廣播電視新聞學(xué) 外文翻譯 -- 客觀性作為戰(zhàn)略新聞報(bào)道客觀性概念的考察

1、<p>　　外文出處：The American journal of sociology, Vol. 77,No. 4(Jan., 1972), pp. 660-679</p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p>　　客觀性作為戰(zhàn)略：新聞報(bào)道客觀性概念的考察（節(jié)選）</p><p><b>　　二</b></p

2、><p>　　記者面對(duì)這些壓力時(shí)，便會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)其新聞的客觀性，他們認(rèn)為其報(bào)道戰(zhàn)略緊跟客觀性原則可以減少危險(xiǎn)性。他們假設(shè)，如果所有的記者都毫無(wú)個(gè)人偏見的獨(dú)立的遵守客觀性原則，則可以順利完成工作并避免受到誹謗。雖然會(huì)受到好萊塢新聞工作給別人所留下的刻板印象的影響，他們解釋說(shuō)主要是犯了誹謗的判決的危險(xiǎn)。記者們認(rèn)為大多數(shù)人都了解結(jié)束報(bào)道時(shí)機(jī)的重要性。在談到自己被控告誹謗的經(jīng)歷時(shí)，記者肯定其行為是客觀的，但也犯了無(wú)可避免的錯(cuò)誤。簡(jiǎn)

3、單來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的評(píng)論應(yīng)以事實(shí)作為胖短的依據(jù)和基礎(chǔ)，但是有些事實(shí)，只要看起來(lái)像是真的，就會(huì)被立即接受。比如下面所舉出的一個(gè)魯莽的例子：Alberto Ramirez和他名義上的妻子Elisa在昨天下午舉行了一個(gè)儀式紀(jì)念一個(gè)叫Longina的女人...”記者在誹謗和荒謬確定的“客觀性”與“事實(shí)”之間，他們自己或其他記者觀察或可核實(shí)。驗(yàn)證假設(shè)使用或能夠使像使用適當(dāng)?shù)某绦?，例如通過(guò)電話呼叫民事登記處的辦公室，以驗(yàn)證是否Alberto 的確是Lon

4、gina的丈夫。如果驗(yàn)證是必要的，但它不能獲得本身，記者可以采取其他的策略。</p><p><b>　　三</b></p><p>　　此外，以驗(yàn)證“事實(shí)”，以下四個(gè)戰(zhàn)略步驟，讓記者來(lái)宣揚(yáng)他們的客觀性。1.介紹沖突的可能性。 新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毮軌蜃R(shí)別的“事實(shí)”，甚至盡管他們中的一些真實(shí)的性格是不容易核查。例如，一位美國(guó)參議員重申，美國(guó)蘇聯(lián)的背后去，在一個(gè)特定類型的導(dǎo)彈

5、發(fā)展。記者當(dāng)然無(wú)法驗(yàn)證準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)他的版本結(jié)束這樣的肯定，它甚至有可能，他無(wú)法找到精確的值肯定是到什么程度，或者不是一個(gè)“事實(shí)”的信息。記者只能確定，肯定了“A”的參議員。記者了解到，肯定的“X”是一個(gè)“事實(shí)”，雖然“”那是假的。 這個(gè)問(wèn)題，記者以翔實(shí)組織。消費(fèi)者希望新聞是擺在首位，要知道如果肯定是或不是“事實(shí)”，新聞的功能是對(duì)他說(shuō)，以消費(fèi)者的希望和需要的新聞就知道了。其次，由于無(wú)法驗(yàn)證的參議員的肯定，消費(fèi)者的消息可以責(zé)怪記者（或稱

6、“有利于”的參議員）和他的信息公司，如果他還沒(méi)有提交/顯示替代的意見。例如，如果參議員是民主和共和黨總統(tǒng)，這個(gè)消息的消費(fèi)者可以指責(zé)的報(bào)紙，有利于民主派，因?yàn)橹挥小爸刑岬健逼鋵?shí)一直認(rèn)為，民主黨參議員肯定的。記者注意到，他宣布之前，未來(lái)的批評(píng)他的“客觀性”的能力處于危險(xiǎn)之中。 雖然記者無(wú)法驗(yàn)證參議員的肯定，真理本身，可以看</p><p>　　2.介紹起重證據(jù)。當(dāng)然，也有在記者獲得的證據(jù)表明，真正維護(hù)索賠的場(chǎng)

