土木工程外文翻譯5

1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　?。ㄒ唬┩馕脑?lt;/b></p><p>　　4.2.1.1 C ement Test by Sieve No. 170</p><p>　　The fineness of cement affects the quality of the conc

2、rete industry in general. A big</p><p>　　cement particle cannot completely react with water as water cannot reach a remaining</p><p>　　core in the cement particle. The water propagates through t

3、he cement particles and</p><p>　　they start to dehydrate, which causes an increase in temperature, which is the main</p><p>　　reason for the forming of hair cracks and preventing stabilization o

4、f cement volume.</p><p>　　As a result, an increase in the cement particle size reduces the strength of the same</p><p>　　cement content and increasing the fineness of the cement will improve the

5、 workability,</p><p>　　cohesion, and durability with time and decrease the water moving upward to the</p><p>　　concrete surface.</p><p>　　Figure 4.1, from Neville’s book (1983), pre

6、sents the relation between concrete</p><p>　　strength and the concrete fineness at different ages. To perform this test, take a sample</p><p>　　of 50 g of cement and shake it in a closed glass b

7、ottle for two minutes and then</p><p>　　revolve the sample gently using dry bar. Put the sample in a closed bottle and leave</p><p>　　it for two minutes. Put the sample in 170 sieve (90 microns)

8、 and move it, shaking</p><p>　　the sieve horizontally and rotationally, then confirm finishing the sieve test when the</p><p>　　rate of passing cement particles is not more than 0.5 g/min during

9、 the sieve process.</p><p>　　Remove the fines carefully from the bottom of the sieve using a smooth brush. Then,</p><p>　　collect and weigh the remaining particles on the sieve (W1).</p>

10、<p>　　Repeat the same test with another sample. Then the residual weight for the second</p><p>　　test is obtained (W2). Calculate the values of the remaining samples through</p><p>　　R1 = (

11、W1/50) × 100</p><p>　　R2 = (W2/50) × 100</p><p>　　The ratio (R) is calculated by taking the average of R1 and R2 to the nearest 0.1%</p><p>　　and, in the case of deviating

12、 results of the two samples, more than 1%. Do the test a</p><p>　　third time and take the average of the three results.</p><p>　　You can accept or refuse the cement based on the following condit

13、ion:</p><p>　　For Portland cement t ? he R must not exceed than 10%.</p><p>　　? For rapid hardening Portland cement the R must not exceed 5%.</p><p>　　4.2.1.2 Initial and Final Sett

14、ing Times of Cement</p><p>　　Paste Using Vicat Apparatus</p><p>　　The objective of this test is to define the time for initial and final setting of the paste</p><p>　　of water and c

15、ement with standard consistency by using a Vicat apparatus and determine</p><p>　　whether the cement is expired or can be used.</p><p>　　The initial setting is the required time to set and after

16、 that concrete cannot be poured</p><p>　　or formed; the final setting time is the time required for the concrete to be hardened.</p><p>　　Vicat apparatus (Figure 4.2) consists of a carrier with

17、needle acting under a prescribed</p><p>　　weight. The parts move vertically without friction and are not subject to erosion</p><p>　　or corrosion. The paste mold is made from a metal or hard rub

18、ber or plastic like</p><p>　　a cut cone with depth of 40 ± 2 mm and the internal diameter of the upper face 70 ±</p><p>　　5 mm and lower face 80 ± 5 mm and provides a template of

19、glass or similar materials</p><p>　　in the softer surface. Its dimensions are greater than the dimensions of the mold.</p><p>　　The needle is used to determine the initial setting time in a stee

20、l cylinder with</p><p>　　effective length 50 ± 1 mm and diameter 1.13 ± 0.5 mm. The needle measuring time</p><p>　　is in the form of a cylinder with length of 30 ± 1 mm and diamet

21、er 1.13 ± 0.5 mm and</p><p>　　held by a 5 mm diameter ring at the free end to achieve distance between the end of</p><p>　　the needle and the ring of 0.5 mm.</p><p>　　The test

22、starts by taking a sample weighing about 400 g and placing it on an</p><p>　　impermeable surface and then adding 100 ml of water and recording zero measurement</p><p>　　from the time of adding w

