土木工程外文翻譯---地震帶民用建筑由磚混向框架發(fā)展的必要趨勢

1、<p>　　Seismic zone to the framework of the civil from the brick necessary for the development trend</p><p>　　【Abstract】Earthquakes are inevitable natural disasters,but the choice of building structures

2、which can effectively reduce the losses caused by the current seismic zone in construction, particularly in economically underdeveloped areas of the building.Mostly brick building structure, but its poor ability to contr

3、ibute to the seismic earthquake's power and prestige, while the frame structure in the earthquake's strength is especially evident, although the price higher, but with the masonry structu</p><p>　　【K

4、ey words】masonry; framework; choice; cost </p><p>　　China is located in the world's two most active seismic zones in the middle on the east Pacific seismic belt, west and southwest is the Eurasian seismi

5、c zone after areas, is one of many earthquakes in the world, for we must strengthen the Earthquake Research and prevention. Damage caused by the earthquake in theory, three main factors: the level of the ground motion ac

6、celeration, resonance, and energy of inclusiveness. In fact, the earthquake itself is difficult to pose a threat to the safety of</p><p>　　1. Housing a number of reasons for the collapse </p><p>

7、;　　Houses collapsed in the earthquake, so many casualties so heavy, what the problem is where? One view is that: Since the earthquake strength, housing guard, the design did not strictly enforce the standards, plus there

8、 are some jerry-building phenomenon. For this reason man is undeniable, it is the administrative mechanism and the building construction behavior of the loophole is people own issues. Another view, less developed Wenchua

9、n area, building houses and more traditional brick-based, and f</p><p>　　2. Earthquake with the choice of structure </p><p>　　Earthquake collapsed houses, brick and concrete structure accounts f

10、or most of the first analysis of the masonry structure. Brick-concrete structure is a hybrid structure, with brick walls to load, due to the construction, low construction costs because, for decades has been the traditio

11、nal form of Chinese civil, more suitable for deep bay into a small housing area is small, multi- or low-rise buildings. Good compression performance is one big advantage, but also highlight its shortcomings: Sinc</p&g

12、t;<p>　　Damage statistics show that in the strong earthquake, the multi-storey masonry wall is mainly connected with the destruction of components, and housing-storey big, thick layers, a relatively more serious d

13、amage. The structure of housing limited to masonry materials due to their characteristics (poor ductility), coupled with structural integrity is relatively poor, under the earthquake prone to cracking, damage or even col

14、lapse phenomenon. Previous earthquakes has proven this earthquake is a cost</p><p>　　The frame structure, it is by the beams and columns, of three components based on the common load-bearing, frame by the be

15、am and floor structure connected together into a whole, only for filling wall partitions, not force, so the room layout flexibility and size of windows and doors shape a more free, more than 7 degrees for the large seism

16、ic structure and spatial structure. Lateral stiffness of the frame structure, the structure is flexible, lateral displacement and horizontal loads, the shear </p><p>　　Another good structure is frame structu

17、re, it is the frame structure and wall combination of the two systems, drawing on their strengths, shear deformation is curved, with good lateral load resistance, with more boxes in terms of seismic shear structure, stab

18、ility, housing and so on toughness than on concrete structure and frame structure, in the earthquake, housing frames and shear walls to become "two lines of defense" system to increase the structural stiffness

19、and strength is a flexible stru</p><p>　　3. Framework for seismic design issues needing attention </p><p>　　First, the earthquake seismic zone frame cast frame structure to give priority, follow

20、ed by the assembly of the whole frame structural system, rarely used fabricated, either pre-cast frame or frame should be as far as possible "strong column and weak beam strong shear weak bending, extreme pressure w

21、eak pull, strong weak nodes building blocks "of seismic design criteria, so that frame is a reasonable mechanism for earthquake damage --- lateral beam hinge mechanism to regulate the objectives of t</p><

22、p>　　4. Brick to the framework of the trend </p><p>　　Architecture is designed for the survival of man's refuge, which is human has been construction techniques do not present a perfectly justified rea

23、son, and now we are in Wenchuan Earthquake see is the construction of the house with his capture their lives, Jian Zhu Life has become a killer. In fact, according to the relevant provisions in many major cities, from 20

24、00 they were no longer Yunxushiyong brick and concrete structure design, and this is also a measure to improve earthquake Jibie, but </p><p>　　【Reference】</p><p>　　[1] Chen Cuirong. On the Seism

25、ic Design of Attention [J]. Shanxi Construction 2007,33 (3) :44-45.</p><p>　　[2] Tang Kau. Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete [M]. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1989.</p><p>　　[3] [U

26、nited States] Taiwan grams of Moscow. Building Structures: Analysis and Design and Application [M]. Tsinghua University Press, 2005.</p><p>　　地震帶民用建筑由磚混向框架發(fā)展的必要趨勢</p><p>　　【摘要】地震是不可避免的自然災(zāi)害，但建筑結(jié)構(gòu)

