIONLEVELSEXCEEDINGTHEWHODRINKINGWATERGUIDELINEVALUEOF10ΜG/LWHO,2001ASWELLASTHENATIONALREGULATORYSTANDARDSEG50ΜG/LININDIAANDBANGLADESH,AHMEDETAL,2004MUKHERJEEETAL,2006ARSENICINGROUNDWATERISOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHGEOLOGICSOURCES,BUTINSOMELOCATIONSANTHROPOGENICINPUTSCANBEEXTREMELYIMPORTANTINGESTIONOFGEOGENICASFROMGROUNDWATERSOURCESISMANIFESTEDASCHRONICHEALTHDISORDERSINMOSTOFTHEAFFECTEDREGIONSOFTHEWORLDBGSFAX4684110775EMAILADDRESSPROSUNKTHSEPBHATTACHARYA00489697/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2007PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JSCITOTENV200702037MMAIIIISMORETOXICTHANASIIIANDASVVIZPETRICKETAL,2000,200114AGRICULTURETHEADVERSEEFFECTSOFASINGROUNDWATERUSEDFORIRRIGATIONWATERONCROPSANDAQUATICECOSYSTEMSISALSOOFMAJORCONCERNINADDITIONTOPOTENTIALHUMANHEALTHIMPACTSCAUSEDBYINGESTIONOFFOODCONTAININGAS,THEPOTENTIALFORREDUCEDCROPYIELDDUETOITSBUILDUPINTHESOILISANACTIVEAREAOFRESEARCHTHEFATEOFASINAGRICULTURALSOILSISOFTENLESSWELLSTUDIEDCOMPAREDTOGROUNDWATER,ANDINGENERALHASBEENSTUDIEDINTHECONTEXTOFASUPTAKEBYDIFFERENTPLANTSHUQETAL,2001,2006DASETAL,2004ALRMALLIETAL,2005CORRELLETAL,2006NAIDUETAL,2006CROPQUALITYANDTHEEFFECTOFASONCROPQUALITYANDYIELDISBECOMINGAMAJORWORLDWIDECONCERN,PARTICULARLYFORRICEWHICHFORMSTHESTAPLEFORMANYSOUTHASIANCOUNTRIESWHEREGROUNDWATERISWIDELYUSEDFORIRRIGATIONMEHARGANDRAHMAN,2003INARECENTSTUDYITWASREPORTEDTHATIRRIGATIONHASINCREASEDINBANGLADESHSINCE1970,WHILESINCE1980,THEAREAUNDERGROUNDWATERIRRIGATIONFORTHECULTIVATIONOFBORORICEHASINCREASEDBYALMOSTANORDEROFMAGNITUDEHARVEYETAL,2005BASEDONAVAILABLEINFORMATIONONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFASCONCENTRATIONINGROUNDWATERBGSANDDPHE,2001ANDTHEAREAUNDERSHALLOWTUBEWELLIRRIGATIONBADC,2005,SAHA2006ESTIMATEDTHATAPPROXIMATELY1000METRICTONSOFASISCYCLEDWITHIRRIGATIONWATERDURINGTHEDRYSEASONOFEACHYEARRICEYIELDHASBEENREPORTEDTODECREASEBY10ATACONCENTRATIONOF25MG/KGASINSOILXIONGETAL,1987AGREENHOUSESTUDYBYABEDINETAL2002REVEALEDREDUCEDYIELDOFALOCALVARIETYOFRICEBR11IRRIGATEDWITHWATERHAVINGASCONCENTRATIONSINTHERANGEOF02TO8MG/LTHEACCUMULATIONOFASINRICEFIELDSOILSANDITSINTRODUCTIONINTOTHEFOODCHAINTHROUGHUPTAKEBYTHERICEPLANTISOFMAJORCONCERNDUXBURYETAL,200315ANTHROPOGENICARSENICLARGEQUANTITIESOFASARERELEASEDINTOTHEENVIRONMENTTHROUGHINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,WHICHCANBEDISPERSEDWIDELYANDASSUCHPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHECONTAMINATIONOFSOILS,WATERS,ANDAIRNRIAGU,1989JACKSANDBHATTACHARYA,1998JUILLOTETAL,1999MATSCHULLAT,2000PACYNAANDPACYNA,2001ELEVATEDCONCENTRATIONSOFASINSOILSOCCURONLYLOCALLY,BUTINAREASOFFORMERINDUSTRIALAREASITMAYCAUSEENVIRONMENTALCONCERNNRIAGU,1994SMITHETAL,1998KABATAPENDIASANDPENDIAS,2001ALTHOUGHMANYMINERALSCONTAINASCOMPOUNDS,THEANTHROPOGENICCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEENVIRONMENTINTHEPASTACCOUNTEDFOR82,000METRICTONS/YEARWORLDWIDENRIAGUANDPACYNA,1988INORGANICASCOMPOUNDSSUCHASCALCIUMARSENATE,LEADAR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