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簡介：DESIGNOFINTELLIGENTCARBASEDONSINGLECHIPPROCESSORSTC89C52LIXIN1,A,XIANGQIANG1,B,?1COLLEGEOFELECTRICALINFORMATION,SOUTHWESTUNIVERSITYFORNATIONALITIES,CHENGDU610041,CHINAAEMAIL1009132414QQCOM,BEMAILXIANGQIANGSWUNEDUCNKEYWORDSINTELLIGENTTRACKINGCAR,DCMOTOR,INFRAREDELECTRICSENSOR,PWM,MICEMAZEABSTRACTSMARTCARISAKINDOFSYSTEMWHICHCANPRECISELYALONGTHEPATHOFAUTOMATICDRIVINGMAZESTOTHEENDPOINTANDRETURNTOTHESTARTINGPOINTACCURATELYACCORDINGTOTHEOPTIMALPATH,UNDERTHEEFFECTOFCONTROLSYSTEMINTHISPAPER,THEHARDWARE/SOFTWAREDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEINTELLIGENTTRACKINGCARCONTROLSYSTEMAREINTRODUCEDTHISTRACKINGCARUSESTHREEROWSOFLASERSENSORSTOCOLLECTROADINFORMATION,SOFTWARETOJUDGEITSEFFECTIVENESSBYTHECORRESPONDINGALGORITHM,CONTROLALGORITHMSTOCONTROLVEHICLESTEERINGTHEPROPERDUTYRATIOOFPWMWAVEISGIVEDBYSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTOCONTROLTHEMOTORSPEED,ANDTHEPOSITIVENEGATIVEOPERATIONOFMOTORISDRIVEDBYHBRIDGETHESMARTCARCANRETURNTOTHESTARTINGPOINTALONGTHEOPTIMALPATHAFTERREACHTHEENDPOINTTHESMARTCARCANCOMPLETETHETRACKINGTASKPREFERABLY,ANDISABLETOCOMPLETETHEPRESCRIBEDPATHWITHFASTERSPEED,ALWAYSMAINTAINSSTABLEOPERATIONINTRODUCTIONTHETRACKINGCARCOMPETITIONISANACTIVITYCARRIEDOUTFORPROMOTINGHIGHEREDUCATIONALREFORM,CULTIVATINGUNDERGRADUATESTHEABILITYOFPRACTICE,INNOVATIONANDTEAMWORKSPIRITMANUFACTURINGPHOTOELECTRICTRACKINGCARISDIVIDEDINTOTWOPARTSHARDWAREMANUFACTURINGANDSOFTWAREPROGRAMMINGTHISARTICLEPROPOSESADESIGNSCHEMEFORPHOTOELECTRICTRACKINGCARTHEEXPERIMENTINDICATESTHATTHISSCHEMECANADJUSTTHESPEEDANDANGLEOFCARBODY,COMBININGWITHALLKINDSOFTRACK’STRAFFICINFORMATION,INORDERTOENSURECARSCANFINISHTHEFULLDISTANCEINAMINIMUMDURATIONSYSTEMATICOVERALLHARDWARESTRUCTUREDESIGNANDWORKINGPRINCIPLEBRIEFINTRODUCTIONINTELLIGENTCAR’SOVERALLHARDWARESTRUCTUREDESIGNTHESTRUCTURESOFTHECARMAINLYDIVIDEDINTOAFEWPARTSFOLLOWING1POWERMODULEBECAUSECARSADOPTTHEBATTERYTOSUPPLYELECTRICITY,REASONABLEDESIGNISAPOWERMODULE,THEPREMISEOFCAR’SSTABLEOPERATION2TRACKINGMODULEIT’SMADEUPOFSEVERALPHOTOTUBES,USINGFOREXPLORINGTHEPOSITIONOFBLACKLINE,JUDGEIFTHEREISBLACKLINEORNOTTHROUGHTHECHANGEOFREFLECTEDINFRARED3DRIVERMODULEOFELECTRICMOTORASTHESCM’SCURRENTOUTPUTISLIMITED,ANDITCANNOTDRIVEMOTORTOWORKDIRECTLY,THUSITNEEDSTOBEDRIVENBYAPPROPRIATIVECIRCUITTHISARTICLETAKESHBRIDGEDRIVERCHIPL298NTHATISUSEDCOMMONLYFORANEXAMPLE4ONECHIPCOMPUTERMODULETHEWHOLEDESIGNSELECTS8BITMICROCONTROLLERSTC89C524TOFINISHTHETREATMENTOFCOLLECTINGDATAANDCONTROLINGCOMMANDOFEACHDRIVER,THEPROCESSINGSPEEDOF12MCANDEALWITHALLKINDSOFROADINFORMATIONINTIMEANDCONTROLTHEDIRECTIONOFCARS,ANDTHEPOWERDISSIPATIONISLOW,THECOLLOCATIONISSIMPLE,ANDTHEPRICEISCOMPARATIVELYCHEAPINTELLIGENTTRACKINGCARHARDWARESTRUCTUREDIAGRAMASSHOWNINFIGURE12INTERNATIONALPOWER,ELECTRONICSANDMATERIALSENGINEERINGCONFERENCEIPEMEC2015?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYATLANTISPRESS247SENSITIVERECEIVINGINFRAREDPHOTOELECTRICTRIODENPNWHENITISUSEDTOCOMPARETWOVOLTAGES,ANARBITRARYINPUTENDPLUSAFIXEDVOLTAGEASREFERENCEVOLTAGE,ANDTHEOTHERENDWITHAVOLTAGESIGNALSTOBECOMPAREDWHENTHEVOLTAGEOF““TERMINALISHIGHERTHAN““SIDE,THEOUTPUTPIPEISCUTOFF,WHICHMEANSTHEOUTPUTSIDEDISCONNECTINGWHENTHEVOLTAGEOF““ABOVE““SIDE,THEOUTPUTTUBESATURATED,EQUIVALENTTOTHEOUTPUTSIDECONNECTSALOWPOTENTIALTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWOINPUTVOLTAGESISMORETHAN10MVWHICHCANRELIABLYENSURETHATTHEOUTPUTFROMONESTATETOANOTHERSTATETHEREFORE,THELM339USEDINWEAKSIGNALDETECTIONISIDEAL5LOOPCIRCUITDIAGRAMASSHOWNINFIGURE2FIG3MOTORDRIVERMODULEMOTORDRIVERMODULETHISMODULESELECTSTHEL298NCHIPTOCONTROLTHEREARETHREESIGNALSAND6PINSTOCONTROLEACHELECTRICALMACHINEANDTHESIXPINSISLINKEDWITHP00P05OFSTC89C52SINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERRESPECTIVELYHERETHEWORKINGVOLTAGEOFTHECHIPIS5VTHISDESIGNADOPTSTHEWAYOFTWOKINDSOFOUTPUTTINGTOCONTROLAMOTORNAMELYTHEOUT1ANDOUT2CONTROLMOTOR1,OUT3ANDOUT4CONTROLMOTOR2INFIGURE5,D1D8ISCLAMPDIODEMOTOR,ATTHEINSTANTOFSTOPPING,WILLPRODUCEAREVERSECURRENT,ANDAFTERCUTTINGTHEMAGNETICFIELDCANPRODUCEAREVERSEELECTROMOTIVEFORCETHEGOALTOSETTHESECLAMPDIODESISTOPREVENTTHECOUNTERELECTROMOTIVEFORCEFROMBURNINGOUTTHECHIP,SOASTOPROTECTTHEMMOTORDRIVERMODULEASSHOWNINFIGURE36249

