透過利用多元化的資源進(jìn)行集約化生產(chǎn)一個成功人類生態(tài)學(xué)經(jīng)濟案例【外文翻譯】

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目： Intensification Through Diversified Resource Use: The Human Ecology Of a Successful Agricultural Industry In Indonesian Borneo </p>

2、;<p>　　出 處： Human Ecology 2007，（06）:27-51 </p><p>　　作 者： Patricia .J. Venda. </p><p>　　Abstract: The success of an agricultural indu

3、stry in commercial duck egg production in the swamplands of South Kalimantan (Borneo) is examined through the utilization of a human ecology framework. Seasonality of resource availability and human population growth are

4、 identified as two major constraints to production faced by farmers. Population increases in the urban sectors of southeastern Borneo also present economic opportunities for farmers because of the growing demand for poul

5、try products. F</p><p>　　Key Words: human ecology; success; seasonality; intensification; rural development; diversity; stability; flexibility; duck farming.</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p>

6、<p>　　In Hull Sungai Utara Regency in the province of South Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo, Bengalese farmers have created an intensification strategy in commercial duck egg production through the use of a diversif

7、ied resource base. These farmers have overcome environmental constraints in commercial duck farming by developing alternatives to seasonally available duck feed components that were historically utilized, thus responding

8、 successfully to the increased demands for duck eggs, a major food alte</p><p>　　1.1Population Densities and the Rural Economy of the Flood Basin</p><p>　　The province of South Kalimantan contai

9、ns the highest population densities within the island of Indonesian Borneo at 53 persons per square kilometer (Figs. 1 and 2). Outside the vicinity of the provincial capital of Banjarmasin, the highest population densiti

10、es are found in the Hulk Sungai flood basin region at 102.47/km z (Biro Pasta Statistics Kalimantan Selatan, 1980).The high concentration of people in this region may be attributed to the relatively high fertility of the

11、 soil in comparison w</p><p>　　1.2 Constraints to Duck Farming As Historically Practiced</p><p>　　The climatic patterns and geographical features of South Kalimantan have markedly influenced the

12、 levels of duck egg production in the past. The availability of freshwater fish used for duck feed is affected by the seasonal flooding and contraction of swamplands as well as by the life cycle of the fish. The ability

13、of foraging ducks to obtain snails, another major source of duck feed, is affected by the height of the swamp water. The activities of rice cultivation practiced in the dry season affe</p><p>　　Because chopp

14、ed sago palm and fresh-caught fish have historically served as the main components used for duck feed, practitioners spent much of their time herding their flocks, searching for supplies of sago palm, chopping sago for d

15、uck feed, and fishing in the swamps and rivers to obtain fish for family meals and for the flock. Although I lack data on fishing effort per season per unit of duck flock, in the village of Desha Sate, informants reporte

16、d that, in the rainy season, men spent morning,</p><p>　　2. Noses to Problems and Opportunities in Duck Farming</p><p>　　2. 1The Development of a New Flock Management System</p><p>

17、　　Historically, village duck farmers herded their flocks in the swamp an drivers by day to scavenge for feed, and caged them at night in the back odor under their houses where the ducks would lay their eggs. In the dry s

18、eason with the contraction of flooded swamplands, farmers would fence off land for their flocks surrounding their homes to prevent them from entering privately owned rice fields in the village. At the conclusion of the r

19、ice harvesting November, ducks would be allowed to scavenge th</p><p>　　2.2The Development of Feed Alternatives: Dried Fish and Rice Bran</p><p>　　To meet the problem of availability of sago pal

20、m and freshwater fish, local farmers began introducing a wide range of feed alternatives. Among these are dried fresh- and saltwater fish, freshwater snails, rice bran, which is the by-product of milled rice, various typ

21、es of swamp vegetation, and Concentrate, a multivitamin-protein additive manufactured by a poultry feed mill</p><p>　　in East Java. In combination, these alternatives now constitute the components of a new d

22、uck feed mixture, the exact combination depending upon the seasonal availability and price of any one component. The duck farmer can now manipulate the feed composition for his flock accordingly and thereby maintain a re

23、latively constant level of egg production throughout the year. Two of these innovations in duck feed resources, dried fish and rice bran; will be discussed in detail as examples.</p><p>　　2.2.1Dried Fish<

