土木工程外文翻譯 (2)

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　題 目 LHC土建著作中的CERN在 </p><p>　　大型工程項(xiàng)目中的作用 </p><p>　　學(xué) 院 土木建筑學(xué)院 </p><p>　　專 業(yè) 土木工程 </p>

2、<p>　　班 級 土木0601 </p><p>　　學(xué) 生 劉勇 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號 20060605082 </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 林 明 強(qiáng) </p>

3、<p>　　二〇一〇 年 三月二十九 日</p><p>　　THE ROLE OF CERN IN THE LARGE CONSTRUCTION</p><p>　　CONTRACTS FOR LHC CIVIL WORKS</p><p>　　Pedro d’Aça Castel-Branco</p><p>　　ST

4、 Division – Civil Engineering Group (ST/CE)</p><p>　　CERN, Geneva, Switzerland</p><p><b>　　Abstract：</b></p><p>　　The contracts for the civil engineering construction of

5、 the LHC are basedupon the standard FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des IngénieursConseils) document entitled "Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction". FIDIC is a rep

6、utable supra-national and worldwide Federation of Consulting Engineers focused on the definition andregulation of the role of many parties involved with the International Construction Industry. </p><p>　　An

7、overview of FIDIC’s and other Organizations’,such as the World Bank, standard documents is presented. The difference between standard Contract documents and standard Bidding documents ispointed out. In view of CERN’s sta

8、tus as an intergovernmental Organization, the original FIDIC standard documents needed to be adapted.The modifications are identified and explained. A concise definition of therole of each party concerned by the LHC cons

9、truction Contracts, i.e. theContractor, the Engineer and </p><p>　　1. INTRODUCTION: </p><p>　　The civil engineering works for the LHC Project are divided into three main packages, plus one addit

10、ional package for the injection tunnel TI8. Package 1 consists of all new underground and surface structures to be constructed on Swiss territory at Point 1. Identically, Package 2 consists of all new underground and sur

11、face structures to be constructed on French territory at Point 5. Unlike packages 1 and 2, package 3 is geographically spread around the LEP and SPS rings and consists ofall underg</p><p>　　Similarly, the co

12、nstruction contracts of the new works are to be awarded in three separate packages to different international contracting consortia as follows: Package 1 to Teerag Asdag of Austria, Baresel of Germany and Locher of Switz

13、erland; package 2 to the Spanish/Italian joint</p><p>　　venture comprising Dragados and Seli; and package 3, excluding Injection Tunnel TI8, to the Anglo- French consortium of Taylor Woodrow, Amec and Spie B

14、atignolles. The construction contract for Injection tunnel TI8 will be placed on the Swiss market only.</p><p>　　2. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS:</p><p>　　One of the critical factors for the

15、success of the procurement and subsequent management of largeconstruction projects is the Contract strategy, i.e., the type of Contract to adopt. Knowing thatCERN’s past experience in this field was not entirely successf

16、ul and given CERN’s characteristics in terms of organization and work procedures, we were able to identify several potential weaknesses in CERN that could undermine our position as Employer (client). It was obvious that

17、this potential weakness </p><p>　　The Contract is a document that defines the ‘Scope of Services’ and is composed by two interdependent parts: (i) the Legal and Commercial Section, entitled the Form of Contr

18、act, and (ii) the Technical Section. The Technical Section is where the ‘Scope of Services’ or the ‘Product’ is fully described in terms of layout, specifications, requirements, planning and risks. In the Form of Contrac

19、t are stated the Contract management rules, the role and interfaces of each party and where is allocated th</p><p>　　Several types of Contracts are commonly used in the construction industry: (i) Cost-plus C

20、ontracts, which contractors are reimbursed for the direct construction costs plus an agreed profit premium (usually a percentage of the direct construction costs); (ii) Re-measurement Contracts, based on a Bill of Quanti

21、ties and a series of unit rates; (iii) Alliance Contracts, based on performance and goals in order to make the contractor an active and interested party in the overall success of the project</p><p>　　These d

22、ifferent types of Contracts are associated with different contract risks. In a Cost-plus Contract, the employer bears almost all the Contract risk. In a Re-measurement Contract, contractors assume the part of the risk as

