疾病和健康中的人類行為

1、Human Behavior in Health and Illness 健康和疾病中的人類行為,,,Human Behavior in Health and Illness,,精神分析認(rèn)知行為學(xué)習(xí)神經(jīng)認(rèn)知應(yīng)激反應(yīng)神經(jīng)生物學(xué),,行為,目 標(biāo),學(xué)習(xí)理解人的正常與異常行為有關(guān)的生物、行為、認(rèn)知、心理學(xué)的原理、過(guò)程理解行為、認(rèn)知、思維、心境的異常如何可能源于這些過(guò)程的變異，引發(fā)精神疾病理解這些過(guò)程如何有可能被用于治療異常

2、的情緒狀態(tài)，減少心理疾病的負(fù)擔(dān),Today’s Outline今日的概要,臨床相關(guān)案例的討論,Case 1案件1,史先生，45歲，餐廳老板，妻子懷疑其有藥物濫用問(wèn)題，由妻子陪同作常規(guī)醫(yī)學(xué)檢查妻子疑其使用可卡因，但他否認(rèn)當(dāng)家人問(wèn)其藥物使用問(wèn)題時(shí)，他發(fā)怒醫(yī)生單獨(dú)和他談話，他承認(rèn)使用可卡因，但不多他說(shuō)用可卡因是為了逃避，獲得快感， 用藥后有強(qiáng)烈的愉快感，感到不可思議的力量感他說(shuō)他一天里常想可卡因，想怎樣抽空出去用它，感到有些苦惱

3、他承認(rèn)過(guò)去一個(gè)月由于使用可卡因，他有幾天耽誤了工作，脾氣變壞，還與妻子發(fā)生口角,Case 1,。史密斯一個(gè)45歲餐館老板，訪問(wèn)他的醫(yī)生為他做了一個(gè)例行體檢，伴隨著他的妻子懷疑他有一個(gè)“毒品問(wèn)題”，認(rèn)為他可能有那種授權(quán)進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)的精神障礙?,Case 1,According to current psychiatric nosology (classification of disease), what suggests that he

4、may have a psychiatric disorder that warrants further evaluation?據(jù)據(jù)當(dāng)前精神病學(xué)的疾病分類學(xué)(疾病的分類)，認(rèn)為他可能有那種授權(quán)進(jìn)一步評(píng)價(jià)的精神障礙His wife suspects that he may have been using cocaine, but he has denied it to her and family members who have

5、inquired他的妻子懷疑他可能已經(jīng)使用可卡因，但他在妻子和調(diào)查的家庭成員面前否認(rèn)了He gets annoyed when asked about his drug use.當(dāng)詢問(wèn)他的吸毒時(shí)他很生氣When alone, Mr. Smith admits to using cocaine, “but not much at all”.當(dāng)醫(yī)生單獨(dú)和他談話時(shí)史密斯承認(rèn)使用可卡因，“但不多”。Mr. Smith says he us

6、es cocaine “for escape” and to “get high” and endorses an intense euphoria on it and feels an “incredible sense of power” 。史密斯說(shuō)他用可卡因“為了逃避”，“獲得快感”，感覺(jué)它有一有激烈欣快感，感覺(jué)一個(gè)“難以置信力量感” He says he thinks about cocaine much of the day

7、 – and how he will be able to get time away to use it; he feels that this causes quite a bit of distress他說(shuō)他一天中很多時(shí)候惦記著可卡因及如何能夠得到時(shí)間去使用它;他覺(jué)得這引起相當(dāng)大的痛苦He admits that his use of cocaine has made him miss work several days thi

8、s past month, and that his temper has gotten worse leading to verbal fights with his wife他承認(rèn)自己用過(guò)可卡因使他耽誤了幾天工作，這過(guò)去一個(gè)月,他的脾氣變得更糟,而導(dǎo)致了打他的妻子并和妻子發(fā)生了口角。,Case 1 (cont’d)案件1,Upon further inquiry, Mr. Smith admits to using cocaine

9、on a regular basis (4-5 times per week), and經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查,史密斯先生決定定期有規(guī)律使用可卡因(每周4 – 5次),- Besides euphoria, he has also had perceptual disturbances during acute cocaine intoxication(除了人興奮,他曾在可卡因急性中毒時(shí)有感知失調(diào)）What symptoms wo

