金融學(xué)專業(yè)外文翻譯---金融部門對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用馬來西亞的個(gè)案_第1頁
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1、<p>  本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>  外文題目:The role of financial sector in economic development: the Malaysian case </p><p>  出 處:Springer-verlag

2、 </p><p>  作 者:Risaburo Nezu </p><p><b>  原 文:</b></p><p>  The role of the ?nancial sector in economic d

3、evelopment: the Malaysian </p><p><b>  Case</b></p><p>  Risaburo Nezu</p><p>  Springer-verlag</p><p>  Abstract :In this paper, we empirically examine the

4、 ?nance-economic development relations for the case of Malaysia. Using a battery of time series econometric techniques, we document robust evidence suggesting favorable output effects of ?nancial market development. Like

5、wise, there are consistent results showing the adverse real effects of ?nancial volatility. The results of the development of ?nancial intermediaries, however, are fragile. Moreover, the development of the ?nancial marke

6、ts hinges</p><p>  1 Introduction</p><p>  Financial liberalization and development has been a major ?nancial feature in many developing countries. The impetus for much of the interest of many n

7、ations to develop and liberalize ?nancial markets is the view that the development of the ?nancial sector can promote growth. Since the seminal work by Schumpeter (1911) that stresses the positive effects of ?nance on gr

8、owth, the theoretical literature on the subject has identi?ed several mechanisms underlying the long run relations between ?nance</p><p>  However, not all economists prescribe to the view that ?nancial deve

9、lopment has positive causal effects on economic development. For instance, Robinson (1952) attributes a passive role to the ?nancial sector in a nation’s economic development. More speci?cally, according to Robinson (195

10、2), the expansion of real activities creates the demand for ?nancial services which, in turns, results in ?nancial sector growth. Further, some even argue that ?nancial development may have adverse repercussion o</p&g

11、t;<p>  These divergent views have motivated a great amount of empirical research. Cross-sectional studies tend to provide evidence supportive of the positive role of ?nancial sector development. For instance, usi

12、ng data from 80 countries, King and Levine (1993a) document strong and positive correlation between measures of ?nancial development and per capita output growth. This ?nding is further substantiated by King and Levine (

13、1993b), Levine and Zervos (1998), and Rajan and Zingales (1998). However, r</p><p>  Recently, there are two emerging issues that call for re-evaluation of the ?nance growth nexus especially for developing c

14、ountries. Typically, ?nancial developments involve a parallel progress of both ?nancial intermediaries (e.g., banks) and markets (stocks and bonds). While the ?nancial sector in many developing countries is considered as

15、 bank-based, recent focus on promoting particularly stock markets has prompted interest on whether ?nancial intermediaries and ?nancial markets are complement</p><p>  In this paper, we attempt to contribute

16、 to the ?nance–growth literature by examining the role of the ?nancial sector in the economic development of Malaysia. The early cross-national studies on ?nance–growth relationship have drawbacks in that they assume str

17、uctural homogeneity across countries, ?lter out ?uctuations in data by using averages of variables, and are unable to address the causality issue. These drawbacks have motivated the analyses in the time-series context by

18、 looking at experienc</p><p>  Since independence, Malaysia has witnessed respectable economic growth and rapid ?nancial development. At the time of independence, the Malaysian ?nancial system was predominan

19、tly a bank-based ?nancial system. While the banking sector continues to capture policy attention and enjoy rapid expansion, the ?nancial market, particularly the stock market, has gained importance and progressed well in

20、 recent years in tandem with the progress of the banking sector. At the same time, being a highly open e</p><p>  More speci?cally, against this background, the paper has three objectives. First, in line wit

21、h many studies in the literature, we evaluate whether developments of ?nancial intermediaries and ?nancial markets that have taken placed over the past two decades contribute to Malaysia’s economic growth. Second, we eva

22、luate whether ?nancial volatility brought by ?nancial liberalization is harmful to growth. Lastly, we seek to establish whether ?nancial intermediaries and ?nancial markets are complement</p><p>  2 Backgrou

23、nd</p><p>  The major features of ?nancial development in Malaysia include interest rate liberalization, development of the banking institutions and ?nancial markets, particularly the stock market. Roughly s

24、peaking, the initial stage of Malaysia’s ?nancial development relates mainly to liberalization of interest rates and restructuring of the banking system while the later stage adds stock market and other ?nancial developm

25、ents. In the process, Malaysia has witnessed rapid ?nancial innovations and has becom</p><p>  The process of interest rate liberalization was initiated in 1978 with the deregulation of deposit and lending r

26、ates. Up to 1978, the so-called ‘‘a(chǎn)dministered’’ interest rate regime prevailed in the country. However, effective October 23, 1978, commercial banks were allowed to determine the deposit and lending rates, except the ra

