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1、<p>  2500單詞,1.4萬英文字符,4400漢字</p><p>  出處:Harris R. Spillover and backward linkage effects of FDI: empirical evidence for the UK[J]. Serc Discussion Papers, 2009.</p><p>  Spillover and Back

2、ward Linkage Effects of FDI: Empirical Evidence for the UK</p><p>  Richard Harris</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p>  Recent work (including that of the author) on the im

3、pact of FDI has been based on micro- level (i.e. firms, establishments or plants) data, since this allows much greater control when examining such issues as whether FDI plants are more productive or innovative; whether t

4、here are spillovers to indigenous plants from FDI; and whether foreign-owned plants can facilitate the building-up of clusters. The traditional approach (which is still prevalent in the literature) considers whether thos

5、e indust</p><p>  Keywords: Multinational firms, FDI, spillovers </p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  This paper is an overview of the literature on how Multinational Enterprises (MNE’s)

6、 impact on productivity in the UK. The emphasis is on inward foreign direct investment (FDI), but mention is also made of the impact of outward FDI on UK productivity. Generic issues that are covered include the data tha

7、t are used to measure productivity and productivity impacts, and therefore how these are measured (including the techniques used). Generally in the UK most micro-level panel data comes either from</p><p>  L

8、aboratory through the Annual Respondents Database – or ARD).1 These data sources differ both in coverage and in terms of how nationally representative they are, and this has implications when econometric methods are use

9、d to test hypotheses (such as whether there are productivity spillovers from FDI). For example, the FAME data is heavily biased towards larger companies and is therefore not representative of smaller- and medium-sized co

10、mpanies operating in the UK (see Harris and Li, 2007, espec</p><p>  There are also data problems when constructing proxy measures of FDI presence leading to spillovers – mostly aggregate estimates of FDI pr

11、esence in an industry or region are used as proxies and this raises issues of whether this is adequate for measuring actual linkages between such FDI ‘presence’ and TFP in the domestic firms or plants being considered (

12、put another way, we almost never have data on whether there are actual flows of knowledge, people, goods, or information between the micro-uni</p><p>  The last data issue mentioned at this stage is the appr

13、opriateness of using micro-level panel data or more aggregated (industry-level) data when seeking to measure the linkage effects of FDI in the host economy. Most early studies used aggregated data (and indeed some still

14、do) because of its availability, although it would seem fairly obvious that data at the firm or plant level is preferable as then it is possible to measure more exactly the impact of FDI on domestic productivity; with in

15、dustr</p><p>  unobservable differences in firm performance (i.e. we need to account for ‘fixed effects’). Such panel data techniques also need to contend with other important econometric issues such as endo

16、geneity and spatial autocorrelation.</p><p>  Turning to the techniques used to measure total factor productivity (TFP), there are important issues raised when TFP is derived firstly using, say, a production

17、 function and then these estimates comprise the dependent variable in a second stage model that seeks to explain the determinants of TFP. This leads to biased and inefficient parameter estimates for use when testing hypo

18、theses.</p><p>  All of the above issues are generally common to whatever research questions are being considered on how and when FDI impacts on productivity in the UK. In this paper, we start with the speci

19、fic question of whether the subsidiaries of MNE’s are ‘better’ (here in the terms of having higher productivity). If this is not the case, it is difficult to see why there should be significant pecuniary or non-pecuniary

20、 spillovers to domestic firms. Indeed when inward FDI is technology sourcing (rather than </p><p>  Are FDI Plants Better?</p><p>  It is perhaps surprising that there have been few studies usin

21、g micro-based data to consider whether FDI plants operating in the UK are ‘better’ than domestic plants. Griffith (1999) was the first such study using data from the ARD, and she produces</p><p>  estimates

22、of the Cobb-Douglas production function that show that foreign owned establishments in the motor vehicle industry do not have significantly higher levels of productivity, after taking account of different levels of facto

23、r inputs. However, Griffith did not weight the data to take account of the fact that the information collected by the ONS are biased towards larger establishments; weighting the ARD data, Harris (2002) found that foreig