23、ater to the cement and then mixing for 240 + 5 seconds</p><p>　　on the impermeable surface.</p><p>　　To determine the initial setting time and calibrate the device until the needle</p>&l

24、t;p>　　reaches the base of the mold, then adjust the measuring device to zero and return</p><p>　　needle to its original place.</p><p>　　Fill the mold with cement paste with standard consisten

25、cy and troll the surface,</p><p>　　then put the mold for a short time in a place that has the the temperature and humidity</p><p>　　required for the test.</p><p>　　Specific Surface

26、(Wagner)-m2/kg</p><p><b>　　365 days</b></p><p><b>　　90 days</b></p><p><b>　　28 days</b></p><p><b>　　7 days</b></p>

27、<p><b>　　20</b></p><p>　　150 200 250 300</p><p><b>　　30</b></p><p><b>　　40</b></p><p><b>　　50</b></p><

28、p>　　Compressive Strength, Mpa</p><p>　　Transfer the mold to the apparatus under the needle, and then make the needle</p><p>　　slowly approach the surface until it touches the paste’s surface,

29、 stop it in place for</p><p>　　a second or two seconds to avoid impact of primary speed, then allow the moving</p><p>　　parts to implement the needle vertically in the paste.</p><p>

30、;　　Grading depends on when the needle stops penetrating or after 30 seconds, whichever</p><p>　　is earlier, and indicates the distance between the mold base and the end of the</p><p>　　needle, a

31、s well as the time start from the zero level measurement.</p><p>　　Repeat the process of immersing the needle in the same paste in different locations</p><p>　　with the distance between the imme

32、rsing point and the edge of the mold or</p><p>　　between two immersing points not less 10 mm after about 10 minutes, and clean the</p><p>　　needle immediately after each test.</p><p&g

33、t;　　Record time is measured from zero up to 5 ± 1 mm from the base of the mold as</p><p>　　the initial setting time to the nearest 5 minutes. Ensuring the accuracy of measurement</p><p>　　o

34、f time between tests reduces embedment and the fluctuation of successive</p><p>　　tests. The needle is used to identify the final time of setting; follow the same steps</p><p>　　as in determinin

35、g time of initial setting and increase the period between embedment</p><p>　　tests to 30 minutes.</p><p>　　Record the time from zero measurement until embedment of the needle to a distance</p

36、><p>　　of 0.5 mm, which will be the final setting time. Control the impact of the</p><p>　　needle on the surface of the sample so the final setting time presents the effect of</p><p>　

37、　the needle. To enhance the test’s accuracy reduce the time between embedment tests</p><p>　　and examine the fluctuation of these successive tests. Record the final setting time</p><p>　　to the

38、nearest 5 mm.</p><p>　　According to the Egyptian specifications the initial setting time must not be less</p><p>　　than 45 minutes for all types of cement except the low heat cement, for which t

39、he</p><p>　　initial setting time must not be less 60 minutes. The final setting time must be shorter</p><p>　　than 10 hours for all types of cement.</p><p>　　4.2.1.3 D ensity of Cem

40、ent</p><p>　　The purpose of this test is to determine the density of cement by identifying the</p><p>　　weight and unit volume of the material by using the Le Chatelier density bottle. The</p

41、><p>　　determination of the cement density is essential for concrete mix design and to control</p><p>　　its quality. This test follows specifications of the American Society for Testing</p>

42、<p>　　and Materials, ASTM C188-84.</p><p>　　The Le Chatelier device is a standard round bottle. Its shape and dimensions are</p><p>　　shown in Figure 4.3. This bottle must have all the requ

43、ired dimensions, lengths, and</p><p>　　uniform degradation and accuracy.</p><p>　　The glass that is used in the Le Chatelier bottle must be of high quality and free</p><p>　　from an

44、y defects. It should not interact with chemicals and have high resistance to</p><p>　　heat and appropriate thickness to have a high resistance to crushing. Measurements</p><p>　　start at the bot

45、tle’s neck and go from zero to 1 mL and from 18 to 24 mL with accuracy</p><p>　　to 0.1 mL. Each bottle must have a number to distinguish it from any other.</p><p>　　Write on the bottle the stand