23、sociated with the organization, methods and means of the construction activity/process. In an Alliance Contract, contractors assume not only the risk associated with the Re-measurement Contracts, but also the risks attac

24、hed to the failure of the project’s pre-set objective</p><p>　　Attached to the Contract risk is the Contract flexibility, i.e., the capacity to accommodate changes to the ‘Scope of Services’. From the employ

25、er’s point of view, more risk means also more flexibility. For instance, although a Turn-key Contract is extremely appealing from the ‘Project Finance’ point of view (more and more investors, both private and institution

26、al, impose this type of contract in order to minimize the risks and fix the costs) is in fact a disaster when the employer introduces si</p><p>　　Since it was impossible to fully define the ‘Scope of Service

27、s’ for the LHC project and CERN would like to retain some flexibility to accommodate inevitable modifications, it was decided to adopt a Re-measurement type of Contract.</p><p>　　Several models for the Form

28、of Contract, i.e., the legal and commercial terms of reference, area vailable for Re-measurement Contracts. Almost all Governments in Europe (World) use or have a model Form of Contract for this. The models are usually e

29、laborated by associations of Consulting Engineers. One of these associations is FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs Conseils),which is a reputable supra-national and world-wide Federation of Co

30、nsulting Engineers focused inthe definition and</p><p>　　Civil Engineering Construction’>1@, which is a model Form of Contract for civil engineering Re-measurementContracts.Given the fact that (i) FIDIC i

31、s internationally known; (ii) FIDIC’s Form of Contract is widely used, and (iii) it is tested and tuned by years of experience, it was decided to adopt, as far as possible (see §3), this model of Form of Contract. I

32、n addition, other Organizations, Institutions and even Governments use this model in their construction Contracts, particularly in large i</p><p>　　The World Bank, for instance, imposes the use of their ‘Sta

33、ndard Bidding Documents’ >2@ in the procurement of civil engineering works for all financed projects. This Standard Bidding Documents includes not only a model for the Contract, both Form of Contract and Technical Sec

34、tion,but also all other bidding and/or non-contractual documents such as Invitation for Bids, Instructions to Bidders, etc. In the ‘Standard Bidding Documents’ the World Bank adopts the FIDIC’s model Form of Contract.<

35、;/p><p>　　3. MODIFICATIONS INTRODUCED TO FIDIC STANDARD DOCUMENTS:</p><p>　　Several parties were involved in the preparation of the construction Contracts: Civil Engineering, Purchasing Services an

36、d Legal Services groups, assisted by the Civil Engineering Consultants mentioned in §1 and Norton Rose a large British legal consultant specialized in construction law. Given Norton Rose’s large experience in contra

37、ct drafting and dispute resolution,complemented also with the civil engineering (CE) consultants experience in construction management, it was decided to modify FID</p><p>　　These modifications are, for inst

38、ance: (i) A first instancedispute resolution mechanism will be included in the Contract. A panel of three Adjudicators(independent experts engineers experienced in dispute resolution) will provide a binding first instanc

39、e decision on all eventual disputes that might occur between Contractor and Employer during the Contract. Any appeal (i.e., lawsuits) from this decision will only be possible after the completion of the works; (ii) The

40、 Contractor will bear some </p><p>　　As a direct result of CERN’s status as an intergovernmental Organization and its internal purchasing and administrative rules, an additional modification needed to be int

41、roduced. This basically impacted the overall spirit of FIDIC document and had to do with the role of each party to the Contract. FIDIC’s standard documents provide the ‘Engineer’ (Consultant’s construction manager, respo

42、nsible for the whole site supervision) with the power of not only instructing any necessary variations to the </p><p>　　accordingly the Employer’s role (see §4).</p><p>　　On one hand, the m

43、odifications introduced to the FIDIC Form of Contract will reduce CERN’s risk and liability. On the other hand, however, it may increase CERN’s exposure due to the fact that: (i) there is very little (no) experience with

44、 this type of Form of Contract and therefore no legal precedents to judge potential claims, and (ii) CERN will have a position of power that could be considered ‘a(chǎn)buse of dominant position’ that would, therefore, undermi