24、n-owned plants are significantly more productive t</p><p>  A more extensive study for UK manufacturing using plant-level data from the ARD for 1974-1995 and 20 4-digit manufacturing industries was undertake

25、n by Harris and Robinson (2003).2 Looking at the arguments put forward as to why foreign-owned plants should be better, their review of the literature pointed to early work by Hymer (1976), and more recent contri

26、butions of Aitken and Harrison (1999) and</p><p>  Pfafferymayr and Bellak (2002), that suggested foreign firms should possess some firm-specific advantage that gives them an absolute cost advan

27、tage over domestic plants such as: specialised knowledge about production; superior management and marketing capabilities; export contacts; and co-ordinated quality-oriented relationships with suppliers and customers. Th

28、us they locate subsidiaries overseas in order to exploit such advantages. Furthermore, FDI may also reduce the productivity of domestical</p><p>  However, Harris and Robinson (op. cit.) also list some count

29、er arguments as to why foreign affiliates may not be as productive as domestic plants, particularly in the short-run: foreign-owned plants may have lower efficiency levels if there are initial difficulties in assimilatin

30、g new plants into the FDI network (Dunning, 1988, 1998). This may also be linked to cultural differences in the host market and indeed Caves (1996) argues that when a MNE founds or acquires subsidiaries abroad it incurs

31、</p><p>  To measure whether foreign-owned firms had higher (or lower) levels of TFP, weighted plant-level panel data from the ARD was used to estimate the following standard log-linear Cobb-Douglas producti

32、on function:</p><p>  yit ???xit ???lit ???kit ???t ???AGEit ???1FOit ???2 (FOit ??t86??95 ) ??ait(1)</p><p>  where i and t represent the i -th unit and the t -th year of observation, respect

33、ively; y is real gross output; x is real intermediate inputs (i.e., real gross value added less real gross output); l is the number of employees (no data on hours is available); k is plant and machinery capital stock; AG

34、E is the age of the plant (in years); FO is a vector of dummies each taking on a value 1 when a unit is owned by either a U.S., an EU, a SE Asian, an Old Commonwealth or other country enterprise (var</p><p>

35、  Direct Benefits from FDI</p><p>  The direct benefits from attracting MNE’s to a host economy are linked to labour market effects (e.g., more and usually better-paid jobs – see Harris, 1991a, 1991b), more

36、R&D expenditure (as foreign-owned subsidiaries tend to be larger in size and often operate in more R&D intensive sectors), and more investment. And, as discussed in the previous section, if they have on average

37、higher levels of productivity then this will increase overall productivity levels in the economy through a ‘batting- </p><p>  Direct benefits can also arise from the transfer of technology from overseas-own

38、ed MNE’s to newly acquired subsidiaries in foreign countries. As with the literature on measuring whether foreign-owned plants are relatively ‘better’, there have been few studies for the UK that test whether plants that

39、 have been acquired through inward FDI become more productive post-acquisition, or whether MNE’s ‘cherry-pick’ the best domestic plants for acquisition with no subsequent improvements in TFP. Harris a</p><p>

40、;<b>  譯 文:</b></p><p>  FDI的溢出和后向關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng):來自英國的經(jīng)驗(yàn)性證據(jù)</p><p><b>  摘 要</b></p><p>  近來,在研究FDI的影響時(shí)(包括作者本人)多是基于微觀層面(即公司、機(jī)構(gòu)或者工廠)數(shù)據(jù)的,因?yàn)檫@將使我們?cè)诨卮鹨恍﹩栴}的時(shí)候有更大的把握,比如外商直接投資

