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1、<p><b>  三江學(xué)院</b></p><p>  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>  附件:1.外文資料翻譯譯文(約3000漢字);</p><p>  2.外文資料原文(與課題相關(guān)的1萬(wàn)印刷符號(hào)左右)。</p><p>  附件:1.外文資料翻譯譯文</p><p&g

2、t;  EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  第一章 總則</b></p><p><b>  1.1 范圍</b></p><p>  1.1.1 歐洲法規(guī)2的范圍</p><p>  (1)供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 適用于建筑設(shè)計(jì)和利用純混凝土,鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土

3、建造的土木工程. 它遵守建筑結(jié)構(gòu)安全、可靠的原則及要求, 他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)和檢驗(yàn)在EN 1990:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)一章中提到。</p><p>  (2) 供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 只注重混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗阻性,適用性,耐用性和耐火性. 其他要求例如絕熱性和隔音性是不被考慮的。</p><p>  (3) 供磷歐洲規(guī)范2 是打算用來(lái)同如下內(nèi)容共同使用的:</p><p>  EN 1

4、990: 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)</p><p>  EN 1991:對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的行動(dòng)</p><p>  hEN’s: 有關(guān)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的建筑產(chǎn)品</p><p>  EN 1997: 土工技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>  EN 1998: 當(dāng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)被建造在地震區(qū)時(shí)的抗震結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>  (4供磷歐洲規(guī)范2

5、 被細(xì)分成如下部分:</p><p>  Part 1.1: 總則和建筑規(guī)則</p><p>  Part 1.2: 結(jié)構(gòu)的消防設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>  Part 2: 鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝凝土橋</p><p>  Part 3: 液體保留和含有 結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>  1.1.2 1-1歐洲法規(guī)2部的適用范

6、圍</p><p>  (1) P部分歐洲規(guī)范21-1 列出了正常骨料和輕骨料的純混凝土,鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土的建筑設(shè)計(jì)的一般基礎(chǔ),以及建筑的詳細(xì)規(guī)則</p><p>  (2)P以下內(nèi)容在1-1中涉及</p><p><b>  第一章: 總則</b></p><p>  Section 2: 設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)<

7、/p><p>  Section 3: 材料</p><p>  Section 4: 耐用性和鋼筋保護(hù)層</p><p>  Section 5: 結(jié)構(gòu)分析</p><p>  Section 6: 極限狀態(tài)</p><p>  Section 7: 正常使用極限狀態(tài)</p><p>  Sect

8、ion 8: 加固和預(yù)應(yīng)力筋腱的細(xì)節(jié)-總則</p><p>  Section 9: 成員和特殊裁決的細(xì)節(jié)</p><p>  Section 10: 預(yù)制混凝土成分和結(jié)構(gòu)的附加規(guī)則</p><p>  Section 11: 輕骨料混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>  Section 12: 純混凝土和少量鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu) </p>

9、<p>  (3)P 第一章和第二章提供了在EN1990中提到的“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)”的附加條款</p><p>  (4)P 1-1這一部分沒(méi)有涉及到:</p><p>  - 平原加固的使用</p><p><b>  - 抗火性;</b></p><p>  - 建筑特殊類(lèi)型的詳細(xì)方面(例如高樓)</p

10、><p>  - 土木工程類(lèi)型的詳細(xì)方面(例如高架橋,橋梁,水壩,壓力容器,海上平臺(tái)或擋水結(jié)構(gòu)) ;</p><p>  - 無(wú)沙混凝土和加氣混凝土結(jié)構(gòu),以及那些有重骨料或包含性結(jié)構(gòu)鋼所建造的建筑(參考Eurocode 4中的復(fù)合鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu))</p><p><b>  1.2 引用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</b></p><p>  (1

11、)P 以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件包含在本文中涉及的規(guī)定,關(guān)于歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基本規(guī)定 . 至于過(guò)時(shí)的參考文獻(xiàn),并沒(méi)有在隨后對(duì)這些出版物進(jìn)行修正和校對(duì)。然而,建立在這個(gè)歐洲準(zhǔn)則基礎(chǔ)上的合約雙方,他們被鼓勵(lì)去調(diào)查應(yīng)用那些在下面所指出的的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件的最近版本的可能性。因?yàn)闊o(wú)日期的參考文獻(xiàn),最新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件版本已被應(yīng)用。</p><p>  1.2.1 常規(guī)參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>  EN 1990: 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)&l