24、/p><p>　　The addition of dried fish in duck feed composition is one innovation that has had a significant impact on this industry (Vondal, 1984). Dried fish of inferior quality, or too old to be sold, was typic

25、ally thrown away. It is this fish that farmers began experimenting with for use as duck feed as the seasonal depletion of freshwater fish occurred. This innovation, developed approximately 10 years ago (1975), has enable

26、d farmers to maintain egg production levels in their flocks throughout the year</p><p>　　2.2.2 Rice Bran</p><p>　　Another significant innovation in the development of duck feed was the gradual r

27、eplacement of sago palm with rice bran as a feed base. Rice bran, the by-product of milled rice, was formerly thrown away or given to farmers free for use as chicken scratch. Farmers in Desha Sate related that individual

28、s began thinking that if rice bran was good for chickens, maybe it would be good for ducklings, too. The positive results encouraged them to continue using rice bran for ducklings, while chopped sago </p><p>

29、;　　The actions of poultry feed manufacturers in Java, government officials from the offices of Animal Husbandry and Development Planning in Hulk Sungai Utara regency, and shopkeepers who specialize in selling commercial

30、feed are threatening the flexibility of this system of duck farming.</p><p>　　3. Consequences of Innovations in Duck Farming</p><p>　　The genesis of duck feed alternatives and the caged system o

31、f flock management has created a number of options in family run duck enterprises. Perhaps most importantly, these innovations have made it possible to duck farm on a full-time, year-round basis in a manner which yields

32、support and profit for rural families in the swamplands. Previously, this activity was largely practiced on a seasonal basis that coincided with the swampland's primary fishing season. In 1982, 90~ of the 75 duck far

33、ming</p><p>　　4. Diversity-Stability and Intensification of Duck Farming</p><p>　　According to the model cited earlier, diversification of resources is a predictable initial response to environm

34、ental perturbations. What is unique in this case is that the diversification of resources used for feed allowed for the intensification of the local system of duck farming, permitting rural people to run full- or part-ti

35、me year-round enterprises. In contrast to economic situations in which increased commitments are made to invest in a resource strategy due to the worsening of environme</p><p>　　The use of a diversified reso

36、urce base to promote stability in egg production, and hence by extension, stability of a regional industry in commercial duck and duck egg production, calls to mind earlier arguments in ecological theory concerning the r

37、elationship between diversity and stability. Although the validity of the argument that more complex ecological systems are more likely to survive than simpler ones (Margoles, 1968; Odom, 1969) has been discredited along

38、 several lines, there is some s</p><p>　　5. CONCLUSIONS</p><p>　　Although the use of diversity-stability arguments in this case does not involve the notion of population stability and survival i

39、n which survival can be labeled a "success," it nonetheless has important implications for what may be required for successful agricultural development, that is, the development of a diverse resource base on wh

40、ich to depend to offset fluctuations in prices and availability of inputs for production and in demand for agricultural goods themselves. The diversity of option</p><p>　　Development policy and projects ofte

41、n seek to establish the most efficient and profitable means of carrying out an activity to promote economic development, in this case, pressure on farmers in the swamplands to use commercial, factory-prepared duck feeds.

42、 It is questionable whether either efficiency or productivity would be served by use of these feeds in this environment. Efficiency may be better served in terms of saving labor utilized for obtaining multiple resources

43、and mixing these for duc</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　透過利用多元化的資源進(jìn)行集約化生產(chǎn)：一個成功人類生態(tài)學(xué)經(jīng)濟案例</p><p>　　摘要：一個農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的成功案例：在南加里曼丹（婆羅洲）的沼澤地進(jìn)行的商業(yè)鴨蛋的生產(chǎn)是人類生態(tài)學(xué)研究并通過利用人類生態(tài)學(xué)的架構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)

44、化生產(chǎn)。人力資源的可利用性和人口增長的季節(jié)性被確定為兩大農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)面臨的主要制約因素。在婆羅洲東南部城市，由于對家禽產(chǎn)品日益增長的需求，農(nóng)民的創(chuàng)造經(jīng)濟機會在上升，同時人口也在隨之增加。農(nóng)民們的反應(yīng)是在開發(fā)一個雞蛋生產(chǎn)的集約化戰(zhàn)略的基礎(chǔ)上，運用多元化的資源進(jìn)行加工生產(chǎn)進(jìn)而在鴨飼料中使用。鴨農(nóng)在了解這些情況后與其他涉及的產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)系鏈進(jìn)行了討論，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種多樣性而且穩(wěn)定性的供給是極其適用這種情況，這也促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和農(nóng)村發(fā)展，這是理論的衍生和實踐