41、的工廠是更有生產(chǎn)力還是更有創(chuàng)新力,外商直接投資是否會(huì)對(duì)本土企業(yè)產(chǎn)生溢出效應(yīng),以及外資工廠是否可以促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的建立等。傳統(tǒng)的研究方法(在文獻(xiàn)中仍普遍存在)考慮產(chǎn)業(yè)和/或地區(qū)是否有最好的FDI投資經(jīng)驗(yàn),是否有更高的生產(chǎn)力、成長(zhǎng)力、溢出效應(yīng)和集群影響,但這種分析方法沒有從原因和效應(yīng)方面解決問題,因此要對(duì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)或地區(qū)的FDI增長(zhǎng)和它總體增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行多一點(diǎn)的觀察。如果外商直接投資能夠進(jìn)入更有表現(xiàn)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)和/或“地區(qū)”(受益于自己的潛在溢

42、出效應(yīng)),那么這并不等于外商直接投資一定會(huì)成為更大經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的來源。因此本文的目的在于為英國(近期的和歷史的)反映經(jīng)驗(yàn)性證據(jù),具體涉及到:第一、外商直接投資企業(yè)是不是更好(即擁有更高的生產(chǎn)力,或更有創(chuàng)新力),以及預(yù)測(cè)FDI是否會(huì)更好;第二、FDI是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生溢出效應(yīng);(3)是不是要在外商直接投資的工廠周圍建立產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。本文對(duì)以證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的局限性也進(jìn)行了討論,并與研究結(jié)果一起反映在文獻(xiàn)中,這引出了一些在今后的</p><p

43、>  關(guān)鍵詞:跨國公司;FDI;溢出</p><p><b>  簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>  本文對(duì)跨國公司如何影響英國生產(chǎn)力作了文獻(xiàn)概述。文章的重點(diǎn)是進(jìn)入英國的外商直接投資,但報(bào)告也提到了對(duì)外直接投資對(duì)英國生產(chǎn)力的影響。文章涵蓋的問題包括用來測(cè)量生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)力影響的數(shù)據(jù),以及如何進(jìn)行測(cè)量(包括使用的技術(shù))。一般來說,在英國大部分微觀層面的面板數(shù)據(jù)來自于根

44、據(jù)眾議院制定的回復(fù)(如稅收規(guī)則要求),然后由商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)提供(如FAME數(shù)據(jù)庫,或者One Source),或來自于國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局收集的作為年度業(yè)務(wù)查詢組成部分的數(shù)據(jù)(并出現(xiàn)在國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局微觀數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室通過年度受訪者資料庫)。這些數(shù)據(jù)在覆蓋范圍和在全國的代表性方面都有所不同,這在利用計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方法來檢驗(yàn)假設(shè)時(shí)都有牽涉到(例如FDI是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生生產(chǎn)力外溢)。比如,F(xiàn)AME數(shù)據(jù)庫在很大程度上偏向于大公司,因此無法代表在英國經(jīng)營的中小型公司(Harris

45、 and Li,2007,尤其是表2.11)。</p><p>  在構(gòu)建外商直接投資的代理方式導(dǎo)致溢出時(shí)也會(huì)存在數(shù)據(jù)問題,大多聚集于FDI在一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)或地區(qū)出現(xiàn)的評(píng)估上,這也引出了一個(gè)需要被考慮的問題,即這些數(shù)據(jù)是否足以測(cè)量FDI的出現(xiàn)和國內(nèi)企業(yè)的全要素生產(chǎn)率之間的實(shí)際聯(lián)系(換句話說,我們幾乎從未有這方面的數(shù)據(jù),即測(cè)量是否在微觀單位上有知識(shí)、人員、物品或信息的實(shí)際流動(dòng))。因此引出了一個(gè)一般性問題,外商直接投資企業(yè)

46、影響國內(nèi)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)率存在因果關(guān)系,或者這個(gè)因果關(guān)系是相反的方向。同時(shí),使用的計(jì)量方法往往希望能夠在FDI和生產(chǎn)率之間建立一個(gè)最好的聯(lián)系,但這可能會(huì)有所偏向(通常會(huì)偏前,如果它們之間互有因果關(guān)系)。</p><p>  在這一階段的最后一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)問題是,在試圖測(cè)量FDI對(duì)東道國經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng)時(shí),利用微觀層面面板數(shù)據(jù)或工業(yè)層面匯總數(shù)據(jù)的適宜性。大多數(shù)早期的研究使用匯總的企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)(有些的確仍然如此),因?yàn)樗目捎眯浴1M管