12、t;/p><p>  EN 1991-1-5: 對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用: 力量上的作用</p><p>  EN 1991-1-6: 對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 在施工中的作用</p><p>  1.2.2 其他參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>  EN1997: 土工技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)</p><p>  EN 197-1: 水泥: 普通水泥的成分,規(guī)格,一致

13、性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)</p><p>  EN 206-1: 混凝土:規(guī)格,性能,生產(chǎn)和一致性</p><p>  EN 12390: 檢測(cè)硬化混凝土</p><p>  EN 10080: 用于加固混凝土的鋼材</p><p>  EN 10138: 預(yù)變形鋼</p><p>  EN ISO 17760: 允許用于加固的焊接過(guò)程

14、</p><p>  ENV 13670: 混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的施工</p><p>  EN 13791: 檢測(cè)混凝土</p><p>  EN ISO 15630 用于加固的鋼材和混凝土預(yù)應(yīng)力的鋼材: 檢測(cè)方法</p><p><b>  1.3 假設(shè)</b></p><p>  P 除了在EN 19

15、90中提到的一般假設(shè)外,還設(shè)計(jì)到以下假設(shè)</p><p>  - 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是由有資格的,富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員所設(shè)計(jì)的</p><p>  - 適當(dāng)監(jiān)督和質(zhì)量管理無(wú)處不在,無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻在進(jìn)行著在工廠中,在植物中,和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。</p><p>  - 建筑由有著適當(dāng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人員所建造</p><p>  - 建筑材料和產(chǎn)品是根據(jù)歐洲規(guī)范或相關(guān)材料、產(chǎn)品

16、說(shuō)明書(shū)所使用的</p><p>  - 建筑物將會(huì)被適當(dāng)維護(hù)</p><p>  - 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)將會(huì)與建筑綱要一致地被使用</p><p>  - 在ENV 13670 中提到的施工和工藝的要求要遵守</p><p>  1.4 原則和應(yīng)用規(guī)則的區(qū)別</p><p>  (1)P 在EN 1990 中的規(guī)則適用于<

17、/p><p><b>  1.5 定義</b></p><p>  1.5.1 總則 一般</p><p>  P 在EN 1990中涉及的條款和定義適用于</p><p>  1.5.2 在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中使用的附加條款及定義</p><p>  1.5.2.1預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu) . 預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件在其他地方

18、生產(chǎn)而不是在建筑的最終位置. 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,要素是為了確保所需建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)完整性</p><p>  1.5.2.2平原或輕輕鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件. 結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土構(gòu)件有</p><p>  不加固(素混凝土)或者比在第九章中提到的最小的混料總量性少的加固</p><p>  1.5.2.3無(wú)粘結(jié)和外部的肌腱。用于后受力桿件的無(wú)粘結(jié)筋后張預(yù)應(yīng)力成員</p><

19、;p>  有通風(fēng)管道,那些管道被永久地?zé)o粘結(jié)、肌腱 處于混凝土橫斷面的外部 (這可能會(huì)在強(qiáng)壓或有防護(hù)膜的情況下被混凝土包住).</p><p>  1.5.2.4 預(yù)應(yīng)力. 預(yù)應(yīng)力過(guò)程在于通過(guò)對(duì)與混凝土構(gòu)件相關(guān)的肌腱提供應(yīng)力來(lái)對(duì)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)提供作用力. “預(yù)應(yīng)力” 在全世界被使用,用來(lái)命名那些在預(yù)應(yīng)力過(guò)程中的永久作用, 它們包含了對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的變形和型材的內(nèi)力.其他預(yù)應(yīng)力方法在喂在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中提及 </p>

20、<p><b>  1.6 符號(hào)</b></p><p>  為了這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ,以下符號(hào)適用</p><p><b>  注意: 符號(hào)基于</b></p><p><b>  拉丁大寫(xiě)字母</b></p><p><b>  A 偶然作用</b>