45、的檢驗。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：人類的生態(tài)環(huán)境;成功;季節(jié)性;集約化，農(nóng)村發(fā)展，多樣性，穩(wěn)定性，靈活性，鴨養(yǎng)殖</p><p><b>　　一、介紹</b></p><p>　　在印度尼西亞婆羅洲的南加里曼丹省的雙溪烏達(dá)拉，農(nóng)民創(chuàng)造出來的一個多樣化的資源基地，在這個基地進(jìn)行了商業(yè)鴨蛋生產(chǎn)集約化戰(zhàn)略的實施。農(nóng)民通過發(fā)展替代季節(jié)性可用鴨飼料克

46、服了鴨飼料緊張的問題，從而成功地應(yīng)對了鴨蛋經(jīng)季節(jié)性生產(chǎn)的問題。其中主要食物的選擇中，以可利用的淡水魚的需求增加部分為主，商業(yè)養(yǎng)鴨環(huán)境的制約的因素逐漸減少，這也對東南婆羅洲的城市不斷發(fā)展起了推動作用。</p><p>　?。ㄒ唬┤丝诿芏群秃樗畢^(qū)的經(jīng)濟</p><p>　　南加里曼丹省中包含在印度尼西亞婆羅洲島最高盆地，為每平方公里53人人口密度。省會附近的人口密度最高的地區(qū)被發(fā)現(xiàn)是在雙溪流域

47、地區(qū)洪水在102.47/km ?（比羅Pasta統(tǒng)計局加里曼丹Selatan）。這一地區(qū)的人口密度如此之高可能是歸因于在同島（Robequain）等省土壤相對其他地區(qū)有更加富饒。濕水稻種植的原始地是在馬來西亞國家，尤其是在北雙溪，位于江河洪水流域地區(qū)，作為濕水稻生產(chǎn)的地區(qū)之一，每公頃水稻產(chǎn)量最高的是在印度尼西亞婆羅洲。有人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于葫蘆雙溪地理位置是一個從東南向西北低山山脊傾斜的趨勢，而且位于雨云的陰影部分，它能夠經(jīng)歷了一個明確的旱

48、季，因此土壤淋溶較少，在婆羅洲（摩爾）島比其他地區(qū)更加肥沃。</p><p>　　（一）鴨蛋生產(chǎn)的歷史</p><p>　　在南加里曼丹地區(qū)，氣候模式和地域特色的有顯著明顯的司機變化。淡水魚供應(yīng)在鴨飼料中進(jìn)行加工并進(jìn)行使用，但是這種淡水魚也受季節(jié)性洪水和沼澤地收縮以及由魚的生命周期等的因素的制約。鴨通過自主覓食獲得其他事物，如蝸牛。在干燥季節(jié)水稻種植如何實行受到了致命的影響，同時如何將羊群

49、限制在外。在薩戈帕姆日志中提到了，只要鴨飼料的基礎(chǔ)受到保障，鴨場受河流水位季節(jié)性波動的影響也就將減小。</p><p>　　由于切碎水稻和新鮮捕獲的魚歷來是鴨飼料供應(yīng)的主要組成部分，從業(yè)者花了更多的時間放牧羊群進(jìn)而來尋找的能夠代替鴨飼料的東西，通過在漁場及沼澤河流獲得家庭膳食和和供鴨食的魚。雖然人們沒有在每個賽季都努力捕撈，但一群鴨子能夠進(jìn)行自行的溫飽解決，如同有關(guān)資料顯示，在梅雨季節(jié)，男人們?nèi)绻蒙衔纾挛绾屯?/p>

