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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1.3.1ArbitrarinessArbitrariness

2、referstothefactthatthefmsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.1.3.2DualityDualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructuressuchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel

3、eachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesofganization.1.3.3CreativityCreativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityitsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.

4、Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheeticalbasisfthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.1.3.4DisplacementDisplacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimesp

5、ace)atthemomentofconversation.加1Discreteness（可分離性）Eachsoundinthelanguageistreatedasdiscrete.加2Iconicity擬象性擬象性:thedirectnonarbitrarynonsymbolicrelationbetweenmeaningfm.Thereareresemblancesbetweenthelanguagefmwhattheyrefer

6、to.Thatrelationshipiscalledicon.Iconicityexistsinsoundslexiconssyntax.Itisthemotivationbetweenlanguagefmsmeanings.Itisarelationofresemblancebetweenlanguagefmwhattheyreferto.1.5FunctionsoflanguageAsisproposedbyJacobsonlan

7、guagehassixfunctions:1.Referential:toconveymessageinfmation2.Poetic:toindulgeinlanguagefitsownsake3.Emotive:toexpressattitudesfeelingsemotions4.Conative:topersuadeinfluenceothersthroughcommsentreaties5.Phatic:toestablish

8、communionwithothers6.Metalingual:toclearupintentionswdsmeanings.Halliday(1994)proposesatheyofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:1.Ideationalfunction:toconveynewinfmationtocommunicateacontent

9、thatis2–phoicsacousticphoicsaudityphoics.1.7.2PhonologyPhonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructuredistributionsequencingofspeechsoundstheshapeofsyllables.1.7.3MphologyMphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–mphemeswdfm

10、ationprocesses.1.7.4SyntaxSyntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywdsarecombinedtofmsentencesinalanguagesimplythestudyofthefmationofsentences.1.7.5SemanticsSemanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.1.7.6PragmaticsPrag

11、maticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.1.8Macrolinguistics1.8.1Psycholinguistics1.8.2Sociolinguistics1.8.3Anthropologicallinguistics1.8.4Computationallinguistics1.9Imptantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.9.1Deivevs.preiveTosaythat

12、linguisticsisadeivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverrecdtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconfmdoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrulesnmsofcrectness.Preivelinguisticsaimstolaydownrulesfthecrec

13、tuseoflanguagesettlethedisputesoverusageoncefall.Fexample“Don’tsayX.”isapreivecomm“Peopledon’tsayX.”isadeivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobedescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcenturyallthemainEuro

14、peanlanguageswerestudiedpreively.Howevermodernlinguisticsismostlydeivebecausethenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdeioninsteadofpreion.1.9.2Synchronicvs.diachronicAsynchronicstudytakesafixedinsta

15、nt(usuallyatpresent)asitspointofobservation.Saussure’sdiachronicdeionisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshisty.E.g.astudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimewouldbesynchronicastudyofthechangesEnglishhas

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