46、ard temperature and the capacity in millimeters over the</p><p>　　highest point of grading.</p><p>　　Processed sample cement weighing about 64 g to the nearest 0.05 g must be</p><p>

47、;<b>　　tested.</b></p><p>　　Fill the bottle with kerosene free from water and oil whose density is at least 62</p><p>　　API. Up to point gradations between zero and 1 mL, dry the inne

48、r surface of the</p><p>　　bottle at the highest level of kerosene if necessary, and use rubber on the surface of</p><p>　　the table used for the test when filling the bottle.</p><p>

49、;　　The bottle, which is filled with kerosene, is placed in a water bath and the first</p><p>　　reading to kerosene level is recorded. To record the first reading correctly install the</p><p>　　b

50、ottle in the water bath vertically. Put a cement sample weighing 64 g with accuracy</p><p>　　to 0.05 g inside the bottle with small batches at the same temperature of kerosene,</p><p>　　taking i

51、nto account when putting the cement inside the bottle to avoid cement dropping</p><p>　　out or its adhesion on the internal surfaces of the bottle at the highest level. The</p><p>　　bottle can b

52、e placed on the vibrating machine when putting the cement inside the</p><p>　　bottle to expedite the process and prevent adhesion of granulated cement with the</p><p>　　internal surfaces of the

53、bottle.</p><p>　　After laying the cement inside the bottle, put a cap on the bottle mouth and then</p><p>　　spin diagonally on the surface so as to expel the air between the granules of cement,&

54、lt;/p><p>　　and continue moving the bottle until the emergence of air bubbles stops from the</p><p>　　kerosene surface inside the bottle.</p><p>　　Put the bottle in the water bath and

55、then take the final reading, and record the</p><p>　　reading at the lower surface of kerosene so as to avoid the impact of surface tension.</p><p>　　For the first and final readings, make sure t

56、hat the bottle is placed in a water bath</p><p>　　with constant temperature for a period not to exceed the difference in temperature</p><p>　　between the first and final readings of about 0.2

57、76;C.</p><p>　　The difference between the first and final reading is the volume of the moving</p><p>　　liquid by the cement sample.</p><p>　　The volume of the moving liquid = final

58、reading – first reading</p><p>　　4.2.1.4 D efine Cement Fineness by Using Blaine Apparatus</p><p>　　This test is used to determine the surface area by comparing the test sample with the</p>

59、;<p>　　specific reference. The greater surface area increases the speed of concrete hardening</p><p>　　and obtains early strength. This test determines the acceptance of the cement.</p><p&g

60、t;　　There are many tests to define cement fineness and one is a Blaine apparatus as</p><p>　　stated in many codes such as the Egyptian code.</p><p>　　This test depends on calculating the surface

61、 area by comparing the sample test and</p><p>　　the reference sample using a Blaine apparatus to determine the time required to pass</p><p>　　a definite quantity of air inside a cement layer wit

62、h defined dimensions and porosity.</p><p>　　A Blaine apparatus is shown in Figure 4.4. The first step in testing is to determine</p><p>　　the volume of the cement layer using mercury in the ring

63、 device of the Blaine apparatus.</p><p>　　Cement is then added and by knowing the weight of the cement before and</p><p>　　after adding it as well as the mercury density, the volume of the cemen

64、t layer can be</p><p>　　calculated.</p><p>　　V = W1 – W2/Dm</p><p><b>　　where</b></p><p>　　V is the volume of cement layer, cm3.</p><p>　　Fi gu

65、re 4.4 Blaine apparatus.</p><p>　　Concrete Materials and Tests 111</p><p>　　W1 is the weight of mercury in grams that fills the device to nearest (0.0 g).</p><p>　　W2 is the weight

66、of mercury in grams that fills the device to nearest (0.0 g).</p><p>　　Dm is the density of the mercury (g/cm3). From tables, define the mercury density</p><p>　　at the average temperature of th

67、e test by using the manometer in the Blaine</p><p>　　apparatus.</p><p>　　From the previous equation:</p><p>　　Sr is the reference cement surface area, (cm2/g).</p><p>　