10、uld constitute psychosis? Why?精神病會(huì)有什么癥狀?為什么?What neurotransmitter is likely responsible for these perceptual disturbances? In which tract / pathway is this neurotransmitter exerting its effects?是什么神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)可能導(dǎo)致感知失調(diào)?在這神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)域

11、/途徑發(fā)揮什么作用?,Case 1 (cont’d),What symptoms would constitute psychosis? Why?什么癥狀將構(gòu)成精神病?為什么?- Auditory hallucinations (hearing voices inside his head when alone)幻聽(tīng)(當(dāng)獨(dú)自一人時(shí)在他腦子里聽(tīng)到聲音）- - Impaired reality testing – sensory p

12、erception in the Paranoid delusions (thinking that his co-workers are spying on him despite no evidence to support such suspicions)absence of true input (hallucination) and fixed, inflexible false belief (delusion)現(xiàn)實(shí)感知受

13、損測(cè)試-偏執(zhí)妄想(認(rèn)為他的同事們監(jiān)視他,盡管沒(méi)有證據(jù)能支持這種懷疑)缺乏真正的輸入(幻覺(jué))和固定,呆板的錯(cuò)誤信念(幻覺(jué))What neurotransmitter is likely responsible for these perceptual disturbances? In which tract / pathway is this neurotransmitter exerting its effects?什么神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)可能負(fù)

14、責(zé)這些知覺(jué)的的騷亂?，什么管道/通路是這個(gè)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)施加它的影響?- Dopamine- Mesolimbic and/or mesocortical tract (VTA to limbic [ventral striatum, amygdala] and/or frontal cortex, respectively) -多巴胺- - - - - - Mesolimbic和/或mesocortical區(qū)域,到邊緣VTA神經(jīng)元

15、,杏仁核][前部紋狀體和/或額葉皮質(zhì),分別),Case 1 (cont’d),Upon further inquiry about job dysfunction at work and interpersonal conflicts at home and regular use over the past few years, Mr. Smith doesn’t believe that he has a problem with

16、his cocaine use, says he can quit at any time. He says that the cocaine has “helped me concentrate” and that his performance is enhanced by cocaine – he has read that using cocaine is like “drinking a lot of coffee”.

17、Mr. Smith informs the doctor that his wife has been crying regularly, is depressed and distraught about his spiraling use, their deteriorating marriage, and her fear of potential violence when he is intoxicated. When he

18、aring this, he appears indifferent, and emotionally non-expressive.經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步的對(duì)就業(yè)障礙和家庭人際沖突調(diào)查工作和經(jīng)常使用。過(guò)去幾年來(lái)史密斯先生不相信他有問(wèn)題，問(wèn)他吸上了可卡因,說(shuō)他能在任何時(shí)候辭職。他表示,“可卡因幫助我集中精力”,他的表現(xiàn)就有所提高了是由于使用了可卡因——他已經(jīng)讀了使用可卡因就像“喝很多咖啡?！笔访芩瓜壬嬖V醫(yī)生當(dāng)他使用可卡因事他的妻子哭了,感到沮喪和

19、悲痛欲絕,他們的婚姻不斷惡化,當(dāng)他陶醉使用可卡因時(shí),她擔(dān)心潛在的暴力。當(dāng)聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他顯得冷漠,而且情緒沒(méi)有改變。What defense mechanisms are being exhibited by Mr. Smith? Are they considered mature defenses?史密斯先生表現(xiàn)出的什么防御機(jī)制?他們被認(rèn)為是成熟的防御嗎?,Case 1 (cont’d),What defense mechani

20、sms are being exhibited by Mr. Smith? Are they considered mature defenses?什么防御機(jī)制被展現(xiàn)?他們是成熟防衛(wèi)嗎?Denial – Refusal to perceive the harsh aspects of reality Rationalization – Construction of a logical explanation for a dec

21、ision thatwas derived via another mental processIntellectualization / Isolation of Affect – Distancing oneself from the negative emotions evoked對(duì)嚴(yán)酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)觀點(diǎn)否定——拒絕建設(shè)的合理化-邏輯性的解釋是一個(gè)決定,通過(guò)另一個(gè)心理過(guò)程,推導(dǎo)出了智能化/隔離自己的影響-使自己遠(yuǎn)離負(fù)面情緒All