21、;</p><p><b>  A 橫截面積</b></p><p>  Ac 混凝土橫截面積</p><p>  Ap 一個(gè)或多個(gè)預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋束的面積</p><p>  As 加固的橫截面積</p><p>  As,最小的加固橫截面積</p><p>  Asw剪切鋼筋

22、的截面積 </p><p><b>  D 心軸直徑</b></p><p>  DEd 疲勞損害因素</p><p><b>  E 作用的影響</b></p><p>  Ec, Ec(28) 正常重量混凝土的切線彈性模量σC=0應(yīng)力切線正常體重的混凝土彈性模量并在28天內(nèi)</p>

23、<p>  Ec,eff混凝土的有效彈性模量 </p><p>  Ecd 混凝土彈性模量的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)</p><p>  Ecm 混凝土的割線模量</p><p>  Ec(t) 正常重量混凝土的切線彈性模量在σC= 0在時(shí)間t的壓力和切線正常體重的混凝土彈性模量</p><p>  Ep預(yù)變形剛的彈性模量的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p&

24、gt;<p>  Es 鋼筋的彈性模量的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b>  EΙ抗彎剛度</b></p><p><b>  EQU偽靜態(tài)平衡</b></p><p><b>  F 作用</b></p><p>  Fd 一個(gè)行為的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)</p>

25、;<p>  Fk一個(gè)動(dòng)作的特征值</p><p><b>  Gk典型的永久作用</b></p><p>  Ι 混凝土截面慣性矩</p><p><b>  L 長(zhǎng)度</b></p><p><b>  M 彎矩</b></p><p>

26、;  MEd 應(yīng)用的內(nèi)部彎矩的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b>  N 軸向力</b></p><p>  NEd 應(yīng)用的軸向力的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù) (張力或壓迫)</p><p><b>  P 預(yù)應(yīng)力</b></p><p>  P0 在壓力之后緊接的活性結(jié)束的肌腱的內(nèi)部力量</p><

27、;p>  Qk 典型的變量作用</p><p>  Qfat 典型的疲勞負(fù)荷</p><p><b>  R 阻力</b></p><p><b>  S 內(nèi)力和瞬間</b></p><p>  S SLS地區(qū)的正常使用極限狀態(tài)的靜力矩</p><p><b>

28、;  T 扭矩</b></p><p>  TEd 應(yīng)用扭矩ULS的極限狀態(tài)的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b>  V 剪力</b></p><p>  VEd 應(yīng)用剪力的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p><b>  拉丁小寫(xiě)字母</b></p><p><b>

29、;  a 間隔</b></p><p><b>  a 幾何數(shù)據(jù)</b></p><p>  Δa 幾何數(shù)據(jù)的偏差</p><p>  b 橫截面的總寬,或者 實(shí)際凸緣總寬或?qū)嶋H在T或L梁翼緣寬度T,I或L梁體重的網(wǎng)頁(yè)寬度</p><p><b>  d 直徑 ; 深度</b><

30、/p><p>  d 橫截面的有效深度</p><p>  dg 最大量的集料粒度</p><p><b>  e 離心率</b></p><p><b>  fc 砼抗壓強(qiáng)度</b></p><p>  fcd 混凝土的抗壓強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)</p><p>

31、;  Fck在28天的混凝土的壓鋼強(qiáng)度特征特點(diǎn)壓缸混凝土強(qiáng)度在28天內(nèi)</p><p>  fcm 混凝土的圓柱體的抗壓強(qiáng)度的平均值</p><p>  fctk 混凝土的軸向拉伸強(qiáng)度特征</p><p>  Fctm混凝土軸向抗拉強(qiáng)度的平均值</p><p>  fp 預(yù)變形鋼的抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p>  fpk

32、預(yù)變形鋼的典型抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p>  fp0,10.1%的證明應(yīng)力預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼預(yù)變形剛有0,1% 的抗壓力</p><p>  fp0,1k特征0.1%證明預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋的應(yīng)力</p><p>  f0,2k特性0,2%證明應(yīng)力鋼筋</p><p>  ft 加固的抗拉強(qiáng)度</p><p>  ftk 加固的典型抗壓強(qiáng)度

33、</p><p>  fy 加固的抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p>  fyd 加固的設(shè)計(jì)抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p>  fyk 加固的典型抗屈強(qiáng)度</p><p>  Fywd剪切鋼筋的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)量</p><p><b>  h 高度</b></p><p>  h 一個(gè)橫截面的總深