簡介：1800英文單詞，11700英文字符，中文3040字出處LIXIN,XIANGQIANG2015DESIGNOFINTELLIGENTCARBASEDONSINGLECHIPPROCESSORSTC89C52INTERNATIONALPOWER,ELECTRONICSANDMATERIALSENGINEERINGCONFERENCEIPEMEC2015基于單片機STC89C52的智能車設(shè)計李昕，湘強?西南民族大學(xué)電氣信息學(xué)院，四川成都610041電子郵件1009132414QQCOM電子郵件XIANGQIANGSWUNEDUCN關(guān)鍵詞智能跟蹤車，直流電機，紅外電傳感器，PWM，鼠標(biāo)迷宮摘要智能汽車是一種能夠在控制系統(tǒng)的作用下，根據(jù)最優(yōu)路徑精確地沿著自動駕駛迷宮的路徑到達終點并準(zhǔn)確返回起點的系統(tǒng)。本文介紹了智能跟蹤汽車控制系統(tǒng)的硬件/軟件設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)。這種跟蹤車使用三排激光傳感器來收集道路信息，軟件通過相應(yīng)的算法判斷其有效性，控制算法來控制車輛轉(zhuǎn)向。單片機給出了PWM波的適當(dāng)占空比來控制電機轉(zhuǎn)速，H橋驅(qū)動電機的正負(fù)操作。智能車可以在到達終點后沿最佳路徑返回起點。智能車可以優(yōu)選地完成跟蹤任務(wù)，并且能夠以更快的速度完成規(guī)定的路徑，始終保持穩(wěn)定的操作。1簡介跟蹤汽車競賽是推動高等教育改革，培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生實踐能力，創(chuàng)新能力和團隊合作精神的一項活動。制造光電跟蹤車分為兩部分硬件制造和軟件編程。本文提出了一種光電跟蹤汽車的設(shè)計方案。實驗表明，該方案可以調(diào)整車身的速度和角度，結(jié)合各種軌道的交通信息，確保車輛在最短的時間內(nèi)完成全程距離。2系統(tǒng)的整體硬件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和工作原理簡介智能車的整體硬件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計汽車的結(jié)構(gòu)主要分為以下幾個部分1電源模塊。由于汽車采用電池供電，合理的設(shè)計是電源模塊，是汽車穩(wěn)定運行的前提。2跟蹤模塊。它由幾個光電管組成，用于探測黑線的位置，通過反射紅外線的變化判斷是否有黑線。圖2環(huán)路圖跟蹤模塊的設(shè)計本設(shè)計采用8個ST188型號的紅外電傳感器。光電管分布部分采用332布局。該方法可以準(zhǔn)確，簡單地區(qū)分每個端口，程序控制算法簡單，車輛穩(wěn)定可控。ST188型紅外電子傳感器由高功率紅外光電二極管和高靈敏度接收紅外光電三極管（NPN）組成。當(dāng)它用于比較兩個電壓時，任意輸入端加上固定電壓作為參考電壓，另一端用電壓信號進行比較。當(dāng)“”端子的電壓高于“”側(cè)時，輸出管道被切斷，這意味著輸出側(cè)斷開。當(dāng)電壓“”高于“”側(cè)時，輸出管飽和，相當(dāng)于輸出側(cè)連接低電位。兩個輸入電壓之間的差值大于10MV，這可以可靠地確保輸出從一個狀態(tài)到另一個狀態(tài)。因此，LM339用于弱信號檢測是理想的5。電路圖如圖2所示。圖3電機驅(qū)動模塊電機驅(qū)動模塊該模塊選擇L298N芯片進行控制。有三個信號和6個引腳來控制每臺電機。六個引腳分別與STC89C52單片機的P00P05相連。這里芯片的工作電壓為5V。這種設(shè)計采用兩種輸出方式來控制電機。即OUT1和OUT2控制電機1，OUT3和OUT4控制電機2在圖5中，D1D8是鉗位二極管。電機，在停止瞬間，會產(chǎn)生反向電流，切割后的磁場可以產(chǎn)生一個反電動勢。設(shè)置這些鉗位二極管的目的是防止反電動勢燒壞芯片，從而保護它們。電機驅(qū)動模塊如圖36所示4智能跟蹤車的軟件設(shè)計