22、 the above are not considered as mature.所有以上不考慮是成熟的Levels of defenses:防御的水平:I. Psychotic: denial, fantasy, hallucinations精神病的:拒絕，幻想，幻覺(jué)II. Immature: splitting, regression, dissociation, idealization, acting out未成

23、熟的:分裂，回歸，離解，理想化，表演III. Neurotic: displacement, intellectualization/isolation of affect, rationalization, repression, undoing, reaction formation神經(jīng)質(zhì)的:移位，理智化/隔離的影響，合理化，壓迫，復(fù)原，反向形成IV. Mature: humor, suppression, an

24、ticipation, sublimation, altruism成熟:幽默，抑制，預(yù)期，升華，利他主義,Case 1 (cont’d),How would you describe a Freudian structural model of Mr. Smith’s behaviors?如何將你描述一個(gè)弗洛伊德先生的結(jié)構(gòu)模型。史密斯的行為?,Id: Cocaine use for pleasure serves as the self

25、ish, primitive, childish, pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay gratification Superego: At times feels and knows that his cocaine use is “bad”/”wrong” based on internalized societal and pare

26、ntal standards Ego: the moderator between the id and superego which seeks compromises to pacify bot可卡因用為了取樂(lè)作為自私，原始，幼稚，pleasure-oriented部分個(gè)性同沒(méi)有的能力延遲滿足超我:有時(shí)感覺(jué)，知道那個(gè)他的可卡因用“壞”/”錯(cuò)”以內(nèi)化為依據(jù)社會(huì)的，父母的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自我:中古英語(yǔ)h.,Defense mechanisms

27、serve which of the above? Which of the above are believed to be primarily unconscious?防御機(jī)制,上述服務(wù)嗎?以上的被認(rèn)為是主要的無(wú)意識(shí)?,Ego Id,Case 1 (cont’d),Upon further inquiry, Mr. Smith says that he had tried to quit cocaine use, but h

28、as continued to relapse. He finds himself craving (intensified wanting) when he drives into the parking structure at work because he often snorts cocaine there, or when he sits down at this desk because there is a vial

29、of cocaine in his desk drawer, or when he runs into his office mate Joe (who often joins him in the parking structure to use cocaine)經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查,史密斯先生說(shuō)他曾試圖放棄古柯堿的使用,但不斷的復(fù)發(fā)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己渴望(增強(qiáng))：當(dāng)他開(kāi)車(chē)到工作點(diǎn)的停車(chē)廠時(shí),因?yàn)樗?jīng)常在那里吸食可卡因;當(dāng)他坐在這張桌子時(shí),因?yàn)?/p>

30、那里有一只碗的可卡因在他的書(shū)桌的抽屜里,或者當(dāng)他到他的辦公室伙伴喬那時(shí)(經(jīng)常和他在停車(chē)廠使用可卡因)According to behavioral theory, his craving associated with the visual cues is known as what process?根據(jù)行為理論,他渴望與之關(guān)聯(lián)的視覺(jué)線索稱為什么過(guò)程?,Classical conditioning (associative learn

31、ing):US:CS:UR:,Pairing US + CS leads to learning Subsequent CS (event with US) evokes anticipation and craving隨后(與我們)CS事件喚起期望和渴求.,cocaineparking structure, desk, Joeeuphoria from cocaine intoxication古柯堿中毒興奮,

32、Case 1 (cont’d),Mr. Smith is considering entering psychodynamic psychotherapy to uncover his past experiences in order to gain insight into his current behaviors (self-destructive drug use) and defense mechanisms in orde

33、r to eradicate his “false self” and accept his “true self.”史密斯先生正在考慮進(jìn)入精神動(dòng)力療法來(lái)掀開(kāi)他過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷,以洞察他目前的行為(自我毀滅的用藥)和防御機(jī)制以消除他的“假我”與接受他的“真實(shí)的自我。”What are the major foci of this type of therapy?有什么主要的局灶性這種類型的治療嗎?,Case 1 (cont’d),What

34、 are the major foci of psychodynamic psychotherapy?有什么主要的局灶性精神動(dòng)力療法嗎?Uncover and learn about unconscious mechanisms(free association, behavior, relationship, mistakes)揭示和了解無(wú)意識(shí)機(jī)制(自由聯(lián)想、行為、人際關(guān)系、錯(cuò)誤）Work on transference