34、</p><p><b>  i 回轉(zhuǎn)半徑</b></p><p><b>  k 系數(shù) ;因素</b></p><p>  l (or l or L) 長(zhǎng)度; 跨度</p><p><b>  m 質(zhì)量</b></p><p><b>  r

35、 半徑</b></p><p>  1/r 一個(gè)特殊截面的曲率</p><p><b>  t 厚度</b></p><p><b>  t 所認(rèn)為的時(shí)間</b></p><p>  t0 在裝船時(shí)的混凝土年齡</p><p>  u 混凝土橫截面的周長(zhǎng), 具有區(qū)

36、域交流</p><p>  u,v,w 位移點(diǎn)的成分</p><p><b>  x 中性軸深度</b></p><p><b>  x,y,z 坐標(biāo)</b></p><p>  z 杠桿臂的內(nèi)部力量</p><p><b>  希臘小寫(xiě)字母</b>&l

37、t;/p><p><b>  α 角度 ; 比率</b></p><p>  β 角度;比率; 系數(shù)</p><p><b>  γ 分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</b></p><p>  γA 分項(xiàng)系數(shù)一個(gè)行動(dòng)的意外</p><p>  γC 混凝土的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p&

38、gt;  γF部分因素的行動(dòng),F</p><p>  γF,fat 疲勞行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p>  γC,fat部分因素的混凝土疲勞</p><p>  γG部分因子為永久性的行動(dòng),G</p><p>  γM 一種材料性能的分項(xiàng)系數(shù), 考慮到材料性能本身和設(shè)計(jì)模型的不確定性及幾何形狀誤差</p><p>  

39、γP和預(yù)應(yīng)力有關(guān)行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p>  γQ 變量行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p>  γS鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的分項(xiàng)系數(shù) </p><p>  γS,fat 在疲勞荷載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p>  Γ未考慮模型不確定性行為的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)</p><p>  γg 未考慮模型不確定性的永久行為的分項(xiàng)

40、系數(shù)</p><p>  γm 一種有形資產(chǎn)的分項(xiàng)系數(shù),僅僅考慮了有形資產(chǎn)的不確定性</p><p>  δ 增量或再分配比例</p><p>  ζ 還原因素或分配比例</p><p>  Εc混凝土的壓縮變形</p><p>  εc1 峰值應(yīng)力為fc的混凝土的壓縮變形</p><p>  

41、εcu 混凝土的極限壓應(yīng)變</p><p>  εu 最大負(fù)載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的張力</p><p>  εuk 最小負(fù)載下的鋼筋或預(yù)變形鋼的典型張力</p><p><b>  θ 角度</b></p><p><b>  λ 長(zhǎng)度直徑比</b></p><p>  μ

42、在tendons和它們的通風(fēng)管道之間的摩擦系數(shù)</p><p><b>  ν 泊松比</b></p><p>  ν 在剪切裂開(kāi)是的混凝土的強(qiáng)度折減系數(shù)</p><p>  ξ 預(yù)變形鋼或鋼筋的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度比值</p><p>  ρ 混凝土的絕干密度 kg/m3</p><p>  ρ1000張弛

43、損失的價(jià)值,在張力后,并且平均溫度為20°C的情況下1000的小時(shí)</p><p>  Ρl縱向鋼筋的配筋率</p><p>  ρw 剪切鋼筋的配筋率</p><p>  Σc在混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p>  σcp 來(lái)源于軸向載荷和預(yù)應(yīng)力的混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p>  σcu 在極限壓下

44、的混凝土中的抗壓應(yīng)力</p><p><b>  τ 扭轉(zhuǎn)剪應(yīng)力</b></p><p>  φ 一個(gè)鋼筋或預(yù)應(yīng)力管道的直徑</p><p>  φn 一束配筋的等效直徑</p><p>  ?(t,t0) 蠕變系數(shù), 在t 和t0之間定義它,它和在28天中的彈性形變有關(guān) </p><p>  ?