27、te on loans to priority sectors. While the general direction was to foster a more market-oriented determination of interest rates, the interest rate liberalization</p><p>  proceeded gradually with some inte

28、rruptions. Namely, in order to allow downward ?exibility of the lending rates, in 1983 all banks were required to peg their lending rates to the newly introduced Base Lending Rate (BLR), based on the banks’ cost of funds

29、 adjusted for the costs of statutory reserves, liquid asset requirement, and overheads. Later in 1985, all banks were also required to peg interest rates on deposits of up to 12-month maturity to those of the two leading

30、 banks. However, the requi</p><p>  Like many other developing and emerging economies, Malaysia’s ?nancial system is a bank-based system. Malaysia inherited a foreign-dominated banking system at the time of

31、independence in 1957. In 1959, the year Bank Negara Malaysia (i.e., Malaysia’s Central Bank) was established, there were 18 foreign commercial banks with a total number of 99 branches operating in the country as opposed

32、to only eight domestic commercial banks with 12 branches. At the initial stage, the focus was thus on promoti</p><p><b>  譯 文:</b></p><p>  金融部門對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用:馬來西亞的個(gè)案</p><p>

33、;<b>  摘要:</b></p><p>  本文實(shí)證研究了在馬來西亞的情況下財(cái)政和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系。利用計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)時(shí)間序列的方法,我們有力的記錄了可以表明為金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利的輸出效果。同樣,也可以顯示了金融波動(dòng)的不利影響,顯示的結(jié)構(gòu)與實(shí)際一致。但是,對(duì)金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展的結(jié)果是脆弱的。此外,金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展關(guān)鍵取決于宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的表現(xiàn)和國(guó)家的金融穩(wěn)定。然而,金融市場(chǎng)發(fā)展過程中很可能是受金

34、融動(dòng)蕩的陪同下,影響著馬來西亞的貿(mào)易金融發(fā)展與金融動(dòng)蕩。最后,我們?nèi)〉昧艘恍┑淖C據(jù)表明金融市場(chǎng)和銀行間的部門的發(fā)展的互補(bǔ)性。</p><p><b>  1引言</b></p><p>  金融自由化和發(fā)展一直是許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家重要的金融優(yōu)化的體現(xiàn)。對(duì)于許多國(guó)家的發(fā)展和開放金融市場(chǎng)的利率高低,是衡量金融業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的促進(jìn)程度。熊彼特開(1911年),強(qiáng)調(diào)金融對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)

35、增長(zhǎng)起到積極作用,關(guān)于這個(gè)問題的基本理論文獻(xiàn)已確定為財(cái)政和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的長(zhǎng)期關(guān)系的機(jī)制。對(duì)麥金農(nóng)(1973)和肖金融壓抑假說(1973)假定,如利息的儲(chǔ)蓄率控制在金融壓抑的負(fù)面影響。他們主張金融自由化,以此來提高儲(chǔ)蓄率,資本積累。此外,在信息處理專業(yè),在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好的金融機(jī)構(gòu)的存在大大降低交易和信息成本。因此,可以提供更多的資金用于投資。最后,有人認(rèn)為,金融市場(chǎng)渠道的資金可以更有效地通過有效的資金池,更好地識(shí)別有利可圖的投資監(jiān)控和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)多樣化

36、的實(shí)例(見,生產(chǎn)性投資Bencivenga和史密斯1991年格林伍德和諾維奇1990年;萊文1997年)。</p><p>  然而,并非所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都認(rèn)為,規(guī)定的金融發(fā)展對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有正面的因果效應(yīng)。例如,羅賓遜(1952年)認(rèn)為,在一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的金融部門,更具體地說,根據(jù)羅賓遜(1952年),實(shí)際活動(dòng)的擴(kuò)大創(chuàng)造了金融服務(wù)的需求的,體現(xiàn)為金融部門的增長(zhǎng)的結(jié)果。此外,有些人甚至認(rèn)為,金融的發(fā)展可能對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)

37、生不利反響。辛格和Weisse(1998年)和Diaz -亞歷杭(1985年)所指出的,處于壓抑金融市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管可以并處金融崩潰,因此這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。此外,金融發(fā)展真正的消費(fèi)者可以減少國(guó)內(nèi)信貸供應(yīng)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)從而替代從非正規(guī)市場(chǎng)的貸款,以遏制(Wijnbergen 1983年)正式市場(chǎng)。這可能導(dǎo)致信貸緊縮和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)減緩。最后,還有一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,假設(shè)金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間沒有因果關(guān)系。盧卡斯(1988)指出這:''經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家不