45、ne the whole spirit of the Contract. Furth</p><p>　　4. ROLE OF EACH PARTY INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT:</p><p>　　There are three participants to the Construction Contract: the Contracto

46、r, the Engineer and the Employer. Briefly, the role of each one of these participants and their interfaces are as follows: The Contractor shall, with due care and diligence, execute and complete the works, and remedy any

47、 defects therein. He shall provide all superintendence, labour, plant, equipment and all other necessary things specified in or reasonable to be inferred from the Contract. Contractor shall take full esponsib</p>

48、<p>　　The Engineer shall be responsible for the enforcement and proper administration of the contract and shall, with due care and diligence, carry out: (i) the supervision of construction; (ii) the testing and comm

49、ission of the works; (iii) the periodic and final account of the works, and (iv) the resolution of disputes (first instance). The Engineer shall also be responsible for all communications to the Contractor except where t

50、he contract expressly provides for instructions to be given by the Empl</p><p>　　5. PRELIMINARY COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS:</p><p>　　So far, we had extensive discussions and negotiations with the pac

51、kages 1, 2, and 3 Contractors concerning changes and/or amendments to the bidding documents which needed to be addressedbefore the contract signature. At this stage, Contractors already passed the message that they consi

52、der the contract unbalanced and they fear that CERN’s dominant position may affect the smooth running of the project. In particular, they expressed their apprehension for the reduced role of the Engineer, which is,</p

53、><p>　　Since we are, on this paragraph, playing the ‘Devil’s lawyer’, one may also argue that if FIDIC standard documents are good enough for the World Bank, it should also fit CERN’s purposes.Finally, an add

54、itional relevant issue is that the Contract is formed, as stated earlier in §2, byseveral interdependent documents, such as the Form of Contract, the Drawings, the Specifications,the Planning, the Milestones and Pen

55、alties, the Bill of Quantities, the Safety Plan and Applicable Safety Legislation,</p><p>　　6. CONCLUSIONS:</p><p>　　We attempted to provide an overall picture on Construction Contracts in gener

56、al and LHC Construction Contracts in particular. It should be pointed out that the comments made on risk, uitability and flexibility of the contract should be regarded as a general indication only. Obviously, this highly

57、 depends, not only on the specific and individual aspects of each one of the packages, but also on the attitudes, positioning and procedures of the Contract parties.We should emphasize also that CERN is </p><p

58、>　　Despite the comments made in §2 concerning contract flexibility, it must be mentioned that any modification to the Tender/Contract documents, either in terms of quantities, planning, specifications, interfaces

59、 with other contractors, interfaces with existing facilities and/or risk, will have an immediate cost impact. Please note that the only way to avoid problems during construction, therefore the golden rule of the industry

60、, is: Provide the contractor with all the information, specify everythi</p><p>　　REFERENCES:</p><p>　　>1@ Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction, FIDIC, Lausanne (

61、1993).</p><p>　　>2@ Standard Bidding Documents, Procurement of Works, World Bank, Washington D.C. (1995).</p><p>　　Accreditation of European Civil Engineering Programmes, 2006, 117(6): 2319-2

62、326.</p><p>　　LHC土建著作中的CERN 在大型工程項(xiàng)目中的作用Pedrod’Aça Castel-Branco</p><p>　　圣區(qū)分－土木工程小組（圣／CE）</p><p>　　CERN 、日內(nèi)瓦，瑞士</p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>

63、;　　LHC所建立的土木工程工程模型是基于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 FIDIC（F é d é 定額國際des Ing é nieursConseils）之上的. FIDIC 在全國以至全世界都深受好評。聯(lián)邦的工程師將重心集中在其定義和它在國際范圍內(nèi)建筑行業(yè)中所起的作用上。</p><p>　　對于FIDIC和其他組織的一般觀點(diǎn)，比如世界銀行，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔已經(jīng)完成。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的合同文件和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)競標(biāo)文件之間的不同已

