外文翻譯---帶有只讀存儲(chǔ)器的單片機(jī)集成電路

1、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　帶有只讀存儲(chǔ)器的單片機(jī)集成電路</p><p>　　單片機(jī)集成電路包含一個(gè)處理器內(nèi)核，它至少通過(guò)一種數(shù)據(jù)處理或存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備來(lái)交換數(shù)據(jù)，集成電路包含一個(gè)只讀掩模存儲(chǔ)器，其中像測(cè)試程序一樣的通用程序能被單片機(jī)執(zhí)行。這種通用程序具有將數(shù)據(jù)寫(xiě)到數(shù)據(jù)處理和，或存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備的基本功能，寫(xiě)入功能用于裝載程序，因?yàn)檠b載程序并非

2、永久地存儲(chǔ)在只讀存儲(chǔ)器重，所以可對(duì)單片機(jī)進(jìn)行測(cè)試，而與應(yīng)用程序無(wú)關(guān)，并保持系統(tǒng)中能用的存儲(chǔ)器元件為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類(lèi)型。</p><p>　　在微處理器系統(tǒng)中，處理是由微處理器本身完成的。存儲(chǔ)是利用存儲(chǔ)器電路，而進(jìn)入和出自系統(tǒng)的信息傳輸則是利用特定的輸入/輸出（I/O）電路。要在一個(gè)微處理器化時(shí)鐘中找出執(zhí)行計(jì)數(shù)功能的一個(gè)特殊硬件是不可能的，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器中，而在固定的時(shí)間間隔下由微處理器控制增值。但是，規(guī)定系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程

3、的軟件包含實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)數(shù)器功能的單元。由于系統(tǒng)幾乎完全由軟件所定義，所以對(duì)微處理器結(jié)構(gòu)和其輔助電路這種看起來(lái)非常抽象的處理方法使其在應(yīng)用時(shí)非常靈活。這種設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程主要是軟件工程，而且在生產(chǎn)軟件時(shí)，就會(huì)遇到產(chǎn)生于常規(guī)工程中相似的構(gòu)造和維護(hù)問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　微計(jì)算機(jī)常使用RAM（隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器），在RAM中數(shù)據(jù)可被寫(xiě)入，并且在需要時(shí)可被再次讀出。這種數(shù)據(jù)能以任一所希望的次序從存儲(chǔ)器中讀出，不必按寫(xiě)入時(shí)的相同次序，所

4、以有“隨機(jī)”存取存儲(chǔ)器。另一類(lèi)型ROM（只讀存儲(chǔ)器）用來(lái)保持不受微處理器影響的固定的信息標(biāo)本；這些標(biāo)本在電源切斷后不會(huì)丟失，并通常用來(lái)保存規(guī)定微處理器化系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)程的程序。ROM可像RAM一樣被讀取，但與RAM不一樣的是不能用來(lái)存儲(chǔ)可變的信息。有些ROM在制造時(shí)將其數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)本放入，而另外的則可通過(guò)特殊的設(shè)備由用戶(hù)編程，所以稱(chēng)為可編程ROM。被廣泛使用的可編程ROM可利用特殊紫外線(xiàn)燈察除，并被成為E</p><p>

5、;　　PROM，即可察除可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器的縮寫(xiě)。另有新類(lèi)型的期器件不必用紫外線(xiàn)燈而用電察除，所以稱(chēng)為電可察除可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器EEPROM。</p><p>　　微處理器在程序控制下處理數(shù)據(jù)，并控制流向和來(lái)自存儲(chǔ)器和輸入/輸出裝置的信息流。有些輸入/輸出裝置是通用型的，而另外一些則是設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)控制如磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的特殊硬件，或控制傳給其他計(jì)算機(jī)的信息傳輸。大多數(shù)類(lèi)型的I/O裝置在某種程度下可編程，允許不同形式的操作，而有些

6、則包含特殊用途微處理器的I/O裝置不用主微處理器的直接干預(yù)，就可實(shí)施非常復(fù)雜的操作。</p><p>　　微計(jì)算機(jī)的另一主要工程應(yīng)用是在過(guò)程控制中。這是，由于裝置是按特定的應(yīng)用情況由微機(jī)編程實(shí)現(xiàn)的，對(duì)用戶(hù)來(lái)說(shuō)微計(jì)算機(jī)的存在通常就更加明顯。在過(guò)程控制應(yīng)用中，由于這種設(shè)備以較少的數(shù)量生產(chǎn)，將整個(gè)系統(tǒng)安裝在單個(gè)芯片上所獲取的利益常比不上所涉及的高設(shè)計(jì)成本。而且，過(guò)程控制器通常更為復(fù)雜，所以要將他們做成單獨(dú)的集成電路就更