35、 and countertransference轉(zhuǎn)變和反向移情的研究Example?Work on resistance / ambivalence to change阻礙和矛盾引起改變的研究Example?,Case 1 (cont’d),Example of transference: Mr. Smith grew up in an authoritarian household with strict rul

36、es and punishment imposed upon him by his father. In therapy, he relates his past relationship with his father with his current relationship with his male therapist. At the initial stages of therapy, he accuses the ther

37、apist: “You are being too tough on me…what do you expect from me? Are you getting upset that I continue to use cocaine despite our treament?” Example of countertransference: The therapist, Dr. Jones, is the oldest

38、of 4 sons, and had been the primary caretaker taker of his younger brothers who have had exhibited defiance and opposition to “brotherly” guidance. In therapy, he gets upset with Mr. Smith because he is not compliant wit

39、h treatment recommendations. Example of resistance: Mr. Smith begins to miss or comes late appointments once his cocaine use becomes less frequent and more under control遷移實(shí)例：史密斯先生成長(zhǎng)在一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度和父親獨(dú)裁的家庭中。在治療中,他把過(guò)去與他的父親

40、的關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)移到他與治療師的關(guān)系。在初始階段的治療,他指責(zé)治療師:“你過(guò)于嚴(yán)厲了…你期望從我這里得到什么?盡管我們?cè)谥委熤形覍⒗^續(xù)使用可卡因，這樣你會(huì)很心煩嗎?” 反向移情實(shí)例：治療師,瓊斯博士是4個(gè)兒子中最大的,已經(jīng)主要看守他的弟弟調(diào)查員有展出,反對(duì)“兄弟蔑視”指導(dǎo)。在治療中,他就會(huì)心煩意亂,因?yàn)樗毁澇墒访芩瓜壬委熃ㄗh。 抵抗實(shí)例:當(dāng)他吸可卡因變得更少更規(guī)律且更在控制之下時(shí)，史密斯先生開(kāi)始想念、抵制、遲來(lái)。,Cas

41、e 1 (cont’d),Mr. Smith is considering entering cognitive behavioral psychotherapy to uncover his past experiences in order modify his recurrent drug use. 。史密斯先生正在考慮進(jìn)入認(rèn)知行為療法來(lái)掀開(kāi)他過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷以便于他反復(fù)修改用藥。What are the major foci

42、of this type of therapy?主要焦點(diǎn)的這種治療的類型是什么?,Mr. Smith is considering entering cognitive behavioral psychotherapy to uncover his past experiences in order modify his recurrent drug use.,Case 1 (cont’d),What are the major foc

43、i of cognitive behavioral therapy and/or social learning therapy?什么是主要關(guān)鍵的認(rèn)知行為治療或社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)療法?Identify cue-induced craving patterns模式識(shí)別cue-induced渴望Establish operant conditioning (instrumental learning) treatment建立操作條件反射

44、(工具性學(xué)習(xí))治療Modify attribution of locus of control (from cocaine back to self)修改軌跡控制的歸因(從可卡因后面的對(duì)自我)Correct distorted thinking / beliefs about self, others, world關(guān)于自己、他人、世界的正確或錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)/信仰.。Establish group treatment wit

45、h sponsors (Narcotics Anonymous) in which behavior is modified by observation of a role model (e.g., sponsor) and through enhancing self-efficacy對(duì)贊助者進(jìn)行團(tuán)體治療(麻醉治療匿名)在這個(gè)治療中行為被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式觀察監(jiān)測(cè)（贊助者)和通過(guò)強(qiáng)化自我效能感。,Case 1 (cont’d),In an o

46、perant conditioning-based type therapy, Mr. Smith engages in contingency / token treatment, in which he receives a token (to be exchanged for tangible goods/rewards) for each clean urine sample he provides to the clinic

47、on random checks.在一個(gè)操作性conditioning-based類型治療中，史密斯從事應(yīng)變/象征性的的治療，他收到一個(gè)象征暗示(被交換有形貨物/報(bào)酬)為每個(gè)清潔尿樣他提供隨機(jī)的診所支票。This is an example of what type of reinforcement? 這是一個(gè)典型的信息加強(qiáng)的類型?What would be the optimal reinforcement s

48、chedule to maintain abstinence from cocaine use?什么是較佳強(qiáng)化程序去在可卡因利用中保持節(jié)制?,Case 1 (cont’d),In an operant conditioning-based type therapy, Mr. Smith engages in contingency / token treatment,在一個(gè)操作性conditioning-based類型治療，。史密斯從事