7、合。起重證據(jù)是“更多的事實(shí)”，通常我們像真理接受的任命和定位。這種堅(jiān)持在“起重事實(shí)”是廣義的，出版商和排長(zhǎng)記者，與記者的批評(píng)，如批評(píng)者之間出現(xiàn)的出版商和頭上。 例如，主任助理“成為更客觀”看完后，他形容像一個(gè)“熟練的音樂(lè)家”死者的訃告說(shuō)明，寫作要求。他問(wèn)：“我們?cè)趺粗?，死者是”熟練的音?lè)家“，而不是一個(gè)”音樂(lè)家從三季度的“涉及在市政帶”。一個(gè)對(duì)他說(shuō)，在說(shuō)明段越往下組成的結(jié)束曾與約翰·菲利普·蘇薩感動(dòng)。 “附

8、加”，實(shí)際上是合適的版頭，嫻熟的“音樂(lè)”一詞的理由。 似乎在方式上，有記者批評(píng)他的版頭，因?yàn)樗麄兗m正不良和“抽象的”，在特定的環(huán)境時(shí)，文章發(fā)表在“共產(chǎn)主義的宣傳”。他表示，在問(wèn)題的文章，必須提到的更多的“完成”，例如審查工作標(biāo)題被認(rèn)為是宣傳共產(chǎn)主義的。雖然他承認(rèn)，“共產(chǎn)主義宣傳”的標(biāo)簽是不是每一個(gè)人的文學(xué)一塊非常優(yōu)良的特性，堅(jiān)持在一個(gè)更具體的介紹，將是“更客觀”。他將提供“事實(shí)”，他們真的支持的初步肯定。此外，大概提到的職稱，將

9、允許以同樣的方式“共產(chǎn)主義宣傳”的描述是準(zhǔn)確的程度，其中的價(jià)值，并與“事實(shí)</p><p>　　3.明智地遵守。記者看到的作為起重證據(jù)形式的其他人的意見任命。當(dāng)有人認(rèn)為投入更多，認(rèn)為他們自己在歷史上參與搬走，并與他們離開“做”說(shuō)話，因?yàn)樗旁谝韵率录I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間的討論。 建設(shè)一個(gè)在邊緣區(qū)，其東主不在，一直在數(shù)天沒(méi)有暖氣，到接近零攝氏度的溫度。所有人宣布，已發(fā)送到別人的修復(fù)鍋爐，在相同的時(shí)刻。當(dāng)史密斯，房地頭

10、，打電話的建設(shè)，沒(méi)有人正在努力修復(fù)加熱，“事實(shí)”，史密斯補(bǔ)充信息所涉及的事件，記者。當(dāng)核實(shí)歷史，瓊斯，科主任，要求其下屬的史密斯，因此，它被接觸更多租房的建設(shè)，以增加信息中提到的名稱。瓊斯說(shuō)：“如果你得到我的MAS（租房）我們刪除它”。 （一段時(shí)間后）瓊斯重申，它希望更多的約會(huì)的聲明，因?yàn)椤坝欣щy”。不起用證據(jù)的情況下，歷史可以給在民意的崛起。 當(dāng)加入更多的名稱和聲明，記者可以清楚的故事，自己的意見，并獲得別人說(shuō)，他本人認(rèn)為。

11、例如，在訪問(wèn)一組由大屠殺黑人學(xué)生在南卡羅來(lái)納州奧蘭治，聯(lián)邦公訴人影響的新聞報(bào)道，有記者問(wèn)之前的行為，其反應(yīng)組新教的牧羊人他們?cè)c聯(lián)邦公訴人。 神父回答說(shuō)：“我們認(rèn)為它發(fā)生的一切偉大的當(dāng)務(wù)之急，我們的當(dāng)務(wù)之急收到一個(gè)答案，真的不承認(rèn)有</p><p>　　4. 構(gòu)建信息在一個(gè)合適的詞組。在適當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的信息，也是一個(gè)過(guò)程來(lái)表示，例如像正式的新聞屬性的客觀性。事件最重要的信息出現(xiàn)在第一段，連續(xù)段將包含信息的