7、為困難。可采用兩種處理，將控制器做成一種通用的微計(jì)算機(jī)，正像較強(qiáng)版本的業(yè)余計(jì)算機(jī)那樣；或者做成“包裹”式系統(tǒng)，按照像電磁繼電器那樣的較老式的技術(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，來(lái)取代控制器。對(duì)前一種情況，系統(tǒng)可以用常規(guī)的編程語(yǔ)言來(lái)編程，正如以后要介紹的語(yǔ)言那樣；而另一種情況，可采用特殊用途的語(yǔ)言，例如那種使控制器功能按照繼電器相互連接的方法進(jìn)行描述。兩種情況下，序均能存于RAM，這讓程序能按應(yīng)用情況變化時(shí)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化，但是這使得總系統(tǒng)易受掉電影響而工作不正

8、常，除非使用電池保證供電連續(xù)性。另一種選擇是將程序在ROM中，這樣他們就變成電子“硬件”的一部分并常被稱(chēng)為“固件”。 </p><p>　　準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)發(fā)明涉及單片機(jī)集成電路，單片機(jī)通常是包含一臺(tái)“計(jì)算機(jī)”的全部或大部分元件的大規(guī)模集成電路，其功能不是預(yù)先確定的，而是取決于它執(zhí)行程序。</p><p>　　一臺(tái)單片機(jī)必然包含一個(gè) 含有命令時(shí)序發(fā)生器（即根據(jù)程序的指令分配各種控制信號(hào)到其

9、他元件的裝置）的處理器內(nèi)核，一個(gè)算數(shù)邏輯單元（用來(lái)處理數(shù)據(jù)）和寄存器（即特殊的存儲(chǔ)單元）。</p><p>　　然而，“計(jì)算機(jī)”的其他單元對(duì)單片機(jī)而言或是內(nèi)部的，或是外部的。換言之，其他元件就集成到單片機(jī)或輔助電路中。</p><p>　　“計(jì)算機(jī) ”的這些其他元件是數(shù)據(jù)處理或存儲(chǔ)裝置，例如包含待執(zhí)行的只讀或隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器，時(shí)鐘和接口（串行或并行）。</p><p>　

10、　基于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)通常包含一個(gè)含有單片機(jī)的芯片和許多含有外部數(shù)據(jù)處理和，或存儲(chǔ)器的芯片，這些芯片沒(méi)有集成在單片機(jī)中，例如，這種基于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)印刷電路板，上面安裝著單片機(jī)和其他元件。</p><p>　　決定單片機(jī)所有操作的是應(yīng)程序，即由單片機(jī)執(zhí)行的程序，因此，每個(gè)應(yīng)用程序都是針對(duì)待定的應(yīng)用的。</p><p>　　在多數(shù)現(xiàn)實(shí)應(yīng)用中，由于應(yīng)用程序太大，單片機(jī)無(wú)法存儲(chǔ)，因此就存

11、儲(chǔ)在單片機(jī)的外部存儲(chǔ)器中，這種只讀處而不能寫(xiě)入的程序存儲(chǔ)器通常就是可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用程序在寫(xiě)入到存儲(chǔ)器中后就開(kāi)始執(zhí)行，以便由單片機(jī)來(lái)執(zhí)行，單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)有可能不會(huì)像預(yù)期的那樣工作。</p><p>　　在最不順的情況下，這只是系統(tǒng)的下故障，單片機(jī)仍然能夠通過(guò)串行或并行口與測(cè)試設(shè)備對(duì)話(huà)，測(cè)試設(shè)備就能夠確定問(wèn)題的性質(zhì)，并準(zhǔn)確的指出校正的類(lèi)型（軟件和硬件），將其應(yīng)用到系統(tǒng)上

12、，以便正確操作。</p><p>　　遺憾的是，基于單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的多次故障導(dǎo)致整個(gè)系統(tǒng)死鎖，阻止了任何與測(cè)試設(shè)備的對(duì)話(huà)，這樣就不能確定錯(cuò)誤類(lèi)型時(shí)硬件錯(cuò)誤（單片機(jī)本身，外部只讀存儲(chǔ)器，外圍設(shè)備，總線(xiàn)等）還是軟件錯(cuò)誤（應(yīng)用程序的錯(cuò)誤），在系統(tǒng)死鎖的情況下，采用的故障分析方法通常是以使用精密儀器設(shè)備為基礎(chǔ)，因此要求將探測(cè)儀連接到處于測(cè)試中的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的各種集成電路的管腳上。</p><p>　　采