68、　Dr is the reference cement density (g/cm3).</p><p>　　Pr is the porosity of the cement layer.</p><p>　　Ir is the air visciosity in the average temperature for reference cement test.</p>&

69、lt;p>　　Tr is the average time required for the manometer liquid to settle in two marks</p><p>　　to nearest 0.2 sec.</p><p>　　K is the Blaine apparatus constant factor defined by the previous

70、equation by</p><p>　　knowing the time needed to pass the air in the sample.</p><p>　　To retest the sample, we calculate its surface area by using the following</p><p><b>　　equ

71、ation:</b></p><p>　　Sc = Sr(Dr/Dc) *(Tc/Tr)^0.5</p><p>　　According to the Egyptian code, the acceptance and refusal of cement is based on</p><p>　　limites shown in Table 4.2.&

72、lt;/p><p><b>　　Table 4.2</b></p><p>　　Cement Fineness Acceptance and</p><p>　　Refusal Limits</p><p>　　Cement Types</p><p>　　Cement Fineness Not Le

73、ss</p><p>　　Than cm2/gm</p><p>　　Ordinary Portland 2750</p><p>　　Rapid hardening Portland 3500</p><p>　　Sulfate resistant Portland 2800</p><p>　　Low heat P

74、ortland 2800</p><p>　　White Portland 2700</p><p>　　Mixing sand Portland 3000</p><p>　　4100 fineness 4100</p><p>　　Slag Portland 2500</p><p>　　4.2.1.5 C omp

75、ressive Strength of Cement Mortars</p><p>　　The cement mortar compressive strength test is performed using standard cubes</p><p>　　of cement mortar mixed manually and compacted mechanically usin

76、g a standard</p><p>　　vibrating machine. This test is considered a refusal or acceptance determination.</p><p>　　Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of concrete. The<

77、/p><p>　　concrete gains its compressive strength from cement paste as a result of the interaction</p><p>　　between the cement and water added to the mix. So it is critical to make sure that</p&g

78、t;<p>　　the cement used is the appropriate compressive strength. This test should be done to</p><p>　　all types of cement.</p><p>　　Needed for the test are stainless steel sieves with sta

79、ndard square holes opened</p><p>　　850 or 650 microns. Stainless steel does not react with cement and weighs 210 g.</p><p>　　The vibrating machine has a weight of about 29 kg and the speed of vi

80、bration is</p><p>　　about 12,000 vertical vibrations + 400 RPM and the moment of vibrating column is</p><p>　　0.016 N.m.</p><p>　　The mold of the test is a cube 70.7 ± 1 mm, th

81、e surface area for each surface is</p><p>　　500 mm2, the acceptable tolerance in leveling is about 0.03 mm, and the tolerance</p><p>　　between paralleling for each face is about 0.06 mm.</p&g

82、t;<p>　　The mold is manufactured from materials that will not react with the cement mortar,</p><p>　　and the base of the mold is made from steel that can prevent leaks of the mortar</p><p&g

83、t;　　or water from the mold. The base is matched with the vibrating machine.</p><p>　　The sand should contain a percentage of silica not less than 90% by weight and</p><p>　　must be washed and dr

84、ied very well. Moreover, the humidity of the sand must not be</p><p>　　more than 0.1% by weight for it to pass through a sieve with openings of 850 microns,</p><p>　　and for it to pass through t

85、he standard sieve size of 600 microns it should not have</p><p>　　more than 10% humidity by weight (Tables 4.3 and 4.4).</p><p>　　After performing the tests, the standard cubes will be crushed w

86、ithin one day,</p><p>　　which is about 24 ± 0.5 hours, and three days in the limits of 72 ± 1 hour, and after</p><p>　　seven days within 168 ± 1 hour, and after 28 days within 672

87、 ± 1 hour.</p><p>　　Table 4.5 illustrates the limits of acceptance and rejection according to the cement</p><p>　　mortar compressive strength. Note from the table that there is more than on

88、e type</p><p>　　of high-alumina cement as the types vary according to the percentage of oxide alumina.</p><p>　　The compressive strength after 28 days will not be considered accepted or</p>