49、應(yīng)變/象征性的的治療。This is an example of what type of reinforcement? 這是一個(gè)典型的信息加強(qiáng)的類型?Positive reinforcement (tokens/reward) to promote abstinence.What would be the optimal reinforcement schedule to maintain abstinence f

50、rom cocaine use?什么是較佳強(qiáng)化程序去在可卡因利用中保持節(jié)制?Variable token amount and variable intervals of urine drug screens,which would result in slower learning, but slower extinction尿液藥物變化的數(shù)量和變量區(qū)間變量將會(huì)引起學(xué)習(xí),但是執(zhí)行速度較慢消失。,Case 2,Mr. Bonine

51、is a 44-year-old, single, unemployed, man is brought to the emergency room by the police for striking an elderly woman in his apartment building. 。博尼恩一個(gè)44歲，單身，失業(yè)的男性，因?yàn)樵谒墓⒋髽谴蛞粋€(gè)老年女子被警察送到蘇醒急診室。Last year he suffered a tr

52、aumatic brain injury following head-on motor vehicle collision in which his head hit this windshield upon contact.去年他被迎面的的馬達(dá)車(chē)輛碰撞，他的頭擊中這個(gè)擋風(fēng)玻璃，得了創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷。What type of cognitive and emotional symptoms would you expect?你認(rèn)為將有

53、什么認(rèn)知的的類型，情緒化的癥狀?Such injuries are similar to what type of neuropsychiatric disorders?這樣外傷類似于什么神經(jīng)精神系統(tǒng)的紊亂類型?,Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Changes following Frontal Lobe Injury認(rèn)知的，情緒化，行為的變動(dòng)遵循額葉受傷,Impulsiveness (

54、acting before thinking)沖動(dòng)性(做在想之前）Disinhibition (lack of self-control)去抑制(缺乏自我控制)Inappropriate sexual activity不當(dāng)性行為Apathy/Poor initiation (trouble getting started)冷漠/貧乏的動(dòng)機(jī)(困難開(kāi)始出現(xiàn))Frustration and loss of temper挫折和發(fā)脾氣P

55、oor insight (lack of self-awareness of changes)眼光差(缺乏自我意識(shí)的變化）Emotional problems: depression, anxiety, irritability, anger, mood swings情緒化問(wèn)題:失望，焦慮，易怒，憤怒，情緒波動(dòng),Changes in Frontal Lobe Disorders變動(dòng)在額葉紊亂,Dorsolateral Prefront

56、al Cortex – Dysexecutive Syndrome (unable to plan or change plans flexibly, perseveration, unable to shift behavior)背側(cè)前額葉皮層-dysexecutive綜合癥(無(wú)法對(duì)計(jì)劃或靈活變動(dòng)計(jì)劃，持續(xù)言語(yǔ)，無(wú)法對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)換行為)Orbitofrontal Cortex – Disinhibited Syndrome (impuls

57、ive, labile affect, poor judgment)眶額皮層-disinhibited綜合癥(浮躁，不穩(wěn)定的影響，判斷力差)Medial Frontal Cortex – Apathetic Syndrome (apathetic, behaviorally inert, poor spontaneity)中間的額葉皮質(zhì)-麻木不仁綜合癥(麻木不仁，惰性的行為活動(dòng)，自發(fā)性差),Personality Changes i

58、n Frontal Lobe Disorders人格改變?cè)陬~葉紊亂,Head injuries (Traumatic Brain Injury)頭部受傷(創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷)Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Disease,額顳癡呆(皮克癥）Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration)Anterior Stroke (Cerebral Vascular Accident from a

59、nterior portion of middle cerebral arteries)前面的的行程(前中的一部分腦動(dòng)脈腦血管意外),Case 2 (cont’d),44-year-old male with traumatic brain injury following head-on motor vehicle collision 一個(gè)44歲男性被迎面的的馬達(dá)車(chē)輛碰撞而患創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷What neuropsychologica

60、l tests could you administer to examine his executive function?什么神經(jīng)心理的測(cè)試可以有助于檢查他的執(zhí)行功能?The function of which areas of the brain are probed with these tests ?哪一個(gè)腦的地區(qū)功能，被探測(cè)同這些測(cè)試有關(guān)?,Case 2 (cont’d),44-year-old male with tra