64、被指出。 考慮到 CERN作為政府組織，最初的 FIDIC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件仍有待適用、修改證明以及解釋。 簡潔定義之，由于 LHC 工程聯(lián)系的每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的功能縮減，也就是承包商，工程師和客戶 （CERN）被定義。 最后，針對利益分析的特別合同起草費(fèi)用連同一些初步的結(jié)論、合同管理的大綱所預(yù)見的困難摘要一同被統(tǒng)計(jì)出來。</p><p><b>　　1. 介紹</b></p><p&g

65、t;　　LHC工程在土木工程著作中被分為三個(gè)主要部份，附加的一個(gè)部分是開鑿隧道 TI8 。 分項(xiàng)工程 1 是由瑞士境內(nèi)全部新的地下和地上結(jié)構(gòu)在而構(gòu)成點(diǎn) 1。 同樣的，分項(xiàng)工程 2 是由在法國境內(nèi)所有新的地上和地下結(jié)構(gòu)而構(gòu)成點(diǎn) 5。不同的是，工程 1 和 2, 分項(xiàng)工程 3 在 LEP 和 SPS的周圍被地理地傳波出去而且所有地下和表面構(gòu)造都不位于點(diǎn) 1 或 點(diǎn)5。新作品的設(shè)計(jì)和工程監(jiān)督被分為三個(gè)分項(xiàng)工程，每一個(gè)分項(xiàng)工程分配給一個(gè)不同的合

66、資跨國公司。 由于設(shè)計(jì)和工程監(jiān)督的原因，開鑿隧道 TI8 是工程 3 的主要部份。分項(xiàng)工程 1 由法國電力公司和英國爵士公司共同設(shè)計(jì)完成。分項(xiàng)工程 2 由Gibb公司（英國）、 SGI公司（瑞士）和 Geoconsult公司（奧地利）共同設(shè)計(jì)完成。而分項(xiàng)工程 3則是由被英國的布朗公司和西班牙的合資企業(yè) Intecsa共同設(shè)計(jì)完成。</p><p>　　同樣地，新的工程合同是將一項(xiàng)工程分為三個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的分項(xiàng)工程，國

67、際上為縮短工期而將其按下列各項(xiàng)分配：分項(xiàng)工程 1 由奧地利的Teerag Asdag公司、德國的 Baresel 公司和瑞士的Locher公司聯(lián)合完成；分項(xiàng)工程2由西班牙Dragados 公司和意大利的Seli公司負(fù)責(zé)；分項(xiàng)工程 3除挖掘隧道 TI8外, 由英格蘭泰勒伍德羅 Amec 公司和 法國協(xié)會(huì)Spie Batignolles 負(fù)責(zé)。而工程合同中挖掘隧道 TI8 將只能被放置在瑞士完成。</p><p>　

68、　2. 工程的類型縮短：</p><p>　　采購和對大型工程的實(shí)時(shí)管理中成功的關(guān)鍵因素之一是合同策略，也就是，合同所適用的類型。 由于在這一領(lǐng)域CERN 的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是不完全成功的、CERN的特性在組織和工作程序方面受到限制，我們能夠證明一些潛在的缺陷會(huì)漸漸破壞作為雇主 （客戶）的我們在CERN中的地位. 這一明顯的潛在弱點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從合同中被刪除掉。</p><p>　　合同是一份定義“服務(wù)范圍”

69、的文件而且由兩個(gè)相互依賴的部份組成： （i）合法、商業(yè)的部分，合同的形式權(quán)力，和（ii）技術(shù)上的部分。 技術(shù)上的部分是指“服務(wù)的范圍”或者“產(chǎn)品”在完全地地面區(qū)劃、規(guī)格，需求和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等方面的描述。合同由合同管理的規(guī)則，作用和每一項(xiàng)中所固有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組成。</p><p>　　一些合同術(shù)語被普遍地用于建筑行業(yè)中： （i）合同額外費(fèi)用為直接的合同工程債務(wù)加上協(xié)定好的利潤額外費(fèi)用; （通常為工程花費(fèi)的百分之幾） （ii）基于