47、這似乎很顯然,公司層面上的數(shù)據(jù)更可取,它可能能夠更準(zhǔn)確地測(cè)量FDI對(duì)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)率的影響;而行業(yè)層面數(shù)據(jù)通常無法對(duì)國內(nèi)的和外商直接投資的進(jìn)行分組,除非所有所需的變量是按國家所有權(quán)進(jìn)行劃分的。也可能企業(yè)層面數(shù)據(jù)有它獨(dú)特的特點(diǎn),這個(gè)特點(diǎn)對(duì)于研究是否所有溢出都被國內(nèi)企業(yè)內(nèi)化很重要。例如,每個(gè)公司的吸收能力很可能對(duì)確定FDI對(duì)生產(chǎn)力影響的大小很重要。這種異質(zhì)性很重要,并且可以被用來進(jìn)行更深入的分析,但是它需要代價(jià);特別是,我們有需要利用面板數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)

48、來考慮把異質(zhì)性與公司性能上的不可觀的差異聯(lián)系起來(即我們需要考慮固定效應(yīng))。這樣的面板數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)也需要與其他重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題相抗衡,比如內(nèi)生性和空間自相關(guān)。</p><p>  至于用來測(cè)量全要素生產(chǎn)率(TFP)的技術(shù),在TFP首次被使用時(shí)存在很重要的問題。比如一個(gè)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的估量包括第二階段模型的因變量,尋求解釋TFP的確定。這導(dǎo)致了檢驗(yàn)假設(shè)時(shí)的偏頗和低效率的參數(shù)估計(jì)。</p><p>  以

49、上所有問題,在研究FDI如何以及何時(shí)對(duì)英國生產(chǎn)率產(chǎn)生影響時(shí)比較常見。在本文中,我們會(huì)先研究跨國公司的附屬公司是否更好(在這里以更高的生產(chǎn)率作為研究角度)。如果不是這樣,那就很難明白為什么會(huì)有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的金錢或非金錢外溢到國內(nèi)企業(yè)。事實(shí)上,當(dāng)外商直接投資是技術(shù)外包(而不是充分利用),那很可能會(huì)對(duì)跨國公司的子公司產(chǎn)生外溢效應(yīng),而不是國內(nèi)的企業(yè)。第三節(jié)會(huì)從“打擊率”效應(yīng)考慮FDI是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生直接的生產(chǎn)力優(yōu)勢(shì)(即如果定義它們是更好的存在,它們應(yīng)該提

50、高整體的生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)率的增長(zhǎng));那些被跨國公司收購的企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力在收購后是否有所提高(或者跨國公司是從國內(nèi)最優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)中進(jìn)行挑選);對(duì)外直接投資是否提高了英國跨國公司的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)力(有可能蔓延到其他非跨國公司國內(nèi)工廠)。第四節(jié)著眼于在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域最豐富的文獻(xiàn),即外商直接投資通過溢出效應(yīng)是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生間接的好處。在這里,我們涵蓋了一系列問題,包括對(duì)潛在溢出效應(yīng)的定義(包括行業(yè)內(nèi)、行業(yè)間以及集聚外溢);FDI不同類型的重要性(聯(lián)系到跨國公司定位于英國

51、的原因,技術(shù)支持還是充分利用,以及出口導(dǎo)向);國內(nèi)企業(yè)能夠吸收任何溢出的重要性;以及在文獻(xiàn)中提到的溢出的大小。第五節(jié)會(huì)</p><p>  二、外商直接投資企業(yè)更好?</p><p>  令人驚訝的是,在研究英國的FDI企業(yè)是否優(yōu)于國內(nèi)企業(yè)時(shí)就出現(xiàn)了少量研究是采用微觀層面數(shù)據(jù)的。Griffith (1999)是第一個(gè)這樣做的人,她使用了來自于受訪者資料庫的數(shù)據(jù)。她創(chuàng)造的柯布一道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函