45、 (∞,t0) 蠕變系數(shù)的終值</p><p>  ψ 定義變量行為代表值的因素</p><p>  ψ0 對(duì)組合價(jià)值來(lái)說(shuō)</p><p>  ψ1 對(duì)頻繁的價(jià)值觀來(lái)說(shuō)</p><p>  ψ2對(duì)半永久的價(jià)值觀來(lái)說(shuō)</p><p>  附件:2.外文資料原文</p><p>  EN 1992-

46、1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  14</b></p><p>  SECTION 1 GENERAL</p><p><b>  1.1 Scope</b></p><p>  1.1.1 Scope of Eurocode 2</p><p>  (1

47、)P Eurocode 2 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in plain,</p><p>  reinforced and prestressed concrete. It complies with the principles and requirements for the</p><p&

48、gt;  safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in</p><p>  EN 1990: Basis of structural design.</p><p>  (2)P Eurocode 2 is only concerne

49、d with the requirements for resistance, serviceability,</p><p>  durability and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning</p><p>  thermal or sound insulation,

50、are not considered.</p><p>  (3)P Eurocode 2 is intended to be used in conjunction with:</p><p>  EN 1990: Basis of structural design</p><p>  EN 1991: Actions on structures</p&g

51、t;<p>  hEN’s: Construction products relevant for concrete structures</p><p>  ENV 13670: Execution of concrete structures</p><p>  EN 1997: Geotechnical design</p><p>  EN 1

52、998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, when concrete structures are built in</p><p>  seismic regions.</p><p>  (4)P Eurocode 2 is subdivided into the following parts:</p>&

53、lt;p>  Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings</p><p>  Part 1.2: Structural fire design</p><p>  Part 2: Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges</p><p>  Part 3: Liq

54、uid retaining and containing structures</p><p>  1.1.2 Scope of Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2</p><p>  (1)P Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2 gives a general basis for the design of structures in plain,</p>

55、<p>  reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal and light weight aggregates together</p><p>  with specific rules for buildings.</p><p>  (2)P The following subjects are dealt

56、with in Part 1-1.</p><p>  Section 1: General</p><p>  Section 2: Basis of design</p><p>  Section 3: Materials</p><p>  Section 4: Durability and cover to reinforcemen

57、t</p><p>  Section 5: Structural analysis</p><p>  Section 6: Ultimate limit states</p><p>  Section 7: Serviceability limit states</p><p>  Section 8: Detailing of rei

58、nforcement and prestressing tendons - General</p><p>  Section 9: Detailing of members and particular rules</p><p>  Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p>  Provid

59、ed by IHS under license with CEN</p><p>  No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p>  --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p>  EN 1992-1-1:2

60、004 (E)</p><p><b>  15</b></p><p>  Section 10: Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures</p><p>  Section 11: Lightweight aggregate concrete structu

61、res</p><p>  Section 12: Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures</p><p>  (3)P Sections 1 and 2 provide additional clauses to those given in EN 1990 “Basis of structural</p><

62、p><b>  design”.</b></p><p>  (4)P This Part 1-1 does not cover:</p><p>  - the use of plain reinforcement</p><p>  - resistance to fire;</p><p>  - parti

63、cular aspects of special types of building (such as tall buildings);</p><p>  - particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as viaducts, bridges,</p><p>  dams, pressure

64、 vessels, offshore platforms or liquid-retaining structures);</p><p>  - no-fines concrete and aerated concrete components, and those made with heavy</p><p>  aggregate or containing structural

65、steel sections (see Eurocode 4 for composite steelconcrete</p><p>  structures).</p><p>  1.2 Normative references</p><p>  (1)P The following normative documents contain provisions

66、 which, through references in this</p><p>  text, constitutive provisions of this European standard. For dated references, subsequent</p><p>  amendments to or revisions of any of these publicat

67、ions do not apply. However, parties to</p><p>  agreements based on this European standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of</p><p>  applying the most recent editions of the norm

68、ative documents indicated below. For undated</p><p>  references the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.</p><p>  1.2.1 General reference standards</p><p>

69、  EN 1990: Basis of structural design</p><p>  EN 1991-1-5: Actions on structures: Thermal actions</p><p>  EN 1991-1-6: Actions on structures: Actions during execution</p><p>  1.2

70、.2 Other reference standards</p><p>  EN1997: Geotechnical design</p><p>  EN 197-1: Cement: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common</p><p><b>  cements&