12、重要性遞減。消息的結(jié)構(gòu)理論上看上去像一個(gè)倒置的金字塔。 這個(gè)人是正式新聞工作者的客觀性方面的問(wèn)題更多。與其他三個(gè)正式屬性的尊重，記者可以肯定，她已提交/顯示在沖突的不同肯定真的，那是額外的證據(jù)，他限制自己編譯它們，人的任命和信息代表別人的意見，不是她自己的一個(gè)。無(wú)論如何，雖然有記者甚至可以不自覺(jué)地選擇一個(gè)標(biāo)題，他們將批準(zhǔn)他的排長(zhǎng)，它折疊本身的政策手段的經(jīng)驗(yàn)行事，記者將繼續(xù)負(fù)責(zé)新聞人。他不能援引選舉，取得了另一個(gè)人。記者可以調(diào)用他

13、的敬業(yè)精神和肯定，他的持有人重視自己的新聞判斷。 來(lái)調(diào)用自己的新聞判斷（新聞意識(shí)的氣味），是一種內(nèi)在的防御機(jī)制，因?yàn)椤靶侣劰纼r(jià)”是選擇“客觀”與“事實(shí)”，彼此競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的能力，決定什么是“事實(shí)”更“重要”或“有趣”。 “重要”或“有趣”，它表示的內(nèi)容。換言之，證明結(jié)構(gòu)的信息，記者必須援引他輕微內(nèi)容知識(shí)，“重要”或“有趣”。 舉報(bào)人的困難，直到某一點(diǎn)是減少到了著名的公式，根據(jù)新聞必須包含“誰(shuí)，什</p><p

14、><b>　　附件2：外文原文</b></p><p>　　文獻(xiàn)網(wǎng)址：http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776752</p><p>　　The journalists confront these pressures emphasizing their "objectivity", arguing that the

15、dangers can be diminished if informative strategies are followed that they identify with the "objective news". They assume that if all the journalists compile and structure "facts" of an independent w

16、ay, without prejudices and impersonal, the closings will be able to be fulfilled and to be avoided the demands by defamation. The journalists think that most of people she includes/understands the importance o</p>

17、<p>　　The journalists sail between the defamation and the absurd one identifying the "objectivity" with the "facts" that they themselves or other journalists observe or who can be verified. The

18、verification supposes to use or to be able to make use of appropriate procedures like for example calling by telephone to the office of the Civil Registry to verify if Alberto Ramirez is indeed the husband of Elisa Sonse

19、ca. If the verification is necessary but it cannot obtain itself, the journalists can resort</p><p><b>　　III</b></p><p>　　Besides to verify "facts", the four following stra

20、tegic procedures, exemplified like the formal attributes of the news, allow the journalist to proclaim their objectivity.</p><p>　　1. -Presentation of possibilities in conflict. - The journalists have to be

21、able to identify the "facts", even although the authentic character of some of them is not easily verifiable. For example, an American senator affirms that America goes behind the Soviet Union in the developmen

22、t of a specific type of missile. A reporter certainly cannot verify such affirmation on time to arrive at the closing of his edition, and it is even possible that he never could locate the information precise to va</p

23、><p>　　This as much creates problems to the reporter as to the informative organization. In the first place, the consumer of the news which wants is to know if the affirmation "To" is or not a "f

24、act", and a function of the news is to say to him to the consumer of the news which wants and needs to know. Secondly, since the affirmation of the senator cannot be verified, the consumer of the news can blame the

25、reporter and his informative company of parcialidad (or "to favor" the senator) if he also does n</p><p>　　Although the reporter cannot by itself verify the truth of the affirmation of the senator,

26、 can look for which yes can. For example, he can ask the republican minister of defense if the affirmation of the senator is true. If the defense minister affirms that the accusation of the senator is "false",

27、the reporter will not be able to prove that the affirmation of the minister is "factual". Of all ways he will be able to write that the defense minister affirmed "B". When presenting/displaying both c

28、</p><p>　　To say that this practical one is a mechanism to maintain the objectivity is problematic. In this simple example we can label this practice saying that it supposes "to provide a sufficient num

29、ber of data to the consumer of the news so that decides by itself". The procedure can be complicated more and more. For example, within argument "B", the defense minister can accuse the senator that he is

30、making political with the national defense. The head of the General Staff of the army, a democrat, will</p><p>　　In this point, there are five people (the senator, the minister of defense, the head of the Ge

31、neral Staff of the army, the pacifist leader and the spokesman of the government) who demand the truth for their affirmations of a nonverifiable way, and each one represents a possible reality. Analyzing the controversy