89、;<p>　　rejected unless clearly stated in the contract between the supplier and the client</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┩馕脑姆g</b></p><p>　　4.2.1.1水泥試驗篩170號</p><p>　　水泥的優(yōu)質(zhì)一般影響混凝

90、土行業(yè)的質(zhì)量。一個大的水泥顆粒不能完全與水反應(yīng)，水不能達(dá)到在水泥顆粒余下的核心。通過水傳播的水泥顆粒，然后開始脫水，從而導(dǎo)致溫度上升，這是對裂縫的形成和防止頭發(fā)水泥體積穩(wěn)定性的主要原因。</p><p>　　因此，在水泥顆粒大小的增加而減少內(nèi)容相同的水泥強(qiáng)度和提高水泥的優(yōu)質(zhì)將提高可加工的碳黑、 凝聚力和與時俱進(jìn)的耐久性和減少向上移動到混凝土表面的水。</p><p>　　從內(nèi)維爾的書 （1

91、983 年），提供了不同年齡段混凝土強(qiáng)度與混凝土的優(yōu)質(zhì)的關(guān)系。要執(zhí)行此測試、 采取50克簡易的水泥和搖晃它在封閉的玻璃瓶兩分鐘的然后旋轉(zhuǎn)輕輕地使用干欄的示例。在一個封閉的瓶子放在樣品和離開兩分鐘。把170個篩（90微米）樣本，并將其移動，震動篩水平和旋轉(zhuǎn)，然后合適的完成篩試驗時，水泥顆粒合格率不超過0.5克/分鐘的過程中篩。小心取出電刺激從使用順利刷篩底部。 然后，收集和打壓篩（W1的）其余顆粒。與其他樣本重復(fù)同樣的測試。然后，第二個

92、測試殘余重量獲得（W2）的。其余樣本計算值通過</p><p>　　R1 = (W1/50) × 100</p><p>　　R2 = (W2/50) × 100</p><p>　　(R) 比率的計算到最近的 0.1 和偏差的結(jié)果的兩個樣本，比 1 的情況下采取 R1、 R2 的平均值。做第三次試驗，并采取三種結(jié)果的平均值。</p>

93、<p>　　您可以接受或拒絕基于以下條件水泥： </p><p>　　?硅酸鹽水泥的R不得超過10%</p><p>　　?對于快硬硅酸鹽水泥的R不得超過5%</p><p>　　4.2.1.2 最初和最后的設(shè)置時間的水泥粘貼維卡儀</p><p>　　此測試的目的是一對多的水和水泥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一致性與粘貼的初始和最初設(shè)置的時間使

94、用維卡儀和遏制煤礦水泥是否已過期，或者可以使用。</p><p>　　初始設(shè)置為所需的時間，來設(shè)置和后，不能澆混凝土或組成;最初置時要硬化混凝土所需的時間。</p><p>　　維卡儀 （圖 4.2） 包括承運(yùn)人行事前的傳播學(xué)重量的針。部分垂直移動無摩擦和不受選舉登記主任高精度或腐蝕。粘貼模具由金屬或硬質(zhì)橡膠或塑料像切錐深度為 40 ± 2 毫米和上游的內(nèi)徑面對 70 ±

95、; 5 毫米和較低的臉 80 ± 5mm，并提供了一個模板的玻璃或類似材料在柔軟的表面。模具的尺寸大于其尺寸。</p><p>　　針用于確定初始設(shè)置時間在鋼瓶的有效長度 50 ± 1 毫米和直徑 1.13 ± 0.5 毫米。測量時間的針是缸體長度為 30 ± 1 毫米和直徑 1.13 ± 0.5 毫米和舉行的自由端實現(xiàn)針的結(jié)束和為 0.5 mm的環(huán)之間的距離在

96、5 毫米直徑環(huán)。</p><p>　　在測試開始，采取了樣品重量約400克，放在不透水表面，然后加水100毫升和記錄從水泥加水時間為零測量和240混合，然后加5秒鐘不透水表面上。</p><p>　　確定初始設(shè)置時間和校準(zhǔn)設(shè)備，直到達(dá)到針的模具的基礎(chǔ)，然后調(diào)整至零，并返回到其原始位置的針的測量設(shè)備。</p><p>　　填充水泥模具粘貼有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一致性和巨魔表面，然后