61、umatic brain injury following head-on motor vehicle collision What neuropsychological tests could you administer to examine his executive function? The function of which areas of the brain are probed with these tests

62、?Wisconsin Card Sort Test, Trail Making – Part B, N-BackTests Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in terms of cognitive flexibility (goal-directed behavior, planning), working memoryStroop TaskTests Anterior Cin

63、gulate Cortex in terms of selective attention威斯康辛卡片分類測(cè)試,連線N-Back - B部分背外側(cè)前額葉皮層測(cè)試方面的認(rèn)知靈活性(目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向行為、規(guī)劃),工作記憶Stroop任務(wù)測(cè)試前扣帶皮質(zhì)選擇性注意力方面Go-No Go TaskTests Anterior Cingulate and Prefrontal cortex for impulse control測(cè)試

64、前扣帶，前額葉皮層控制脈沖Decision Making (on daily tasks of judgment; finances)Tests Orbitofrontal / Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex for decision making決策(每日的判決任務(wù)表;金融)測(cè)試 orbitofrontal/腹前額葉皮層控制決策,To understand the mental process

65、 involved try this experiment. Look at the following letters on the screen: tree. If you are like most people it is difficult for you not to quickly read the word “tree.”  Most humans are so proficient at reading pr

66、inted words that they cannot easily ignore them. In fact it takes considerable attentional effort to ignore them. This tendency to quickly read a word is used in the Stroop Task理解心理過(guò)程涉及嘗試這個(gè)試驗(yàn)。觀看下面屏幕上的詞:樹(shù)。如果你像大多數(shù)人一樣那對(duì)于你來(lái)說(shuō)

67、，很快讀出“樹(shù)”不是很困難的?！按蠖鄶?shù)人在閱讀打印方面如此熟練，所以他們不易忽視他們。實(shí)際上，要花費(fèi)相當(dāng)?shù)木θズ雎运鼈?。在Stroop 任務(wù)中這種很快讀出單詞的趨勢(shì)被運(yùn)用。The Stroop Task is a psychological test of our mental (attentional) vitality and flexibility. The task takes advantage of our abilit

68、y to read words more quickly and automatically than we can name colors. If a word is printed or displayed in a color different from the color it actually names; for example, if the word “green” is written in blue ink (as

69、 shown in the figure to the left) we will say the word “green” more readily than we can name the color in which it is displayed, which in this case is “blue.” stroop任務(wù)一個(gè)我們的精神活力和靈活性的心理測(cè)試(attentional) 。任務(wù)利用我們的能力去比在我們能

70、命名的顏色下更快自動(dòng)讀出單詞活力和靈活性。如果一個(gè)字在一個(gè)顏色異于它其實(shí)名稱的顏色下被打印或顯示;如果字“綠色”被寫(xiě)在藍(lán)墨水(如左邊圖所示)我們會(huì)讀出“綠色”比在我們更容易能命名的填色顯示下——在這種情況下是“藍(lán)色”。The cognitive mechanism involved in this task is called directed attention, you have to manage your attention,

71、 inhibit or stop one response in order to say or do something else.  Although the functions of the anterior cingulate are very complex, broadly speaking it acts as a conduit between lower, somewhat more impulse-driv

72、en brain regions and higher, somewhat more thought-driven behaviors. The Stroop effect‘s sensitivity to changes in brain function may be related to its association with the anterior cingulate參與這任務(wù)的認(rèn)知機(jī)制被叫做直接關(guān)注，你必須掌控你的注意力，

73、為了了說(shuō)或做其他事情而抑制或停止一種反應(yīng)。盡管功能的前扣帶高度的復(fù)雜，廣義地說(shuō)它在降低之間，或更多impulse-driven腦地區(qū)，或更高部位充當(dāng)一個(gè)通道，有些更多思想驅(qū)動(dòng)行為。stroop效應(yīng)的敏感性在大腦功能變動(dòng)可能同前扣帶協(xié)同有關(guān)。The Stroop Test provides insight into cognitive effects that are experienced as a result of attent

74、ional fatigue. stroop測(cè)驗(yàn)提供認(rèn)知的洞察影響，那個(gè)被認(rèn)為是attentional疲勞的結(jié)果。For a discussion of the capacity to direct attention and its fatigue see Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. J