50、上捕魚，雖然獲得了足夠數(shù)量給予家庭，但是由于魚類種類數(shù)量有明顯的降低。鴨場鴨蛋的生產(chǎn)也是一種季節(jié)性的選擇，尤其在南加里曼丹省的城鎮(zhèn)，居民的飲食和生活習(xí)慣各不相同，淡水魚的選擇也隨之減弱。雞蛋的吃法很多，以腌制的形式，或新鮮如炒，炸，抑或是煮雞蛋。他們更愿意將雞蛋放入烘烤箱制作成糕點，在熱咖啡中混進(jìn)鴨卵加以調(diào)制，這種方法據(jù)說可以促進(jìn)力量的加強。</p><p>　　二、在鴨蛋生產(chǎn)的機遇與可能性</p>

51、<p>　?。ㄒ唬┮粋€新的羊群管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　在農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)歷史中，鴨農(nóng)們把在白天將羊群趕到沼澤進(jìn)行進(jìn)食，晚上會將羊群趕到他們的房屋后面，晚上在沼澤那里的鴨子會下更多的蛋。在干燥的季節(jié)，隨著沼澤地的面積的日漸收縮，農(nóng)民在羊群的周圍用土地柵欄加以防護，以防止羊群禍害他們的家園抑或村里其他人的稻田。在水稻收獲的季節(jié)十一月結(jié)束之后，鴨將獲得對大米的產(chǎn)量加以增加。</p><p&

52、gt;　?。ǘ╋暳咸娲返陌l(fā)展：干魚和米糠</p><p>　　為了解決的西米棕櫚和淡水魚的可用性問題，當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民開始對飼料替代品的廣泛的選擇。其中有干燥淡水或咸水魚，淡水螺類，米糠。沼澤植被類型豐富多彩，每種物品都有多種維生素、蛋白質(zhì)。在東爪哇的一個家禽飼料廠專門生產(chǎn)添加劑的產(chǎn)品?？傊@些替代品目前構(gòu)成了一個新的鴨飼料混合形式，經(jīng)過精確地的組合后，制定季節(jié)性供應(yīng)方案，就可以以一個固定的價格進(jìn)行出售。鴨農(nóng)同時也

53、可以為他們的羊群配置相應(yīng)的飼料組成成分，這樣可以維持一個相對穩(wěn)定的雞蛋生產(chǎn)水平。在鴨飼料資源中，干魚和米糠，這些創(chuàng)新將兩個作為農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化成功的例子。</p><p><b>　　1、魚干</b></p><p>　　干魚鴨飼料的成分除了是一個創(chuàng)新，同時對這個行業(yè)也已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。質(zhì)量低劣，或不夠新鮮的魚要不可能出售出去，最后的命運是扔掉。但是，正是這種魚，農(nóng)民可以

54、通過將這種魚曬干，嘗試作鴨飼料使用作為淡水魚季節(jié)性枯竭發(fā)生時的飼料替代品。這一創(chuàng)新，最早在10年前，這也使得農(nóng)民們能夠維持他們一年來的羊群蛋的總體生產(chǎn)水平，這種方式打破了阻礙商業(yè)鴨養(yǎng)殖增長的制約因素的桎梏。干魚的最大市場是雙溪沼澤地，以及在東南沿海的南加里曼丹；東加里曼丹省和東北部沿海海岸線漁民漁民都是最大的貿(mào)易商。</p><p><b>　　2、米糠</b></p><

55、;p>　　作為另一項重大創(chuàng)新鴨飼料開發(fā)是當(dāng)初薩戈帕姆將大米麩皮作為飼料基地逐步發(fā)展進(jìn)而更換的。米糠，補精米產(chǎn)品，前身是扔掉或給農(nóng)民作雞劃傷免費使用。經(jīng)研究的有關(guān)個人員和農(nóng)民的交談后農(nóng)民就開始想，如果是米糠對于雞可以來吃，也許這將是鴨子也不錯。積極地行為得到肯定，勉勵他們繼續(xù)使用小鴨米糠，而切碎西米還可以給成熟的鳥類使用。隨著羊群隔離之后創(chuàng)新貸記村，鴨農(nóng)得到了讓米糠提供新的成熟階段后，整個小鴨到鴨子實驗階段到此結(jié)束。禽蛋產(chǎn)量并沒有受