52、數(shù)估計(jì)表明,在考慮要素投入的不同水平之后,在汽車行業(yè)的外商獨(dú)資機(jī)構(gòu)的生產(chǎn)力并沒有顯著的提高。不過,Griffith在使用數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)沒有考慮到ONS在收集信息是偏重于大公司;收集ARD數(shù)據(jù)時(shí),Harris (2002)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)使用相同的計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)方法時(shí)外資企業(yè)比起英國國有企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)力上有顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)(美國和歐盟企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)力上多出21%—26%),這符合Griffith的看法。后者只能顯示,一個(gè)行業(yè)中規(guī)模較大的企業(yè)擁有類似的生產(chǎn)力(已考慮不同方式的混

53、合投入)。正如Harris提出的,如果較大的英國國有企業(yè)和外商獨(dú)資機(jī)構(gòu)都有許多與較高生產(chǎn)率相關(guān)的特征(這是由用于代表特征的所有權(quán)虛擬變量來獲取的),那么或許Griffith在使用未加權(quán)樣本時(shí)沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性差異就不應(yīng)該顯得奇怪了。如果生產(chǎn)率差異較大,包括規(guī)模較小的機(jī)構(gòu)(主要是獨(dú)立的,單一的機(jī)構(gòu)),那么未加權(quán)數(shù)據(jù)掩蓋了外商投資和英國國有行業(yè)之間的差異,</p><p>  Harris和Robinson (20

54、03)對(duì)英國制造業(yè)做了更廣泛的研究。他們選用了1974—1995年間英國204個(gè)制造業(yè)行業(yè)的企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)。他們的文章指出早期Hymer (1976)的研究成果,以及最近的Aitken、Harrison (1999)和Pfafferymayr、Bellak (2002)的研究貢獻(xiàn),以此作為為什么外資企業(yè)更好的論據(jù)。這表明外資企業(yè)都應(yīng)當(dāng)具有企業(yè)特有的優(yōu)勢(shì),這些優(yōu)勢(shì)會(huì)給他們帶來絕對(duì)的成本優(yōu)勢(shì),如:專業(yè)的生產(chǎn)知識(shí)、優(yōu)秀的管理和營銷能力、出口聯(lián)系、以

55、及與供應(yīng)商和客戶之間的協(xié)調(diào)能力。因此,他們找到海外附屬公司,以利用這種優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外,外國直接投資也可能會(huì)降低國內(nèi)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)力,特別是在短期內(nèi)通過日益激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),如果他們失去市場(chǎng)份額,在不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng),通過規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增,提高國內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的平均成本,從而減少他們的生產(chǎn)力水平。</p><p>  不過,關(guān)于為什么外國子公司可能不像國內(nèi)企業(yè)一樣具有生產(chǎn)力,Harris和Robinson(同上)也提出了一些論據(jù),尤其是在短

56、期內(nèi)的:如果在最初同化新的工廠進(jìn)入FDI網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)遇到困難,那么外資企業(yè)的效率水平可能會(huì)較低(鄧寧,1988,1998)。這也可能與東道國市場(chǎng)的文化差異有關(guān)。Caves(1996)認(rèn)為,當(dāng)一個(gè)跨國公司在海外創(chuàng)立或收購附屬機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí),會(huì)引起在東道國學(xué)習(xí)如何處理事情的固定成本。此外,外國公司也可能會(huì)保留大部分高附加值業(yè)務(wù)(比如研發(fā)和更新的產(chǎn)品)在自己國家,而將大部分低附加值的組裝業(yè)務(wù)集中在東道國(Doms和Jensen,1998;Harris,19

57、88,1991)。最近的一些討論認(rèn)為,為了技術(shù)來源而不是技術(shù)利用,認(rèn)清跨國公司海外子公司的定位顯得很重要(Love,2003;Driffield和Love,2007)。當(dāng)東道國產(chǎn)業(yè)比跨國公司母國相同產(chǎn)業(yè)更具研發(fā)密集型時(shí),這就很可能發(fā)生。當(dāng)外商直接投資的動(dòng)機(jī)是技術(shù)外包,可以預(yù)料,這些企業(yè)將具有相對(duì)較低的全要素生產(chǎn)率,并可以從“反向溢出效應(yīng)”獲得潛在收益。</p><p>  為了衡量外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)是否具有更高(或更低