簡介：1800英文單詞，11700英文字符，中文3040字出處LIXIN,XIANGQIANG2015DESIGNOFINTELLIGENTCARBASEDONSINGLECHIPPROCESSORSTC89C52INTERNATIONALPOWER,ELECTRONICSANDMATERIALSENGINEERINGCONFERENCEIPEMEC2015基于單片機STC89C52的智能車設(shè)計李昕，湘強?西南民族大學(xué)電氣信息學(xué)院，四川成都610041電子郵件1009132414QQCOM電子郵件XIANGQIANGSWUNEDUCN關(guān)鍵詞智能跟蹤車，直流電機，紅外電傳感器，PWM，鼠標(biāo)迷宮摘要智能汽車是一種能夠在控制系統(tǒng)的作用下，根據(jù)最優(yōu)路徑精確地沿著自動駕駛迷宮的路徑到達終點并準(zhǔn)確返回起點的系統(tǒng)。本文介紹了智能跟蹤汽車控制系統(tǒng)的硬件/軟件設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)。這種跟蹤車使用三排激光傳感器來收集道路信息，軟件通過相應(yīng)的算法判斷其有效性，控制算法來控制車輛轉(zhuǎn)向。單片機給出了PWM波的適當(dāng)占空比來控制電機轉(zhuǎn)速，H橋驅(qū)動電機的正負(fù)操作。智能車可以在到達終點后沿最佳路徑返回起點。智能車可以優(yōu)選地完成跟蹤任務(wù)，并且能夠以更快的速度完成規(guī)定的路徑，始終保持穩(wěn)定的操作。1簡介跟蹤汽車競賽是推動高等教育改革，培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生實踐能力，創(chuàng)新能力和團隊合作精神的一項活動。制造光電跟蹤車分為兩部分硬件制造和軟件編程。本文提出了一種光電跟蹤汽車的設(shè)計方案。實驗表明，該方案可以調(diào)整車身的速度和角度，結(jié)合各種軌道的交通信息，確保車輛在最短的時間內(nèi)完成全程距離。2系統(tǒng)的整體硬件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和工作原理簡介智能車的整體硬件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計汽車的結(jié)構(gòu)主要分為以下幾個部分1電源模塊。由于汽車采用電池供電，合理的設(shè)計是電源模塊，是汽車穩(wěn)定運行的前提。2跟蹤模塊。它由幾個光電管組成，用于探測黑線的位置，通過反射紅外線的變化判斷是否有黑線。圖2環(huán)路圖跟蹤模塊的設(shè)計本設(shè)計采用8個ST188型號的紅外電傳感器。光電管分布部分采用332布局。該方法可以準(zhǔn)確，簡單地區(qū)分每個端口，程序控制算法簡單，車輛穩(wěn)定可控。ST188型紅外電子傳感器由高功率紅外光電二極管和高靈敏度接收紅外光電三極管（NPN）組成。當(dāng)它用于比較兩個電壓時，任意輸入端加上固定電壓作為參考電壓，另一端用電壓信號進行比較。當(dāng)“”端子的電壓高于“”側(cè)時，輸出管道被切斷，這意味著輸出側(cè)斷開。當(dāng)電壓“”高于“”側(cè)時，輸出管飽和，相當(dāng)于輸出側(cè)連接低電位。兩個輸入電壓之間的差值大于10MV，這可以可靠地確保輸出從一個狀態(tài)到另一個狀態(tài)。因此，LM339用于弱信號檢測是理想的5。電路圖如圖2所示。圖3電機驅(qū)動模塊電機驅(qū)動模塊該模塊選擇L298N芯片進行控制。有三個信號和6個引腳來控制每臺電機。六個引腳分別與STC89C52單片機的P00P05相連。這里芯片的工作電壓為5V。這種設(shè)計采用兩種輸出方式來控制電機。即OUT1和OUT2控制電機1，OUT3和OUT4控制電機2在圖5中，D1D8是鉗位二極管。電機，在停止瞬間，會產(chǎn)生反向電流，切割后的磁場可以產(chǎn)生一個反電動勢。設(shè)置這些鉗位二極管的目的是防止反電動勢燒壞芯片，從而保護它們。電機驅(qū)動模塊如圖36所示4智能跟蹤車的軟件設(shè)計

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簡介：1358單詞，單詞，7800英文字符英文字符,2044字出處出處WILLIAMSCEMERGINGDEVELOPMENTOFSEMANTICANDPHONOLOGICALROUTESTOCHARACTERDECODINGINCHINESEASAFOREIGNLANGUAGELEARNERSJREADINGANDWRITING,2013,262293315EMERGINGDEVELOPMENTOFSEMANTICANDPHONOLOGICALROUTESTOCHARACTERDECODINGINCHINESEASAFOREIGNLANGUAGELEARNERSCLAYWILLIAMSREADINGINCHINESEPROCESSINGCHINESEADUALROUTEMODELTHECHINESECHARACTERSYSTEMLENDSITSELFWELLTOTHESTUDYOFREADINGPROCESSESASCHINESEEMPLOYSACOMPLEXSETOFCHARACTERSEACHREPRESENTINGBOTHAMEANINGANDASOUNDTHISBOTHSUGGESTSTHATREADINGINCHINESEWOULDREQUIREADIFFERENTSETOFPROCESSESTHANWHENREADINGALPHABETICORPHONETICALLYTRANSCRIBEDLANGUAGES,ANDALSOPRESENTSINTERESTINGOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEFURTHERSTUDYOFGENERALREADINGMODELSAGENERALAGREEMENTEXISTSAMONGMOSTTHEORISTSTHATATLEASTTWOPROCESSESAREINVOLVEDINREADINGEG,COLTHEART,1978READINGVIATHESEMANTICREPRESENTATIONOFTHEWORD,ANDVIAANONLEXICALPROCEDUREOFGRAPHEMEPHONEMECONVERSIONBI,HAN,WEEKES,ANDSEMANTICPRIMINGSTUDIES,ASWELLASSTUDIESWITHDEEPDYSLEXICSUBJECTSWHOPRODUCESEMANTICSUBSTITUTIONSINREADINGSUGGESTASEMANTICROUTETOACCESSASWELLTHECHINESECHARACTERSYSTEMOFFERSAUNIQUEOPPORTUNITYTOSTUDYEFFECTSOFTHISSEMANTICROUTEWHICHAREMOREDIFFICULTTOMANIPULATEINMOSTALPHABETICALLYTRANSCRIBEDLANGUAGESSIMPLYPUT,ALPHABETSPREDISPOSEREADERSTOWARDSPHONOLOGICALROUTESOFACCESS,ASTHEYFORMTHEBASISOFTHESCRIPTINALPHABETICLANGUAGESSUCHASENGLISH,SEMANTICANDORTHOGRAPHICCORRELATIONISUSUALLYQUITERANDOMEG,LIGHT,BRIGHT,ANDSIGHTSEEMTOOVERLAPBOTHSEMANTICALLYANDORTHOGRAPHICALLY,BUTNIGHT,TIGHT,ANDRIGHTHAVENOIMMEDIATELYINTUITIVECONNECTIONINALPHABETICSCRIPTS,THESEMANTICROUTEISTHEORIZEDTORECOGNIZEWORDSMOSTLYBASEDUPONSHAPEBOTHPHONOLOGICALSHAPEANDORTHOGRAPHICSHAPECOLTHEART,RASTLE,PERRY,LANGDON,SMITH,1969BOTHCITEDINAKAMATSU,2005DEVELOPEDAFULLYFUNCTIONALPHONOLOGICALROUTETHISWASEXPLAINEDASTHESUBJECTSBEINGDEPENDENTUPONTHEDENSELYPACKEDSTROKEINFORMATIONINHERENTINMANYPHONETICCOMPONENTSFORRECOGNITIONPURPOSESADDITIONALLY,ONECOULDALSOHYPOTHESIZETHATENGLISHL1SUBJECTS,BEINGUSEDTOPHONOLOGICALROUTESOFRECOGNITIONINTHEIRL1,AREINDEEDDEFAULTINGTOPHONOLOGICALROUTESOFRECOGNITION,THEREFOREEXPLAININGTHESIZEABLEDELAYWHENTHEPHONETICCOMPONENTWASBLURRED,BUTWERESTYMIEDBYTHEIRLACKOFABILITYTOSUCCESSFULLYEMPLOYTHEPHONOLOGICALROUTETOCHARACTERRECOGNITION,ANDTHUSFELLBACKTOEITHERSEMANTICORORTHOGRAPHICSTRATEGIESINESSENCE,THISHYPOTHESISWOULDSTATETHATTHESUBJECTSAREDEFAULTINGTOAHIGHLYFALLIBLEPHONOLOGICALROUTE,OFTENENCOUNTERINGAN“ERROR”MESSAGEINPROCESSING,ANDTHENPROCEEDINGTOALTERNATESTRATEGIESTHEAUTHORISSYMPATHETICTOTHEIDEATHATL1READINGSTRATEGIESAREHAVINGANEFFECTONL2READINGINTHISINSTANCEHOWEVER,GIVENTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENSIMPLIFIEDANDTRADITIONALSCRIPTTHATWEREFOUNDINTHEPOSTHOCTESTING,THERESULTSAREMOREREADILYEXPLAINEDBYASSUMINGTHATTHESUBJECTSWEREUSINGTHEPHONOLOGICALRADICALMOREFORORTHOGRAPHICPROPERTIESTHANFORPHONOLOGICALONESTHUSWEBEGINTOSEEAPICTUREOFTHECFLLEARNERWHOISCRIPPLEDBYOVERRELIANCEONAREADINGSTRATEGYTHATHE/SHEDOESN’THAVEFULLCONTROLOVERTHELEARNERHASMASTEREDSEMANTICPROCESSINGSKILLS,BUTTHISSEEMSTOBEEMPLOYEDASASECONDARYMEASUREPHONOLOGICALPROCESSINGSTRATEGIESARESTILLTOOWEAKTOBEOFSUBSTANTIALUSEINREADINGTASKSHOWEVERPHONOLOGICALRADICALPROCESSINGSTILLSEEMSTOBETHEDOMINANTMEANSOFCHARACTERIDENTIFICATIONLIKELYFORITSORTHOGRAPHICPROPERTIESTHEDEGREETOWHICHL1BIASESTOWARDREADINGPROCESSINGSTRATEGIESAFFECTEDTHERESULTSISANINTERESTINGQUESTIONINITSOWNRIGHTITWOULDBEOFINTERESTTOCONDUCTSIMILARSTUDIESONNATIVECHINESESPEAKINGCHILDLITERACYLEARNERSTOSEEIFASIMILAREFFECTWOULDBEFOUND,ORIFTHEYINITIALLYORIENTTHEMSELVESTOWARDSSEMANTICPROCESSINGSTRATEGYDOMINANCELIN,MCBRIDECHANG,ARAM,ANDLEVIN2011HAVEINDICATEDTHATMATERNALMEDIATIONOFSEMANTICANDMORPHOLOGICALCHARACTERINFORMATIONTENDSTOPOSITIVELYIMPACTCHILDREN’SCHARACTERREADINGANDWRITINGABILITIES,WHICHWOULDSEEMTOINDICATETHATTHEREISCULTURALPREFERENCE,ATLEAST,FORLITERACYTRAININGTOMOSTLYPERTAINTOEXPLICITINSTRUCTIONOFSEMANTIC/MORPHOLOGICALFEATURESBYEXTENSION,WECOULDHYPOTHESIZETHATCHINESECHILDRENWOULDBELESSINCLINEDTOWARDS“OVERRELIANCE”O(jiān)NPHONOLOGICALPROCESSINGSTRATEGIESTHANTHESEL2SUBJECTS,ANDTHUS,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYMAYBEINDICATIVEOFANL2EFFECTINANYCASE,ITWOULDPROBABLYPROVEHIGHLYBENEFICIALTOCFLLEARNERSTOHAVETARGETEDINSTRUCTIONONSEMANTICPROCESSINGSTRATEGIESTOHELPTHEMMORECONSCIOUSLYEMPLOYTHISSTRATEGYWHILETHEIRPHONOLOGICALROUTEISSTILLBEINGDEVELOPED