38、適當(dāng)?shù)慕巧珪?huì)影響對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)金融部門的作用''。</p><p>  這些不同的意見,激發(fā)了大量的實(shí)證研究。橫斷面研究?jī)A向于提供證據(jù)來支持金融部門發(fā)展的積極作用。例如,使用來自80個(gè)國(guó)家關(guān)于金融發(fā)展和人均產(chǎn)出增長(zhǎng)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。這進(jìn)一步證實(shí)是由國(guó)王和Levine(1993年b),Levine和澤爾沃斯(1998年),和Rajan和Zingales(1998)。然而,最近的時(shí)間序列研究似乎畫上金融與實(shí)體

39、經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的因果模式混合的狀態(tài)。檢查期間1870至1929年五個(gè)工業(yè)化國(guó)家,羅索和Watchel(1998)提供一個(gè)從金融對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的單向因果關(guān)系的有力證據(jù)。類似的結(jié)論也達(dá)到了十(個(gè)羅索和Vuthipadadorn 2005)亞洲國(guó)家的情況。徐(2000)''有確鑿證據(jù)表明金融發(fā)展是非常重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)進(jìn)一步注意到無論是在短期和長(zhǎng)期(第333頁)''這是從他對(duì)41個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的分析。與此相反,Neusser和

40、庫(kù)格勒(1998)建議財(cái)政和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的13個(gè)工業(yè)化國(guó)家薄弱的因果關(guān)系。此外,評(píng)估對(duì)16個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家,Demetriades和侯賽因(1996)發(fā)出的文件也為獨(dú)立的金融對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的因果影響不大的證據(jù)。他們找到的雙向因果關(guān)系的八個(gè)國(guó)家和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)單向因果關(guān)系,資助</p><p>  最近,有兩個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的問題,是關(guān)于對(duì)于重新融資,特別是對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)關(guān)系的評(píng)價(jià)要求。在通常情況下,涉及金融發(fā)展,金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)都同

41、時(shí)取得進(jìn)展(如銀行)和市場(chǎng)(股票和債券)。雖然在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的金融部門是銀行的基礎(chǔ)上,近期重點(diǎn)考慮,特別是促進(jìn)股市是否已促使金融中介和金融市場(chǎng)是相互補(bǔ)充或替代的興趣。這個(gè)問題是至關(guān)重要的,因?yàn)槿绻鼈兊奶娲罚瑑H從側(cè)重方面的角度來看可以擊敗發(fā)展股票市場(chǎng)和金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)。此外,經(jīng)常性的金融危機(jī)和隨之而來的經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化在一些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)注,財(cái)政部門可以對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不利影響。雖然金融自由化是一個(gè)先決財(cái)務(wù)進(jìn)度必要考慮,但也能培養(yǎng)人

42、們通過信貸擴(kuò)張和破壞穩(wěn)定的投機(jī),在1997/1998年期間亞洲金融危機(jī)證明不穩(wěn)定。更具體地說,國(guó)內(nèi)信貸,金融自由化的過度擴(kuò)張的后果往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀行和貨幣危機(jī),因此,引發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退(卡明斯基和Reinhart 1999)。這些問題,其實(shí),是提高在金融與發(fā)展之間的利益。</p><p>  在本文中,我們查閱有關(guān)財(cái)務(wù)增長(zhǎng)的文獻(xiàn),來試圖通過檢查促進(jìn)了馬來西亞經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的金融部門的作用。早期的跨國(guó)家的財(cái)政增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系研究是有缺

43、點(diǎn)的,因?yàn)樗鼈兂袚?dān)整個(gè)國(guó)家的結(jié)構(gòu)均勻,濾出的平均使用的變量的數(shù)據(jù)波動(dòng),而無法處理因果關(guān)系的問題。這些缺點(diǎn),用時(shí)間序列方面的分析,在個(gè)別國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看是有動(dòng)機(jī)。但是,現(xiàn)有的多國(guó)研究往往只評(píng)估金融發(fā)展的一個(gè)方面,特別是銀行部門的發(fā)展。上述研究,如向私營(yíng)部門貸款和/或銀行存款負(fù)債的金融中介都使用措施來衡量金融深化和發(fā)展。唯一的例外isNeusser andKugler(1998)認(rèn)為,誰使用國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的金融機(jī)構(gòu)(國(guó)內(nèi)總產(chǎn)值),Dan(2001

44、年),還包括股票價(jià)格指數(shù)捕捉股市的發(fā)展.然而,股市指數(shù)并不是股市發(fā)展的良好指標(biāo),但當(dāng)需要涵蓋許多國(guó)家,它是作為共同指標(biāo)的唯一選擇。</p><p>  自獨(dú)立以來,馬來西亞已經(jīng)見證了可觀的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)和金融發(fā)展。在獨(dú)立時(shí),馬來西亞的金融體系主要以銀行為基礎(chǔ)的金融體系。雖然銀行部門繼續(xù)捕捉政策,對(duì)它的關(guān)注和欣賞在迅速擴(kuò)大,金融市場(chǎng),尤其是股票市場(chǎng),已經(jīng)獲得重要性的進(jìn)展,并在近些年與銀行部門的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行串聯(lián)。同時(shí),作為