97、把一個地方，已一段短時間的模具的溫度和潮濕人體所需的測試。</p><p><b>　　混凝土材料和測試</b></p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)移到下針，器具的模具，再慢慢接近表面，直到它牽涉到粘貼的表面，停止它在第二次或兩秒鐘的地方，避免影響的主要的速度，然后允許粘貼在垂直實施針運(yùn)動部件的針。</p><p>　　分級取決于什么時候停針穿透或30秒后

98、，它的一次較早，并指出之間的模具基地和針底的距離，以及從零級測量時間的開始。</p><p>　　重復(fù)此過程，浸泡針在同一粘貼在不同失水回答了沉浸式的點(diǎn)和邊緣的模具之間或兩個沉浸式點(diǎn)約 10 分鐘后不得少于 10 毫米之間的距離每次測試后立即清洗針。</p><p>　　記錄時間被指從達(dá) 5 ± 1 毫米的模具基地從零作為初始設(shè)置時間在最近的 5 分鐘。確保措施面向測試之間的時間

99、的準(zhǔn)確性，減少了埋和連續(xù)測試的基礎(chǔ)。針用于標(biāo)識最初時間的設(shè)置 ；按照相同的步驟，以確定時間的初始設(shè)置和增加 30 分鐘埋測試之間的時間段。</p><p>　　先進(jìn)材料和技術(shù)的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　記錄從零測量時間埋針凹槽的 0.5 毫米，直到將會最初設(shè)置時間?？刂票砻娴臉悠丰樀挠绊?，所以最初設(shè)置時間呈現(xiàn)針的效果。若要提高測試的準(zhǔn)確性減少埋測試之間的時間，并檢查這些連續(xù)測試的

100、基礎(chǔ)。記錄最近的 5 毫米最初設(shè)置時間。</p><p>　　根據(jù)埃及的詳細(xì)說明初始設(shè)置時間不得少于 45 分鐘為所有類型的水泥低熱水泥、 初始設(shè)置時間必須是少于60分鐘除外。最初設(shè)置時間必須少于 10小時，為所有類型的水泥。</p><p>　　4.2.1.3水泥的密度</p><p>　　本測試的目的是材料的通過使用勒判斷失敗密度瓶標(biāo)識的重量和單位體積確定水泥的

101、密度。水泥密度測定至關(guān)重要的混凝土配合比設(shè)計和控制其質(zhì)量。此測試的測試和材料遵循美國社會的ASTM C188- 84詳細(xì)說明。</p><p>　　勒判斷失敗設(shè)備是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的圓瓶。其形狀和尺寸如圖 4.3 所示。這瓶必須有所有所需的尺寸、 長度和均勻的退化和精度。</p><p>　　用于判斷失敗勒瓶里的玻璃必須的高質(zhì)量并無任何缺陷。它不應(yīng)與化學(xué)品進(jìn)行交互，并具有高抗熱和適當(dāng)?shù)暮穸?，有高?/p>

102、抗破碎。測量在瓶頸開始，并從零到 1 毫升，18 至 24 毫升與文化中心-0.1 毫升，生動。每個瓶子必須有一個數(shù)字來區(qū)別于其他任何。寫在瓶子上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度和能力以毫米為單位評分最高點(diǎn)上方。必須測試處理的示例水泥重量約 64 克至最接近的 0.05 克。</p><p>　　把瓶子裝滿煤油無水和油的密度是至少 62 API。達(dá)點(diǎn) 0 和 1 之間的漸變毫升，干內(nèi)表面在最高的級別，如有必要，煤油的瓶子和使用橡膠表面

103、的表，用于測試時下降瓶子。</p><p>　　瓶子，這是用煤油的支撐，放在水浴和記錄讀到煤油水平第。若要記錄第閱讀正確瓶水浴中垂直安裝。把煤油，考慮時把瓶里的水泥，以免水泥-平出或其粘附的最高一級的瓶內(nèi)表面上的溫度相同的精度與小批量的瓶內(nèi) 0.05 克重 64 g 水泥樣品。瓶子時，把加快進(jìn)程，并防止內(nèi)部表面的瓶子調(diào)粒水泥的粘連瓶里的水泥，可以將它們放在振動的計算機(jī)上。</p><p>