58、)的全要素生產(chǎn)率水平,選用來自ARD的企業(yè)層面的加權(quán)面板數(shù)據(jù)來估計(jì)下列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)數(shù)線性科布——道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù):</p><p>  yit =αxit +βlit +γkit +δt +κAGEit +θ1FOit +θ2 (FOit ×t86?95) + ait</p><p>  其中i和t分別代表第i個(gè)行業(yè)在第t年的觀察值,y代表實(shí)際總產(chǎn)出,x代表實(shí)際中間投入量(即實(shí)際增加值

59、總額減去實(shí)際生產(chǎn)總值),l代表員工人數(shù),k代表廠房和機(jī)器資本存量,AGE代表企業(yè)年齡(以年計(jì)),F(xiàn)O用來衡量當(dāng)一個(gè)企業(yè)分別屬于美國公司、歐盟公司、東南亞公司、舊英聯(lián)邦公司或者其他國家公司時(shí)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)價(jià)值量所需的載體,采用從1974年開始的數(shù)據(jù)(涉及到FO的乘法運(yùn)算,我們用的時(shí)間指數(shù)從1986年開始)。對(duì)每一個(gè)所有權(quán)國籍進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的分析,可以使我們觀察到生產(chǎn)率是否會(huì)隨著國籍的變化而變化。如果是這樣的話,那些涵蓋所有外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)的研究結(jié)論可能不

60、全面,Harris和 Robinson(2003)認(rèn)為這可能是“好”的國家和“壞”的國家彼此影響,導(dǎo)致沒有整體效應(yīng)。</p><p>  三、來自FDI的直接收益</p><p>  吸引跨國公司進(jìn)入對(duì)東道國經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生的最直接的影響要聯(lián)系到勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)效應(yīng)(例如更多更好的高薪職位,Harris,1991a,1991b)、更多的研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)支出(外資獨(dú)資子公司的規(guī)模會(huì)越來越大,而且它們通常從事研發(fā)密

61、集型產(chǎn)業(yè))以及更多投資。正如前一節(jié)中所說的,如果它們擁有較高的平均生產(chǎn)率水平,那么跨國公司的進(jìn)入將通過“打擊率”效應(yīng)增加經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體生產(chǎn)率水平,無論這些企業(yè)是否會(huì)產(chǎn)生任何溢出。當(dāng)然,如果跨國公司子公司并沒有更高的生產(chǎn)率,那么它們的生產(chǎn)率可能會(huì)變低,正如近幾年在北愛爾蘭發(fā)生的情況(圖2)。 Haltiwanger(1997)將成長(zhǎng)分解成一個(gè)企業(yè)不同附屬機(jī)構(gòu)的促成因素(即貫穿整個(gè)過程的經(jīng)營、企業(yè)的開設(shè)、企業(yè)的關(guān)閉),并分離出在北愛爾蘭市

62、場(chǎng)上運(yùn)作的英國獨(dú)資企業(yè),生成的研究報(bào)告見表2??傮w上,1998年到2006年的生產(chǎn)率年增長(zhǎng)率有1.9%,但是幾乎所有增長(zhǎng)都來自于本土企業(yè)(雖然外資獨(dú)資機(jī)構(gòu)占了總增加值約占20%)?!耙绯觥笔窃鲩L(zhǎng)的一個(gè)主要來源,但是外資獨(dú)資企業(yè)的關(guān)閉降低了一個(gè)省的生產(chǎn)率的增長(zhǎng),而這些被關(guān)閉的企業(yè)通常擁有相對(duì)較高的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。</p><p>  從外商獨(dú)資跨國公司到新收購的子公司的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移也可以產(chǎn)生直接收益。正如那些研究外資獨(dú)資企

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