70、數(shù)額和一系列比率的測量； （iii）同盟合同，在整體工程得到成功之前為使制造承包商認(rèn)為這是一項(xiàng)有效的并且使之感興趣的活動(dòng)而基于具體施工情況和目標(biāo)而制定的。 （iv） "交鑰匙"合同是一種一次性交齊全部費(fèi)用的合約。這種與眾不同的合同帶有不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 在額外費(fèi)用合同中，雇主承擔(dān)幾乎所有的合同危險(xiǎn)。 在重新測量合同中，承包商承擔(dān)與工程的組織、方法和與方法有關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)部份的活動(dòng)或程序。 在一份同盟合同中，承包商不僅承擔(dān)聯(lián)合的危

71、險(xiǎn)，而且同時(shí)承擔(dān)未完成預(yù)定目標(biāo)時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在一份"交鑰匙"合同中，承包商承擔(dān)幾乎所有的合同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 這意味著：從合同類型 （i）到類型 （iv）, 固有的合同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)正從雇主一方減少從而在承包商的一方增加。</p><p>　　對合同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的附件是合同適用性，也就是，對“服務(wù)的范圍”的變化適應(yīng)能力。 從雇主的觀點(diǎn)來講，較多的危險(xiǎn)也意味著更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)彈性。舉例來說，雖然一份"交鑰匙"合同

72、正極端地上訴從這“ 財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)劃”觀點(diǎn) （越來越多私人和公有制的投資者為了將危險(xiǎn)和固定費(fèi)用減少到最少而強(qiáng)加這種類型的合同）事實(shí)上當(dāng)雇主認(rèn)識到“服務(wù)的范圍”有明顯的改變時(shí)這是不利的。</p><p>　　由于為 LHC計(jì)劃而完全定義“服務(wù)的范圍”是不可能的，因此CERN想要保持一些彈性的規(guī)定以適應(yīng)不可避免的修正，它被決定為重新測量合同的類型。</p><p>　　一些合同形式的模型，也就是，合法

73、的、商業(yè)委托權(quán)限的模式對于重新測量合同來說是可以使用的。在歐洲 （世界）的幾乎所有政府都使用或擁有一個(gè)這種模型合同的形式。 商議協(xié)會(huì)工程師通常會(huì)對合同模型作詳細(xì)的說明。 FIDIC是這些協(xié)會(huì)之一, （F é d é 定額國際歌 des Ing é nieurs Conseils）它是一個(gè)在遍及全球和聯(lián)邦焦點(diǎn)所在地上方國民和商議工程師中受好評的的協(xié)會(huì)之一，他還涉及許多國際土木建筑工程上重要項(xiàng)目和規(guī)則的定義。

74、</p><p>　　FIDIC 文件之一是“土木工程作品的合同情況工程“>1@，它是土木工程關(guān)于重新測量合同的一份模版形式的合同。FIDIC是國際性知名的（i）事實(shí)； （ii）FIDIC 的形式被廣泛地應(yīng)用，（iii）它經(jīng)過多年的嘗試與調(diào)節(jié)已被認(rèn)定為一種合同的模型。 此外，其他組織，機(jī)構(gòu)甚至他們的政府也使用這一工程合同模型，特別是大型的國際招標(biāo)活動(dòng)。舉例來說，世界銀行在土木工程的采購工作中強(qiáng)制地使用他們的

75、" 出價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)證明 ">2@ 來供給計(jì)劃經(jīng)費(fèi)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)競標(biāo)文件的合同中不只包括合同的形式和技術(shù)方面問題，同時(shí)也包括所有其他競標(biāo)或非合同的文件比如邀請的競標(biāo)、出價(jià)介紹等問題。對在 " 出價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)證明 " 世界銀行使用 FIDIC 模型合同的形式。</p><p>　　3. FIDIC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件修正證明指導(dǎo)：</p><p>　　一些項(xiàng)目涉及準(zhǔn)備工程合

76、同：購買的服務(wù)和合法的服務(wù)集合的土木工程，土木工程顧問協(xié)助和 Norton Rose的 一個(gè)大的合法的專攻工程法律英國顧問團(tuán)在 §1中被提及。由于Norton Rose 的重要起草經(jīng)驗(yàn)和爭論決議，在土木工程 （CE）的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的咨詢也是有補(bǔ)助的，它被用于在次序中修正 FIDIC 的合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式模型中用來確定更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的項(xiàng)目，因此對一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)任的承包商來說，這減少了雇主的危險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任 （除去已經(jīng)提到過的潛在的缺陷）,保存相同程度