71、lt;/b></p><p>  EN 206-1: Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity</p><p>  EN 12390: Testing hardened concrete</p><p>  EN 10080: Steel for the reinforcem

72、ent of concrete</p><p>  EN 10138: Prestressing steels</p><p>  EN ISO 17760: Permitted welding process for reinforcement</p><p>  ENV 13670: Execution of concrete structures</p&

73、gt;<p>  EN 13791: Testing concrete</p><p>  EN ISO 15630 Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete: Test methods</p><p>  1.3 Assumptions</p><p>  (1)P In add

74、ition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:</p><p>  - Structures are designed by appropriately qualified and experienced personnel.</p><p>  Copyright European

75、Committee for Standardization</p><p>  Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p>  No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p>  --`,,

76、,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p>  EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  16</b></p><p>  - Adequate supervision and quality control is provided in factories, in plants, and on s

77、ite.</p><p>  - Construction is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience.</p><p>  - The construction materials and products are used as specified in this Eurocode or

78、 in the</p><p>  relevant material or product specifications.</p><p>  - The structure will be adequately maintained.</p><p>  - The structure will be used in accordance with the de

79、sign brief.</p><p>  - The requirements for execution and workmanship given in ENV 13670 are complied with.</p><p>  1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules</p><p>

80、  (1)P The rules given in EN 1990 apply.</p><p>  1.5 Definitions</p><p>  1.5.1 General</p><p>  (1)P The terms and definitions given in EN 1990 apply.</p><p>  1.5.2

81、Additional terms and definitions used in this Standard</p><p>  1.5.2.1 Precast structures. Precast structures are characterised by structural elements</p><p>  manufactured elsewhere than in th

82、e final position in the structure. In the structure,</p><p>  elements are connected to ensure the required structural integrity.</p><p>  1.5.2.2 Plain or lightly reinforced concrete members. S

83、tructural concrete members having</p><p>  no reinforcement (plain concrete) or less reinforcement than the minimum amounts</p><p>  defined in Section 9.</p><p>  1.5.2.3 Unbonded

84、and external tendons. Unbonded tendons for post-tensioned members</p><p>  having ducts which are permanently ungrouted, and tendons external to the concrete</p><p>  cross-section (which may be

85、 encased in concrete after stressing, or have a protective</p><p>  membrane).</p><p>  1.5.2.4 Prestress. The process of prestressing consists in applying forces to the concrete</p><

86、p>  structure by stressing tendons relative to the concrete member. “Prestress” is used</p><p>  globally to name all the permanent effects of the prestressing process, which comprise</p><p>

87、  internal forces in the sections and deformations of the structure. Other means of</p><p>  prestressing are not considered in this standard.</p><p>  1.6 Symbols</p><p>  For the

88、purposes of this standard, the following symbols apply.</p><p>  Note: The notation used is based on ISO 3898:1987</p><p>  Latin upper case letters</p><p>  A Accidental action<

89、/p><p>  A Cross sectional area</p><p>  Ac Cross sectional area of concrete</p><p>  Ap Area of a prestressing tendon or tendons</p><p>  Copyright European Committee for

90、 Standardization</p><p>  Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p>  No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p>  --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,

91、`,`,,`---</p><p>  EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  17</b></p><p>  As Cross sectional area of reinforcement</p><p>  As,min minimum cross sectional area of

92、 reinforcement</p><p>  Asw Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement</p><p>  D Diameter of mandrel</p><p>  DEd Fatigue damage factor</p><p>  E Effect of action<

93、;/p><p>  Ec, Ec(28) Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of σc = 0</p><p>  and at 28 days</p><p>  Ec,eff Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete&l

94、t;/p><p>  Ecd Design value of modulus of elasticity of concrete</p><p>  Ecm Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete</p><p>  Ec(t) Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight con

95、crete at a stress of σc = 0 and</p><p><b>  at time t</b></p><p>  Ep Design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel</p><p>  Es Design value of modulus of

96、elasticity of reinforcing steel</p><p>  EΙ Bending stiffness</p><p>  EQU Static equilibrium</p><p><b>  F Action</b></p><p>  Fd Design value of an action