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簡介：1中文中文2740字出處出處WANGXJ,YUANSL,XIAOL,ETALTHEEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEINTHECARCINOGENESISPROCESSOFHUMANCARDIAADENOCARCINOMAJWORLDJOURNALOFGASTROENTEROLOGY,1999,56488491人賁門癌癌變進程中人賁門癌癌變進程中CSRC基因的表達基因的表達關(guān)鍵詞CSRC基因表達產(chǎn)物PP60CSRC；腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移；摘要目的探討CSRC基因在人賁門癌（CA）癌變進程中的活性，表達和作用。方法對56例CA，34例正常，36例癌旁上皮和20例CA的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)用特異的單克隆抗體MAB327，免疫組化法檢測PP60CSRC和CSRC基因的表達。結(jié)果PP60CSRC的陽性率在正常上皮，增生上皮，CA和轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)中分別為29410/34,94434/36,71440/56和60012/20。而且，各陽性率間有顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異P＜001。CA和增生上皮中的PP60CSRC的表達水平顯著高于正常上皮P＜001＝。PP60CSRC的陽性率在乳頭狀，管狀，低分化和粘膜腺癌中分別為7506/8,81818/22,50010/20和10006/6，管狀和粘膜腺癌中顯著高于乳頭狀和低分化腺癌（P005）。結(jié)論CSRC基因的活性和表達與人CA的發(fā)生和發(fā)展相關(guān)；PP60CSRC蛋白數(shù)量在發(fā)癌過程中增加；PP60CSRC的表達與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。介紹目前遠(yuǎn)端胃癌的發(fā)病率逐年下降，而賁門癌的發(fā)病率卻在穩(wěn)定增加。CA的生物學(xué)和流行病學(xué)特征于遠(yuǎn)端胃癌明顯不同，且原因不明［13］。PP60CSRC是CSRC基因的產(chǎn)物，具有酪氨酸激酶活性。CSRC基因表達的增加在乳腺癌［4］，食管癌［5］，胃癌［6］和結(jié)腸癌［7］中都有報道。CSRC基因活性和表達可能與一些腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。我們先前的研究表明CSRC基因的活性和表達與食管鱗癌的分化和發(fā)展有關(guān)［8］。因此我們相信在賁門癌中也有相似的變化。材料和方法標(biāo)本的收集和處理所有的56例CA標(biāo)本均來自腫瘤中心的手術(shù)后CS患者。所有的標(biāo)本均經(jīng)固定化程序，甲醛固定，石蠟包埋，至少兩套4ΜM6ΜM厚的石蠟切片。一個用HE染色，一個做免疫組化。試劑單克隆抗體MAB327小鼠IGG由日本大學(xué)分子病理系提供，抗生蛋白鏈菌素免疫組化試劑盒ZYMEDUSA從FUZHOUMAXIMBIOTECH公司購買。PP60CSRC蛋白的免疫組化分析PP60CSRC蛋白用LSAB方法的免疫組化分析。組織切片在梯度乙醇中脫蠟脫水后，用胰蛋白酶消化。用3H2O2阻滯內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶的活性，用正常血清處理后，切片在稀釋為1∶100的MAB327中孵育，4℃過夜。在室溫下，生物素化的第二抗體20分鐘，抗生蛋白鏈菌素30分鐘。再用含有0005H2O2的002的3,3四鹽酸二氨基聯(lián)苯胺染色。再用蘇木精復(fù)染。組織病理學(xué)檢查CA和有關(guān)的損傷的組織病理學(xué)診斷，以及CA的組織學(xué)類型均由2名有經(jīng)驗的病理醫(yī)生根據(jù)一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做出［8］。PP60CSRC免疫組化染色的定性和定量分析PP60CSRC的免疫染色按照已知的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分析［5］。CA中PP60CSRC陽性細(xì)胞的百分率按以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分級陰性,＜25,2550,＞50。PP60CSRC陽性細(xì)胞表性和細(xì)胞膜的染色強度與陰性對照陰性,弱,中度和強。