77、的彈性。 </p><p>　　這些的修正是，舉例來說： （i）第一個(gè)例證爭論決議機(jī)制將會(huì)被包含在合同之中。 三個(gè)判決者座談小組（在爭論決議中獨(dú)立的工程師專家）將會(huì)首先提供在這期間關(guān)于可能在承包商和雇主之間發(fā)生的所有的最后爭論并引以為例。 這決定任何訴愿 （也就是，訴訟）只可能在完成工程之后（ii）承包商將會(huì)承擔(dān)一些被附加上的經(jīng)常被作為爭論焦點(diǎn)的’無法預(yù)料的基礎(chǔ)情況’的風(fēng)險(xiǎn); （只對于分項(xiàng)工程 2有效; 不包括分

78、項(xiàng)工程 1 和 3) （iii）承包商也將會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)清單的準(zhǔn)確性； （iv） CERN 有權(quán)利隨時(shí)終止合同； （v）過失責(zé)任時(shí)期將會(huì)從二年被延長到十年。</p><p>　　由于 CERN 作為一個(gè)政府之間的組織和它內(nèi)在的購買和管理規(guī)則，需要引進(jìn)其他的修正措施。 這基本上滲透了 FIDIC 文件的全部精神而且必須滲入其每個(gè)分項(xiàng)的各個(gè)部分。FIDIC 的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件提供工程師“ 設(shè)計(jì) (工程顧問經(jīng)理，為位置監(jiān)督負(fù)責(zé)）”不

79、只是教應(yīng)對變化的必要措施，同時(shí)也評估并且證明承包商的發(fā)票，也就是委托雇主的基金。 由于這一個(gè)程序依靠 CERN的爭執(zhí)規(guī)則，因此在合同增長的情況下大幅度地減少雇主的權(quán)利是很有必要的（見§4) 。</p><p>　　一方面，被引入到合同的 FIDIC 形式的修正將會(huì)減少 CERN的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任。另一方面，事實(shí)可能會(huì)在以下方面更加暴露 CERN：（i）幾乎沒有（不）沒有合法的先例判斷潛在的要求這種類型的合同形

80、式。 （ii） CERN 將會(huì)有可能被認(rèn)為’濫用優(yōu)勢地位’，因此那會(huì)漸漸破壞整個(gè)合同的精神。 此外，提供競標(biāo)程序 （被包含在競標(biāo)之中的合同形式文件）被視為 “追隨者”，也就是，承包商沒有討論合同條款的權(quán)利。 或者要它或者留下它。 這強(qiáng)調(diào)其“占優(yōu)勢地位”的特性。</p><p>　　4. 各項(xiàng)工程在合同中的地位:</p><p>　　對工程合同的三個(gè)要素： 承包商，工程師和雇主。 簡而言之，

81、每一要素的作用和他們的接口依下列各項(xiàng)：承包商負(fù)責(zé)適當(dāng)?shù)恼疹櫤团?，運(yùn)行并且完成項(xiàng)目和補(bǔ)救方法以及點(diǎn)出其中的弱點(diǎn)何在。他將提供所有的指揮、勞工、物資，設(shè)備和全部其他要素所指定的必需物品和從合同中被推論出的合理的其他物品。 承包商將對工程的所有位置操作和方法的適當(dāng)、安定和安全負(fù)責(zé)。承包商將嚴(yán)格地履新合同中對工程師的各項(xiàng)要求。他將嚴(yán)格地遵守工程師的指導(dǎo)，除了那些合同中雇主所明確說明的部分。 </p><p>　　

82、在合同期間，承包商將不能與其他承包商或其他 CERN 小組有任何接觸。（對 CE 的例外）工程師將負(fù)責(zé)厲行和適當(dāng)行使合同而且將藉由適當(dāng)?shù)恼疹櫯c努力實(shí)行： （i）工程的監(jiān)督； （ii）測試和工程的傭金； （iii）工程的周期、最后帳戶，和 （iv）爭論的決議. （首先引以為例） 工程師也將負(fù)責(zé)對承包商的所有的溝通，除由雇主提供的協(xié)議中明確提出的地方。 在合同期間，工程師與其他 CERN 小組將沒有任何接觸。（土木工程小組的例外）雇主 （土