104、　　鋪設(shè)后的瓶子里的水泥，把對瓶口，然后在表面上對角旋轉(zhuǎn)，以驅(qū)逐水泥顆粒之間的空氣，并繼續(xù)從煤油表面移動，直到出現(xiàn)氣泡停止瓶里面的瓶子。 </p><p><b>　　混凝土材料和測試</b></p><p>　　把瓶子放水浴中采取首次閱讀，然后記錄下表面，以免影響的表面張力的煤油在閱讀。首先最初讀數(shù)，對于確保瓶子放水浴恒溫時間不能超過溫度差異和最初讀數(shù)的約 0.2

105、C。</p><p>　　首次和最初閱讀之間的區(qū)別是由水泥試樣的移動液體的體積。</p><p>　　移動的液體的體積 = 最初讀數(shù)—第一次讀數(shù)</p><p>　　轉(zhuǎn)移到下針，器具的模具，再慢慢接近表面，直到它牽涉到粘貼的表面，停止它在第二次或兩秒鐘的地方，避免影響的主要的速度，然后允許粘貼在垂直實施針運(yùn)動部件的針。</p><p>　　當(dāng)

106、針扎分級取決于停止?jié)B透或30秒后,這曾經(jīng)是得越早,而且表明模座之間的距離和針的盡頭,以及時代的開始從零的液位測量。</p><p>　　重復(fù)浸泡在不同的存儲器地址的范圍相同的粘貼與點(diǎn)之間的浸泡和模具的邊緣，或浸泡在兩個點(diǎn)不少于10毫米的距離約10分鐘后，針過程中，清潔后立即針測試。 </p><p>　　記錄時間是從零到5 ± 1毫米的作為初凝時間5分鐘到最近的模具基地。確保測

107、量的精度測試之間的時間縮短彪嵌入和連續(xù)測試的基礎(chǔ)。該針是用來標(biāo)識設(shè)置最初時間;遵循在確定初凝時間相同的步驟，增加測試之間嵌入至30分鐘。</p><p>　　先進(jìn)材料和鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)</p><p>　　記錄從零測量時間埋針凹槽的 0.5 毫米，直到將會設(shè)置最初時間?？刂票砻娴臉悠丰樀挠绊?，所以最初設(shè)置時間呈現(xiàn)針的效果。若要提高測試的準(zhǔn)確性減少埋測試之間的時間，并檢查這些連續(xù)測試的基礎(chǔ)

108、。記錄最近的 5 毫米最初的設(shè)置時間。</p><p>　　根據(jù)埃及的具體說明初始設(shè)置時間不得少于 45 分鐘為所有類型的水泥低熱水泥、 初始設(shè)置時間必須是少 60 分鐘除外。最初設(shè)置時間必須少于 10 小時，為所有類型的水泥。</p><p>　　4.2.1.4利用水泥細(xì)度定義布萊恩裝置</p><p>　　這個測試是用來確定它的表面積通過對比測試樣品的</

109、p><p>　　具體的參考。更大的表面積增加混凝土硬化的速度</p><p>　　并獲得了早期強(qiáng)度。這個測試確定了驗收的水泥。</p><p>　　有許多測試,以確定水泥細(xì)度、一個是布萊恩儀器</p><p><b>　　比如埃及的代碼。</b></p><p>　　這個測試取決于計算表面積和樣機(jī)試驗

110、的比較</p><p>　　參考樣本使用布萊恩儀器來確定所需要的時間,同時會通過</p><p>　　一個明確數(shù)量的水泥層內(nèi)空氣來定義尺寸和孔隙度。</p><p>　　一個布萊恩儀器如圖4.4。在測試中來確定它的</p><p>　　體積然后水泥層利用汞在環(huán)裝置的布萊恩裝置。</p><p>　　然后補(bǔ)充說明,水泥是