結(jié)果組織病理學(xué)檢查在56例CA標(biāo)本中，包括乳頭狀8/56，管狀22/56，低分化3多正常細(xì)胞中均可發(fā)現(xiàn)PP60CSRC的表達。在細(xì)胞增生，分化和轉(zhuǎn)化的調(diào)控中起重要的作用［4］。目前的研究顯示PP60CSRC蛋白數(shù)量和激酶活性的增加與一些人類腫瘤的發(fā)身發(fā)展相關(guān)，而且活性和表達增加是腫瘤發(fā)生的一個因素［48］。本研究中，PP60CSRC蛋白在CA，乳頭狀，管狀，低分化和粘液腺癌中的表達分別為71440/56,94434/36和29410/34，在CA和增生上皮中PP60CSRC的陽性率比在正常上皮中高（P001）。JANKOWISKIETAL分析了15例食管腺癌和15例BARRETT′S食管上皮中CSRC基因產(chǎn)物表達，陽性率為203/15，提示CSRC基因的表達于食管腺癌的發(fā)展相關(guān)。因此，本研究的結(jié)果顯示CSRC基因的活性和表達可能與CA的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)。但是，在增生上皮中PP60CSRC的高表達可能與老年大鼠的腺上皮細(xì)胞的增生相關(guān)［9］。在一些癌旁正常上皮PP60CSRC的低表達可能是由于在正常上皮中PP60CSRC的表達與癌的發(fā)生相關(guān)［58］。另一方面，也說明CSRC基因的活性和表達可能使CA發(fā)癌過程中的一個早期事件。盡管CSRC基因的活性和表達與一些人類腫瘤的發(fā)生相關(guān)。用生化方法測定PP60CSRC的激酶活性和蛋白數(shù)量的結(jié)果因方法而不同。大部分的研究報道，PP60CSRC的激酶活性在癌細(xì)胞株和胃癌，腸癌，肺癌和腎癌的組織中有增加。但是與腫瘤相比，正常組織中無PP60CSRC蛋白數(shù)量的不同。PP60CSRC的激酶活性的增加無法用CSRC基因編碼的蛋白表達的增加而解釋［6,10］。本研究中，PP60CSRC蛋白用特異的單克隆抗體MAB327檢測，在CA和增生上皮中PP60CSRC的高表達分別為357和778，在癌旁的一些正常上皮中有PP60CSRC的低表達，兩者表達的不同有顯著的統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義（P001）。本研究的結(jié)果提示PP60CSRC蛋白數(shù)量在CA中增加。關(guān)于CSRC基因表達產(chǎn)物，PP60CSRC和癌細(xì)胞分化之間的關(guān)系，有不同的意見［6,8,9,11］。FANNINGETAL［1］報道了在高分化膀胱癌中有CSRC基因的高水平表達，提出PP60CSRC蛋白和激酶活性與泌尿道和ⅠⅡ期膀胱癌上皮細(xì)胞的分化相關(guān)。TAKEKURAETAL［6］PP60CSRC激酶活性在高分化和低分化胃癌中未發(fā)現(xiàn)不同。本研究中，不同組織類型的CA中PP60CSRC陽性率也不同。在粘液腺癌中陽性率為1000,6/6，在管狀腺癌中為818,18/22，比乳頭狀750,6/8和低分化500,10/20要高，這種不同有顯著性差異（P005）。在粘液和管狀腺癌中高水平的表達分別為10006/6和63614/18，在乳頭和低分化腺癌中只有低表達，這種不同也有顯著的差異（P001）。這些結(jié)果提示，PP60CSRC表達水平與CA的分化和組織學(xué)類型相關(guān)，在粘液和管狀腺癌中的PP60CSRC高表達可能與它們的高分化和其他的生物學(xué)行為相關(guān)。帶有激酶活性增加的PP60CSRC表達與結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系也有報道［12,13］。但是用免疫組化染色檢測轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)中PP60CSRC蛋白暫無報導(dǎo)。TALAMONTIETAL［12］發(fā)現(xiàn)PP60CSRC激酶活性在原發(fā)和多發(fā)癌中也有增加。TERMUHLENETAL［13］報道了在結(jié)腸癌干轉(zhuǎn)移中也有PP60CSRC激酶活性的增加。本研究中，檢測CA的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)中的PP60CSRC蛋白，陽性率為60012/20，PP60CSRC表達水平與相同的原發(fā)腺癌相同。本研究的結(jié)果顯示，PP60CSRC表達與CA的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。