56、到更大的影響，這種鴨是最健康的。</p><p>　　作為“現(xiàn)代化”的家禽飼料制造商，政府官員將葫蘆雙溪烏達(dá)拉作為我國畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃處，和店主協(xié)商誰在專門銷售商業(yè)飼料，但是這也促進(jìn)了這個鴨養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)的靈活性。這些官員和銷售人員將農(nóng)民面對面的商用準(zhǔn)備的階段加以利用，鴨飼料成分在大范圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)完成了飼料的種類和配對。</p><p>　　三、鴨農(nóng)業(yè)的創(chuàng)新之舉</p><p>

57、;　　加強的鴨飼料替代品和羊群管理制度給鴨農(nóng)們創(chuàng)造了一個家庭的可以創(chuàng)造給予來運行鴨企業(yè)。也許最重要的是，這些創(chuàng)新能夠使人們擁有一個全職養(yǎng)鴨場，通過各方面的技術(shù)運用來解決全年的方式，進(jìn)而來產(chǎn)生在沼澤地的農(nóng)村家庭的經(jīng)濟支持和利潤的創(chuàng)造。此前，這項養(yǎng)殖活動主要是實行按季節(jié)進(jìn)行的，并與沼澤地的主要捕撈季節(jié)相吻合。 1982年，75個被調(diào)查鴨農(nóng)戶談到取得的雞蛋銷售已足以全年的收支。在這些家庭之中，三對家庭的男性成員以相互協(xié)助的方式來生產(chǎn)，而女性之

58、間或十幾歲的女兒都是群中的主要照顧者。在這三個家庭之中，二男人擔(dān)任水果商種植與采摘，在雨季期間很少在家里，而在旱季時節(jié)，他們又會協(xié)助他們的妻子進(jìn)行鴨養(yǎng)殖和蔬菜水稻的種植。在一個家庭中，如果男性的有一名是教師，那么他只有在上午幫助喂養(yǎng)和夜間羊群進(jìn)食時進(jìn)行協(xié)助。</p><p>　　四、多樣性以及穩(wěn)定性的鴨農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的集約化</p><p>　　根據(jù)前面的模型我們可以看到農(nóng)業(yè)集約化，資源多樣化是一

59、個可預(yù)測的初步回應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的情況。在這種情況下該如何采用鴨產(chǎn)業(yè)的集約化生產(chǎn)，如何在當(dāng)?shù)氐镍嗈r(nóng)中使用的適合的飼料資源，同時允許農(nóng)村居民的進(jìn)行多樣化的創(chuàng)新，對鴨蛋生產(chǎn)進(jìn)行全職或兼職的生產(chǎn)。與此同時，在這增加的部分中，我們的承諾都是為了在資源戰(zhàn)略尋找由于日益惡化的環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟問題的經(jīng)濟形勢之下的最優(yōu)部分。</p><p><b>　　五、總結(jié)：</b></p><p>　　雖

60、然多樣性和穩(wěn)定性的形式在這種情況下得以運用，但結(jié)論也沒有涉及人口的穩(wěn)定和生存的概念，可以稱為是一個“成功”的例子。但是它仍然有可能成為農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展所需的重要意義的那一部分。也就是說，在一個多樣化的資源基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)新的物品以代替我們原先依賴的物品，以抵消價格的差異及生產(chǎn)投入的變動，在為自己創(chuàng)造可用物品的同時積極關(guān)注農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的需求波動。當(dāng)進(jìn)入的農(nóng)民多樣化后，造成鴨農(nóng)不能順利判別市場可能這一部分會成為業(yè)內(nèi)最重要的教訓(xùn)。</p><

61、p>　　通過發(fā)展新的政策和項目，尋求建立經(jīng)常開展活動的基地，借以促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的的手段最有效也是最有利可圖。在這種情況下，在沼澤地的農(nóng)民會使用商業(yè)，工廠準(zhǔn)備的鴨飼料，從而使生產(chǎn)的效率或鴨蛋的生產(chǎn)力大大提高。高效率可以得到更好的服務(wù)，進(jìn)而節(jié)省資源，當(dāng)一部分廠能夠獲得多個鴨飼料混合時，他們使用這些勞動條件，就可以成功，當(dāng)然其中一個農(nóng)場家庭也是有可能。投入的勞動越多，利用商業(yè)化的準(zhǔn)備飼料生產(chǎn)成本也會隨之增加，在生產(chǎn)力方面，蛋產(chǎn)量明顯取決于