32、about the marijuana, Goode (1970, pp. 50-68) he calls to this gets into the mud of opinions that are said to themselves made "the policy with the reality". Although this notion is import</p><p>　　L

33、ike forum where the "policy with the reality" is ventilated, the journalistic definition of the situation goes beyond the presentation of the sufficient data so that the consumer of the news reaches a conclusio

34、n. A cluster of contradictory claims really, like which we have put as typical case, can that it is seen like a beneficial invitation, to the consumer of the news, so that exerts its selective perception, in a characteri

35、stic reaction before the news. Without a doubt which the invitation t</p><p>　　2. -Presentation of the lifting evidence. Of course, there are occasions in which the journalist can obtain an evidence that rea

36、lly maintains a claim. A lifting evidence is the appointment and positioning of "additional facts" that commonly we accepted like truth. This insistence in the "lifting facts" is generalized, appearin

37、g between the critics of the publishers and platoon leaders to the reporters, like between the critics of the reporters to the publishers and heads.</p><p>　　For example, late an assistant to the director of

38、 the edition requested to the writing that "became more objective necros", after reading an obituary note that he described to the deceased like a "skillful musician". He asked: "and how we know

39、that the deceased was a" skillful musician ", and not a" musician from three to the quarter "that touched in the municipal band". One said to him that paragraphs more down in the note consisted t

40、hat the concluded one had touched with John Philip Sousa. The</p><p>　　Of seemed way, a reporter criticized his edition heads because they corrected bad and "nonobjective", when an article was publ

41、ished on "communist propaganda" in certain surroundings. He expressed that the article at issue must have mentioned more "done", for example what examined work titles were considered propaganda commun

42、ist. Although he recognized that the label of "communist propaganda" was not a very fine characterization of each individual piece of Literature, insisted in which one more a</p><p>　　The affirmati

43、on of the journalists, of which "the facts speak by themselves" is instructive. This saying implies a distinction generalized between the "facts that speak" and the own reporter (or the orador, or cot

44、illa, etc.) that it speaks of "facts". If the journalist had to speak by the "facts", she could not proclaim that he is objective, "impersonal" or "without prejudices". Of course,

45、it is a sociological obviedad that the "facts" do not speak by themselves. For example, Shibutani (1966) de</p><p>　　3. -The judicious use of the comiles. The journalists see the appointments of th

46、e opinion of other people as a form of lifting evidence. When putting in the opinion of somebody more, thinks that they themselves of the participation in history move away, and with it they leave "done them" s

47、peak, as she shows the discussion between platoon leaders in the following incident.</p><p>　　A building in a marginal district, whose proprietor was absent, had remained during several days without heating,

48、 to a temperature near the zero degrees. The proprietor declared to have sent to somebody to fix the boiler at those same moments. When Smith, the premises head, telephoned to the building, nobody was working to repair t

49、he heating, "fact" that Smith added to the information of the reporter who covered the event. When verifying history, Jones, the section director, called to its subord</p><p>　　Jones said: "If

50、 you obtain to me más(declaraciones of renters) we removed it". (After some time) Jones repeated that it wanted more appointments of declarations because "was having difficulties". Without lifting evi

51、dences, history could give rise in opinion.</p><p>　　When adding more names and declarations the reporter can clear his own opinions of the story and obtain that others say what he himself thinks. For exampl

52、e, in the news coverage of a visit of a group of affected by a massacre of black students in Orangeburg, Carolina of the South, a federal public prosecutor, a reporter asked the protestant shepherd of the group for its r

53、eaction before the conduct that the federal public prosecutor had had with them.</p><p>　　The priest answered: "We felt great preoccupation by everything what it is happening. He is lamentable that our

54、preoccupation receives an answer that really does not recognize that there are people who have been assassinated, are many emotions that are growing and to that attention is not being lent when it is said to us that olvi

55、demos"... the then reporter asked," to say it in two words, you are you insatisfecho ". The priest talks back, "I think that she has had an unnecessary hardness". Sight</p><p>　　When

56、 we finished, the reporter explained us that he had interviewed the shepherd specifically to be able those affirmations and thus not to have to editorializar the information calling he himself cruel one to the federal pu

57、blic prosecutor.</p><p>　　The use of the appointments to avoid the presence of the journalist in the story extends until the use of the comiles like a device to indicate certain aspects. For example, the com

58、ile can be used to mean "this one is a made affirmation by which she is not the same journalist". Also they can have the meaning of "sic". For example. the New Left (without comiles) designates to a g

59、roup. The "New Left" (with comiles) indicates a group that is called to itself the New Left; in this case, the legitima</p><p>　　Made an impression by a radical manifestation against the recruitmen

60、t, a reporter used all the comiles possible to appease the opinion of his edition heads to which he knew opposite to the manifestation. The article said:</p><p>　　Some (thousands) of people moved the sunny a

61、fternoon from yesterday to the local Park where an incredibly successful "pacifist march against the recruitment took place", that reached its climax when more of... young they showed his records of recruitment

62、.</p><p>　　The average manifestation of two hours and turned around the growth of the Left "New" movement and to the idea that it is necessary to change the American policy for "constructing a

63、 America in which we are not shamed to live".</p><p>　　The protest of the Park is framed within the manifestations that of coast to coast, in 60 cities, are taking place in the National Day of the Resis

64、tance. This event, that has lasted two days, concludes today with the beginning of "political factories" in the zone.</p><p>　　The march in the local Park has been seen relatively free of violence,

65、 if we considered the high number of participants, the majority young. The commissioner of the municipal police John Smith, in charge of the local police station, has declared: "Only two or three fights, quickly con

66、trolled, have darkened something a so perfect day". </p><p>　　(the appointments of the first three paragraphs were taken from the speeches that was pronounced in the event, although the source is not id

67、entified in the news).</p><p>　　Although the reporter personally was in agreement with the affirmations and entrecomillados terms, the comiles allow him to affirm that it has not interfered with his opinions

68、 in the subject. The comiles turn to history "objective" and they protect to him before his superior ones. This journalist received most of the orders of cover of manifestations, although she got along with the

69、 demonstrators, on the contrary who its platoon leaders. If these had noticed their political affections not him th</p><p>　　4. -To structure the information in an appropriate phrase. To structure the inform

70、ation in appropriate phrases is also a procedure to denote objectivity that is put like example of formal attribute in the news. The most important information of an event has to appear in the first paragraph, and the su

71、ccessive paragraphs will contain the information in decreasing importance. The structure of the news theoretically is looked like an inverted pyramid.</p><p>　　This one is the more problematic formal aspect

72、of the objectivity for a journalist. With respect to the other three formal attributes, the journalist can affirm that she has presented/displayed the different affirmations really in conflict, that are additional eviden

73、ces and that he has limited himself to compile them, and who the appointments and the entrecomillada information represents the opinion of the others, to not hers own one it. Anyway, although a journalist even can uncons

74、ciously act b</p><p>　　To invoke the own journalistic judgment (the journalistic sense of smell) is an intrinsically defensive mechanism, because the "journalistic valuation" is the ability to choo

75、se "objectively" between "facts" that compete to each other, deciding what "facts" are more "important" or "interesting". "Important" or "interesting"

76、 it denotes content. In other words, to justify the structuring of the information the journalist must adduce his slight knowledge of content, "important" or "interesting".</p><p>　　Until

77、 certain point the difficulties of the informer are reduced thanks to the well-known formula according to which the news have to contain "who, what, when, where, how and why". These five questions are what it i

78、s called the "main material facts" of an event. Thus, the journalist who briefs in the first place the main "material things" of an event, will be able to affirm that he has been "objective"

79、. For example, when she explained how she wrote the news on the pacifist manifestation and anti</p><p>　　In the first place I headed the news with main the material things of the subject... How many people t

80、he number of recruitment letters was... éso is the event there... that were exhibited... In the second (paragraph) I indicated the atmosphere. Soon I spoke of the speeches. What goes first they are the pure facts.&l

81、t;/p><p>　　Nevertheless the newspapers and journalists can who do not agree in the identification of these material facts. This same reporter, leafing through the news of the manifestation published by another

82、newspaper, erased it of "partisan". One complained which "there were thousands of people (in the manifestation), and all less two or three had behaved pacifically, and nevertheless the newspaper of afterno

83、on headed the subject with the violent incident". Obvious, the journalist of the vespertine news</p><p>　　If the journalists have difficulties to identify the "material facts", even without le

84、aving the informative policy of his own newspaper, she can that put in practice another possible option. Instead of discussing the formal attributes of an individual informed story, they can describe the formal attribute