工程項目為導(dǎo)向的企業(yè)組織管理的有效性【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯Projectmanagementeffectivenessinprojectientedbusinessganizations1.IntroductionUntiltheseventiesSMEshadaminroleineconomicdevelopmentduetothedominanceofthemassproductionparadigmintheindustry.Afterthisperiodth

2、isparadigmwasincreasinglychallengedleadingtolargefirms’fragmentationunemploymentgrowthcreationofnewSMEs(Acs1992citedinFathianetal.2008).Whenintheearly1980sunemploymentroseinmanyoftheEuropeaneconomiestheinterestinSMEsdeve

3、lopmentselfemployment(throughmicrobusinesses)intensified.ManystudieswereundertakenduringthatperiodavisionfSMEsbasedeconomicgrowthwasdeveloped.Manynationsparticularlydevelopingcountrieshaveacknowledgedthevalueofsmallmediu

4、menterpriseswhichareseenastheengineofgrowthfanyeconomy(Okpara2009).Howeverrecentglobalchangeshavefcedmanufacturingganizationsacrosstheglobetoreconsidertheirmanagementtechniquestools.Toprovideempiricalevidenceonqualityman

5、agementpracticesthisstudyexplesthevariousqualityimprovementtoolswhichwereapplicableeffectivetotheSMEs’environments.AfteranintroductysectionacteristicsneedsimptanceofSMEsintheeconomieswillbedescribed.Followingthatchalleng

6、esbarrierswhichhinderSMEs’growthwillbeinvestigatedbriefly.Therestofthispaperisdevotedtoresearchmethodologysurveyobjectivesresultsofthesurvey.2.LiteratureReview2.1.DefinitionacteristicsNeedsofSMEsSMEreferstosmallmediument

7、erprises.ThereareanumberofdefinitionsofwhatconstitutesanSME(Jafarietal.2007Fathianetal.2008).DefinitionsofSMEsvarybetweencountries(Thassanabanjongetal.2009Mirbargkar2009Ghanatabadai2005)withsomeusingthenumberofmembersoth

8、ersbusinesscapital.Howevermanydevelopingcountrieshavedefinedmicrobusinessesincludesoleproprietshipspartnershipswithoutemployeesbusinessesemployingfewerthanfivepeopleotherbusinessesemployingfivemepeoplebutlessthan50people

9、assmallwhereasmediumbusinessesaredefinedasthoseemployingfewerthan150people.InthemanufacturingsectSMEsactasspecialistsuppliersofcomponentspartssubassembliestolargercompanies(GadenneSharma2009Singhetal.2010)becausetheseite

10、mscanbeproducedatacheaperpricecomparedtothepricelargecompaniesmustpayfinhouseproductionofthesamecomponents(Singhetal.2010).MajityofSMEshavesimplesystemsprocedureswhichallowsflexibilityimmediatefeedbackshtdecisionmakingch

11、ainbetterunderstingquickerThesurveymethodologywasusedtoobtaingeneraloverallinfmationonapplicationeffectivenessofqualityimprovementtoolstechniquesamongMalaysianindustrialSMEs.Toachievethisbasedonliteraturereviewfurtherinf

12、mationgatheredbyinterviewstoexpertstheauthsdevelopedaquestionnairecomprisingofthirtyquestionsinthreeparts:Generalplantinfmationcurrentimplementationofqualitymanagementcontinuousimprovementprograms.Thetargetpopulationfthe

13、studywas23manufacturingfirmsinSelangMalaysia.Thesamplecoveredganizationsinavarietyofindustriesrangingfromplasticproducts(17.4percent)metalproductsprecisionparts(17.3percent)pharmaceutical(8.7percent)woodproducts(17.3perc

14、ent)foodbeverage(13percent)paperprinting(13percent)chemicalpetrochemical(4.3percent)machineryengineering(8.7percent).3.2.SurveyResultsFindings3.2.1.ProfileoftherespondentsThemajity(87percent)ofthecompaniessurveyedwereSME

15、swithlessthan150employeesmethanfiveemployees.Meover22%ofthecompanieshadlessthanRM250000annualturnoverwhileabouthalfofthem(47.8percent)hadaturnoverwhichwaslessthanRM10millionmethanRM25000017.4%hadlessthanRM25millionmethan

16、RM10million.Others(4.3percent)hadmethanRM25millionannualsalesrevenue.Themainfocusofthetargetmarketinaboutseventypercentoftherespondentcompanieswasbasicallyonlyondomesticmarketonlyamarginalnumberofthecompanieshadtargetedi

17、nternationalmarkets(Focusononlydomesticmarket:34.8%mefocusondomesticmarketratherthaninternationalmarket:34.8%mefocusoninternationalmarketratherthandomestic:17.4%equallyfocusondomesticinternationalmarket:13%therewasnotany

18、plantthatjustfocusedononlyinternationalmarket).Methan90%ofthesampletargetenterpriseshadoperatedmethanfiveyearsas7.8%hadoperatedflessthan5years34.8%between5to10years17.4%between11to15yearsothers(39.1percent)hadoperatedmet

19、han15years.Themajity(65.2percent)ofsurveyedSMEswascompletelyownedbyMalaysiansmeanwhile17.4%werejointventurestheremainder(8.7percent)wasownedbyfeigners.3.2.2.LevelofImplementationofQualityManagementToolsamongMalaysianSMEs

20、Section23ofthesurveyquestionnaireconsistedofthecurrentimplementationofqualitymanagementcontinuousimprovementprograms.Inthesesectionstherespondentswereaskedtoindicatetheirlevelofmanagementqualityimprovementtoolstechniques

21、byusingascaleof0to4fapplicabilityeffectiveness.Table1illustratesthemeanscefeachmanagementimprovementtoolstechniques.ReferringtoTable1themostfrequentlyappliedmanagementtoolsamongMalaysianSMEsarecustomersurveyqualityassura

22、ncebenchmarkingmanagementtraining.WhileMISpolicydeploymentemployeesurveyhadbeenappliedwiththeleastfrequency.Table1.MeanscesfapplicabilityeffectivenessofmanagementtoolsFigure1.Meanscesfapplicabilityeffectivenessofmanageme