13、用測(cè)試設(shè)備對(duì)于單片機(jī)的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行故障診斷，其相關(guān)問(wèn)題還有很多。由于電路體積小，布線(xiàn)密集，而測(cè)試設(shè)備中使用的探針容易損壞，用起來(lái)很麻煩，就可能與電路接觸不好。</p><p>　　此外由于成本高，這些測(cè)試設(shè)備不是批量生產(chǎn)。結(jié)果，出故障的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)就不能直接及時(shí)修復(fù)，不管它們此時(shí)安裝在何處，首先必須送到有測(cè)試設(shè)備的地方。單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的這種故障診斷即費(fèi)時(shí)又麻煩，成本也高。</p><p>　　在改變

14、系統(tǒng)中單片機(jī)執(zhí)行的應(yīng)用程序時(shí)，為了避免直接在單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)上進(jìn)行操作，常規(guī)的做法是用可下載的只讀存儲(chǔ)器來(lái)存儲(chǔ)應(yīng)用程序，即寫(xiě)入到單片機(jī)掩模ROM中的裝載程序，單片機(jī)的掩模ROM集成到單片機(jī)中，并在生產(chǎn)單片機(jī)時(shí)一次性編程寫(xiě)入。</p><p>　　為了改變應(yīng)用程序，單片機(jī)通過(guò)運(yùn)用裝載程序而重置，這個(gè)裝載程序能通過(guò)合適的傳輸線(xiàn)與連接到單片機(jī)的工作站通信，而工作站提供寫(xiě)入到單片機(jī)的新的應(yīng)用程序，裝載程序接受新的應(yīng)用程序并存儲(chǔ)

15、到單片機(jī)的外部ROM中。</p><p>　　盡管這種方法避免了對(duì)單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的直接操作（這需要從系統(tǒng)中取出包含應(yīng)用程序的可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器，并用合適的編程設(shè)備將新的應(yīng)用程序?qū)戇M(jìn)存儲(chǔ)器，然后換到系統(tǒng)中），但是它仍然有一個(gè)較大的缺點(diǎn)，即在生產(chǎn)中對(duì)單片機(jī)的特殊處理。</p><p>　　由于編程參數(shù)（編程電壓，外加電壓的持續(xù)時(shí)間等）隨著采用的技術(shù)而變化，每一種可編程存儲(chǔ)器以對(duì)應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)載程序密切相關(guān)，

16、裝載程序一次性寫(xiě)進(jìn)單片機(jī)內(nèi)部的掩模存儲(chǔ)器中，存儲(chǔ)器因而就限制為裝載程序要寫(xiě)入的存儲(chǔ)器類(lèi)型。換而言之，單片機(jī)不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器件，這就增加了生產(chǎn)成本。</p><p>　　這一發(fā)明就是為了克服先前技術(shù)的各種缺點(diǎn)。準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō)改發(fā)明的目的就是要提供一種單片機(jī)產(chǎn)品，以便快速、簡(jiǎn)單、可靠、低成本地驗(yàn)證單片機(jī)的操作。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的另一個(gè)目的是提供一種單片機(jī)芯片，在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，可以借助于單片

17、機(jī)準(zhǔn)確地定位系統(tǒng)中失效的器件。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的更高目的是提供一種單片機(jī)芯片，在系統(tǒng)中能使用的存儲(chǔ)器為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類(lèi)型時(shí)，不用直接對(duì)單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行操作就可改變應(yīng)用程序。</p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Microcontroller Integrated Circuit with Read Only M

18、emory</p><p>　　Microcontroller integrated circuit comprises a processor core which exchanges data with at least one data processing and storage device. The integrated circuit comprises a mash-programmed read

19、 only memory containing a generic program such as a test program which can be executed by the microcontroller. The genetic program includes a basic function for writing data into the data progressing or storage device or

20、 devices .The write function is used to load a downloading program. Because a downloadin</p><p>　　In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage w

21、ill be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware

22、 which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. H</p><p>　　Microcomputers use RAM (Ra

23、ndom Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was

24、 written, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when

25、 power is removed and are normally</p><p>　　The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/out

26、put devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable

27、to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to</p><p>　　Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. H

28、ere the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits

29、 lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers</p><p>

30、;　　To be more precise ,the invention concerns a microcontroller integrated circuit .A microcontroller is usually a VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) integrated circuit containing all or most of the components of a “comp

31、uter”. Its function is not predefined but depends on the program that it executes.</p><p>　　A microcontroller necessarily comprises a processor core including a command sequence (which is a device distributi