97、</p><p>  Fk Characteristic value of an action</p><p>  Gk Characteristic permanent action</p><p>  Ι Second moment of area of concrete section</p><p><b>  L Leng

98、th</b></p><p>  M Bending moment</p><p>  MEd Design value of the applied internal bending moment</p><p>  N Axial force</p><p>  NEd Design value of the applied

99、axial force (tension or compression)</p><p>  P Prestressing force</p><p>  P0 Initial force at the active end of the tendon immediately after stressing</p><p>  Qk Characteristic v

100、ariable action</p><p>  Qfat Characteristic fatigue load</p><p>  R Resistance</p><p>  S Internal forces and moments</p><p>  S First moment of area</p><p&g

101、t;  SLS Serviceability limit state</p><p>  T Torsional moment</p><p>  TEd Design value of the applied torsional moment</p><p>  ULS Ultimate limit state</p><p>  V Sh

102、ear force</p><p>  VEd Design value of the applied shear force</p><p>  Latin lower case letters</p><p>  a Distance</p><p>  a Geometrical data</p><p>  Δ

103、a Deviation for geometrical data</p><p>  b Overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam</p><p>  bw Width of the web on T, I or L beams</p><p>  d Diam

104、eter ; Depth</p><p>  d Effective depth of a cross-section</p><p>  Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p>  Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p

105、>  No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p>  --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p>  EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  18</b&g

106、t;</p><p>  dg Largest nominal maximum aggregate size</p><p>  e Eccentricity</p><p>  fc Compressive strength of concrete</p><p>  fcd Design value of concrete compres

107、sive strength</p><p>  fck Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days</p><p>  fcm Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength</p><p>  fctk Charac

108、teristic axial tensile strength of concrete</p><p>  fctm Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete</p><p>  fp Tensile strength of prestressing steel</p><p>  fpk Characteri

109、stic tensile strength of prestressing steel</p><p>  fp0,1 0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel</p><p>  fp0,1k Characteristic 0,1% proof-stress of prestressing steel</p><p>  f0

110、,2k Characteristic 0,2% proof-stress of reinforcement</p><p>  ft Tensile strength of reinforcement</p><p>  ftk Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement</p><p>  fy Yield s

111、trength of reinforcement</p><p>  fyd Design yield strength of reinforcement</p><p>  fyk Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement</p><p>  fywd Design yield of shear reinforc

112、ement</p><p><b>  h Height</b></p><p>  h Overall depth of a cross-section</p><p>  i Radius of gyration</p><p>  k Coefficient ; Factor</p><p>

113、;  l (or l or L) Length; Span</p><p><b>  m Mass</b></p><p><b>  r Radius</b></p><p>  1/r Curvature at a particular section</p><p>  t Thicknes

114、s</p><p>  t Time being considered</p><p>  t0 The age of concrete at the time of loading</p><p>  u Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ac</p><p>  u,v,w

115、Components of the displacement of a point</p><p>  x Neutral axis depth</p><p>  x,y,z Coordinates</p><p>  z Lever arm of internal forces</p><p>  Greek lower case let

116、ters</p><p>  α Angle ; ratio</p><p>  β Angle ; ratio; coefficient</p><p>  γ Partial factor</p><p>  γA Partial factor for accidental actions A</p><p>  

117、γC Partial factor for concrete</p><p>  γF Partial factor for actions, F</p><p>  γF,fat Partial factor for fatigue actions</p><p>  γC,fat Partial factor for fatigue of concrete<

118、;/p><p>  γG Partial factor for permanent actions, G</p><p>  γM Partial factor for a material property, taking account of uncertainties in the material</p><p>  property itself, in ge

119、ometric deviation and in the design model used</p><p>  Copyright European Committee for Standardization</p><p>  Provided by IHS under license with CEN</p><p>  No reproduction or

120、networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale</p><p>  --`,,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---</p><p>  EN 1992-1-1:2004 (E)</p><p><b>  19</b></p><p>  

121、γP Partial factor for actions associated with prestressing, P</p><p>  γQ Partial factor for variable actions, Q</p><p>  γS Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel</p><p

122、>  γS,fat Partial factor for reinforcing or prestressing steel under fatigue loading</p><p><b>  γf</b></p><p>  Partial factor for actions without taking account of model uncerta

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