83、木工程小組）將在工程師的表現(xiàn)和合同的正確管理方面負(fù)責(zé)。 他將負(fù)責(zé)組織基金，也就是說，他將對承包商的發(fā)票和議題變化的款項(xiàng)證明負(fù)責(zé)。 雇主也將對所有其他 CERN 小組之間的接口限制和最后管理、小組和工程師以及承包商負(fù)責(zé)。</p><p>　　5. 初步的費(fèi)用－利益分析:</p><p>　　考慮到變化以及在合同簽字之前到現(xiàn)在為止競標(biāo)文件的改善，我們用分項(xiàng)工程 1,2 、和 3的承包商有了廣泛

84、的討論和談判。 在現(xiàn)階段，承包商已經(jīng)通過信息「他們考慮」表明他們害怕因合同的不平衡性和CERN 所占優(yōu)勢可能會(huì)影響整個(gè)工程的順利進(jìn)行。 尤其是他們對工程師作用的削弱表達(dá)了理解，他們在最初的 FIDIC 模型中是一個(gè)獨(dú)立、公平和合理的專業(yè)人士。 由于工程尚未開始，下結(jié)論還為時(shí)過早。這份合同起草的費(fèi)用，只考慮對我們的專業(yè)顧問的支付費(fèi)用（也就是，不包括時(shí)間花費(fèi)以及CERN 職員的旅行開支）是大約 400,000 CHF. （大約 1.2% 的

85、顧問費(fèi)用和大約 0.15% 的工程合同評價(jià)）從CERN的效益成本可以說明： 對于 400 KCHF， CERN模式對承包商分派風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比率在重新測量合同比傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。 然而，主要的議題是對于 FIDIC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件介紹的修正起草合同的費(fèi)用是否低于我們所宣稱的要避免的預(yù)計(jì)花銷。 這是我們永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 </p><p>　　因?yàn)樵谶@一個(gè)階段上，我們扮演的是’魔鬼的律師’?？赡芤灿腥苏J(rèn)為如果 FIDIC 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件

86、很好地適用于世界銀行，那么它也應(yīng)該適合于CERN 的目標(biāo)。最后，一個(gè)另外的有關(guān)議題是合同像在 §2中所陳述的那樣由一些相互關(guān)聯(lián)的文件所形成,比如圖畫，規(guī)格、計(jì)劃，轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)和處罰，質(zhì)量的費(fèi)用，安全計(jì)劃和可適用的安全立法等等，這意味著任何弱點(diǎn)或上方之一方面的主要改變將會(huì)提供給訂約人一個(gè)我們從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同中試圖避免的可能的談判位置。</p><p><b>　　6. 結(jié)論:</b></p

87、><p>　　我們試圖從總體上為工程合同尤其是LHC提供一張全面的圖景。 應(yīng)當(dāng)被指出的是在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性、適用性和合同的彈性方面做出的評論只被視為一般性的指標(biāo)。 很顯然，這不僅大大依賴于每個(gè)分項(xiàng)工程的特定、個(gè)別的方面上，而且也依賴于合同項(xiàng)目的態(tài)度、定位和程序上。我們也必須強(qiáng)調(diào) CERN需要LHC 設(shè)備才能成功地完成。我們不僅已經(jīng)詳細(xì)地說明從傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中的一部份釋放的合同，而且我們也將會(huì)從一個(gè)簡單的、有希望的、快速的爭論決議機(jī)制

88、中選出的能勝任的人執(zhí)行合同管理。</p><p>　　盡管被發(fā)表在 §2中的評論與合同彈性有關(guān)，必須提到的是針對投標(biāo)／合同的任何修正在量、規(guī)格，接口以及與其他承包商和現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備以及危險(xiǎn)的接口將會(huì)有一種直接的費(fèi)用沖擊。 請注意在工程期間避免問題的唯一方法，因此也稱為工業(yè)的金規(guī)則： 提供給承包商所有的數(shù)據(jù)，詳盡敘述每件事物，而且不要改變?nèi)魏螙|西。</p><p><b>