32、ng various control signals to the instructions of a program),an arithmetic and logic unit (for processing the data) and registers(which are specialized memory units).</p><p>　　The other components of the “co

33、mputer” can be either internal or external to the microcontroller, however, In other words ,the other component are integrated into either the microcontroller or auxiliary circuits.</p><p>　　These other comp

34、onents of the “computer” are data processing and storage devices, for example read only or random access memory containing the program to be executed, clocks and interfaces(serial or parallel).</p><p>　　As a

35、 general rule ,a system based on a microcontroller therefore comprises a microchip containing the microcontroller, and a plurality of microchips containing the external data processing and storage devices which are not i

36、ntegrated into the microcontroller. A microcontroller-based system of this kind comprises, for example, one or more printed circuit boards on which the microcontroller and the other components are mounted.</p><

37、;p>　　It is the application program, I, e, the program which is executed by the microcontroller, which determines the overall operation of the microcontroller system.</p><p>　　Each application program is t

38、herefore specific to a separate application.</p><p>　　In most current application the application program is too large to be held in the microcontroller and is therefore stored in a memory external to the mi

39、crocontroller, This program memory, which has only to be read , not written, is generally a reprogrammable read only memory(REPROM).</p><p>　　After the application program has been programmed in memory and t

40、hen started in order to be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller system may not function a expected.</p><p>　　In the last unfavorable situation this is a minor dysfunction of the system and th

41、e microcontroller is still able to dialog with a test station via a serial or parallel interface, This test station is then able to determin the nature of the problem and indicates precisely the type of correction(softw

42、are and physical) to be applied to the system foe it to operate correctly.</p><p>　　Unfortunately, most dysfunctions of microcontroller-based system result in a total system lock-up, preventing any dialog wi

43、th a test station. It is then impossible to determine the type of fault,i,e.whether it is a physical fault(in the microcontroller itself,in an external read only memory, in a peripheral device,on a bus,etc ) or a softwar

44、e fault( I,e. an error in the application program). The troubleshooting technique usually employed in these cases of total lock-up is based on the use of sop</p><p>　　There are various problem associated wit

45、h the use of such test devices for troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system. The probes used in these test devices are very fragile, difficult to apply because of the small size of the circuit and their close packi

46、ng,and may not make good contact with the circuit.</p><p>　　Also, because of their high cost, these test devices are not mass produced. Consequently, faulty microcontroller-based systems can not be repaired

47、immediately, wherever they happen to be located at the time, but must first be returned to a place where a test device is available. Troubleshooting a microcontroller-based system in this way is time-consuming, irksome a

48、nd costly.</p><p>　　To avoid the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system each time the application program executed by the microcontroller of the system is changed, it is standard practice

49、 to use a downloadable read only memory to store the application program, a loading program being written into a mask-programmed read only memory of the microcontroller, The mask-programmed read only memory of the microc

50、ontroller is integrated into the microcontroller and programmed once and for all during manuf</p><p>　　To change the application program the microcontroller is reset by running the downloading program. This

51、downloading program can then communicate with a workstation connected to the microcontroller by an appropriate transmission line, this workstation the new application program to be written into the microcontroller, The d

52、ownloading program receives the new application program and loads it into a read only memory external to the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Although this solution avoids the need for direct action on the microcon

53、troller=based system (which would entail removing from the system the reprogrammable read only memories containing the application program, writing into these memories the new application program using an appropriate pro

54、gramming device and then replacing them in the system), it nevertheless has a major drawback, namely specialization of the microcontroller during manufacture.</p><p>　　Each type of reprogrammable memory is a

55、ssociated with a different downloading program because the programming parameters (voltage to be applied, duration for which the voltage is to be applied) vary with the technology employed, The downloading program is wri

56、tten once and for all into the mask-programmed internal memory of the microcontroller and the latter is therefore restricted to using memory components of the type for which this downloading program was written. In other

57、 words,the microcontr</p><p>　　One object of the invention is to overcome these various drawbacks of the prior art, To be more precise, an object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller circuit whic

58、h can verify quickly, simply, reliably and at low cost the operation of a system based on the microcontroller.</p><p>　　Another object of the invention is to provide a microcontroller integrated circuit whic

59、h can accurately locate the defective component or components of a system using the microcontroller in the event of dysfunction of the system.</p><p>　　A further object of the invention is to provide a micro

60、controller integrated circuit which avoids the need for direct action on the microcontroller-based system to change the application program, whilst remaining standard as regards the type of memory component with which it