45、一個(gè)高度開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系,馬來西亞也沒有幸免遭受金融動(dòng)蕩。對(duì)銀行主導(dǎo)型和市場(chǎng)主導(dǎo)型金融系統(tǒng)的并行進(jìn)展定期在一起,使馬來西亞成為金融動(dòng)蕩的一個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)財(cái)務(wù)增長(zhǎng)的因果關(guān)系的各個(gè)方面的有趣的案例。</p><p>  動(dòng)蕩帶來的影響不利于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。最后,我們是否尋求建立金融中介和金融市場(chǎng)是相互補(bǔ)充或替代。這些目標(biāo),我們相信,我們?cè)谖覀兊姆秶鷥?nèi),要全面考慮到有關(guān)金融動(dòng)蕩和金融中介之間的互補(bǔ)性和替代性對(duì)于金融市場(chǎng)最近的關(guān)注。本文

46、的其余部分的結(jié)構(gòu)如下。在下一節(jié)中,我們提供的背景資料,簡(jiǎn)要地突出在馬來西亞主要的金融發(fā)展。第三節(jié)描述了數(shù)據(jù)和分析中使用的框架的細(xì)節(jié)。第4包含估計(jì)的結(jié)果。最后,第五節(jié)總結(jié)的主要成果,并提供政策的影響。</p><p><b>  2背景</b></p><p>  在馬來西亞金融發(fā)展的主要特點(diǎn)包括利率自由化,銀行機(jī)構(gòu)和金融市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展,特別是股票市場(chǎng)。粗略地說,馬來西亞處

47、于金融發(fā)展的初級(jí)階段,主要是利率自由化與銀行體系的重組,而后期增加了股市和其他金融發(fā)展。在這個(gè)過程中,見證了馬來西亞迅速的金融創(chuàng)新和更加一體化的國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)。</p><p>  更具體地說,在這種背景下,本文有三個(gè)目的。首先,與文獻(xiàn)中的許多研究一致,我們?cè)u(píng)估是否金融中介和金融市場(chǎng)在已過去二十年的發(fā)展對(duì)馬來西亞的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)有積極的影響。其次,我們?cè)u(píng)估始于1978年的存款和貸款利率管制是否對(duì)金融自由化金融動(dòng)利率自由化

48、的進(jìn)程有影響。截至1978年,所謂的利率管理制度盛行的國(guó)家,然而,1978年10月23日,商業(yè)銀行被允許決定貸款利率存款和貸款利率除了對(duì)優(yōu)先部門。雖然他的方向是促進(jìn)一個(gè)更加市場(chǎng)化的利率決定,逐漸發(fā)展利率自由化。也就是說,為了讓在1983年的貸款利率向下的靈活性,所有銀行都必須盯住他們的貸款利率,以新引進(jìn)的基本貸款利率(BLR),對(duì)銀行的法定儲(chǔ)備基金的成本費(fèi)用為基礎(chǔ)調(diào)整,流動(dòng)性資產(chǎn)要求,費(fèi)用。后來在1985年,所有的銀行也被要求掛在長(zhǎng)達(dá)1

49、2個(gè)月期限的存款,對(duì)銀行的兩大主導(dǎo)利率。但是,分別在1987年和1991年,存款和貸款利率掛鉤的規(guī)定解除。事實(shí)上,從1991年2月,各銀行可以調(diào)整自己的最優(yōu)惠貸款利率。正如林指出(1994年),免費(fèi)的措施,最優(yōu)惠貸款利率從行政控制是在較少扭曲了的利率結(jié)構(gòu)與存貸款利率上升導(dǎo)致的聯(lián)系。</p><p>  像許多其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體,馬來西亞的金融體系是以銀行為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)。馬來西亞在獨(dú)立繼承1957年時(shí),是以外

50、商銀行體系為主。 1959年,馬來西亞國(guó)家銀行(即馬來西亞的中央銀行)成立,有18個(gè)外國(guó)商業(yè)銀行分行與99個(gè)國(guó)家共經(jīng)營(yíng)12家分行,而不是只與八家國(guó)內(nèi)商業(yè)銀行。在初始階段,重點(diǎn)是促進(jìn)和保護(hù)從而對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)銀行。通過對(duì)新的外國(guó)銀行和外國(guó)銀行分行的機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管限制,國(guó)內(nèi)一些商業(yè)銀行開始發(fā)展,而此時(shí)外國(guó)銀行超過1976年。到1994年,所有外國(guó)銀行在國(guó)內(nèi)注冊(cè)成立。多年來,銀行界發(fā)展迅速,但也有繼續(xù)發(fā)揮在提供資金來源,以馬來西亞公司主導(dǎo)作用。</p&

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