27、的選擇可以有效的減少它帶來的損失，目前地震帶民用建筑，尤其經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的建</p><p>　　筑結(jié)構(gòu)多為磚混結(jié)構(gòu)，其較差的抗震能力反而助長了地震的威風(fēng)，而框架結(jié)構(gòu)在地震中的優(yōu)勢就顯得尤為明顯，價(jià)格雖然高些，但與磚混結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　相比，性價(jià)比更高。至于抗震能力更強(qiáng)的框架—剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)等，其過高的價(jià)格和過低的普及度很難大范圍建設(shè)。</p><p>　　【關(guān)

28、鍵詞】磚混；框架；選擇；性價(jià)比</p><p>　　我國地處世界上兩個(gè)最活躍的地震帶中間，東瀕環(huán)太平洋地震帶，西部和西南部是歐亞地震帶經(jīng)過的地區(qū)，是世界上多地震國家之一，為此我們必須加強(qiáng)地震研究和預(yù)防工作。在理論上造成地震破壞的3個(gè)主要因素是：地面水平運(yùn)動(dòng)加速、共振及能量的包容性。其實(shí)地震本身很難對(duì)人的生命安全構(gòu)成威脅，絕大多數(shù)人員傷亡是受地震影響而倒塌或破壞的建筑造成的，通常，占地震傷亡人數(shù)的95％。僅有不足5

29、%的人員傷亡是直接由地震及地震引發(fā)的水災(zāi)、山體滑坡等次生災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致的，而沒有抗震加固措施的磚混結(jié)構(gòu)（磚墻加未拉結(jié)的預(yù)制混凝土樓板）造成的災(zāi)難尤為慘烈。</p><p>　　1.房屋倒塌眾多的原因</p><p>　　在大地震中房屋倒塌如此之多，人員傷亡如此慘重，究竟問題出在何處？一種觀點(diǎn)是：由于地震強(qiáng)度大，房屋建設(shè)疏于防范，設(shè)計(jì)上沒有嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，再加上存在一定的偷工減料現(xiàn)象。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)，是

30、不可否認(rèn)的人為原因，它是行政管理機(jī)制和建設(shè)施工行為方面的漏洞，是人自身方面的原因。另一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，汶川地區(qū)欠發(fā)達(dá)，建筑房屋多以傳統(tǒng)的磚混結(jié)構(gòu)為主，且年久失修，已無法應(yīng)對(duì)7級(jí)以上的地震，其實(shí)磚混結(jié)構(gòu)房屋大量倒塌，并造成慘重人員傷亡的現(xiàn)象，早已在1976年唐山大地震上出現(xiàn)過。這一種觀點(diǎn)從建筑本身結(jié)構(gòu)上予以分析，需要我們科學(xué)對(duì)待地震，在結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能上認(rèn)真加強(qiáng)，保持建筑物不倒，來最大限度的減少人員傷亡，至少不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在呈現(xiàn)在人們面前的如此恐怖。在

31、四川省僑務(wù)部門對(duì)地處重災(zāi)區(qū)的69所“僑心學(xué)?！钡恼{(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)。受損學(xué)校41所，其中嚴(yán)重受損18所輕微受損23所，上述僑心學(xué)校無一坍塌。據(jù)應(yīng)急評(píng)估專家回來講，凡是磚混結(jié)構(gòu)為現(xiàn)澆樓板并加構(gòu)造柱的且按正規(guī)設(shè)計(jì)并把好質(zhì)量關(guān)的均沒有倒塌，更別說框架結(jié)構(gòu)和鋼結(jié)構(gòu)了。結(jié)構(gòu)已是抗震的最后一道防線，由此來看結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇對(duì)于建筑物抗震性能的影響非同一般。</p><p>　?。?地震帶結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇</p><p>

32、　　地震倒塌的房屋中，磚混結(jié)構(gòu)的占絕大部分，先分析一下磚混結(jié)構(gòu)。磚混結(jié)構(gòu)是混合結(jié)構(gòu)的一種，采用磚墻來承重，由于施工方面，建筑造價(jià)低等原因，幾十年來一直是我國民用建筑的傳統(tǒng)形式，比較適合開間進(jìn)深小，房屋面積小，多層或低層的建筑?？箟盒阅芎檬瞧湟淮髢?yōu)點(diǎn)，但其缺點(diǎn)同樣突出：自重大，強(qiáng)度低，使砌體結(jié)構(gòu)承受的地震力也相對(duì)增大；砌筑工程繁重，基本采用人工方式砌筑，勞動(dòng)量大，效率低下；黏土用量大，往往占用農(nóng)田，影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)；由于砌筑砂漿和磚石、砌塊間

33、的粘結(jié)力差，無筋砌體的抗拉、抗彎及抗剪強(qiáng)度低，抗震及抗裂性能差且施工質(zhì)量難控制，很容易對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)破壞，是剛性結(jié)構(gòu)，為此地震多發(fā)區(qū)應(yīng)慎用這種建筑結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于磚混結(jié)構(gòu)的房屋有以下幾個(gè)震害特征：（1）墻體破壞，水平地震作用使砌體房屋中的墻體受剪受彎。當(dāng)與水平地震作用方向平行的墻肢截面高寬比接近1時(shí)，墻體以剪切變形為主；在剪力和豎向壓力共同作用下，墻內(nèi)主拉應(yīng)力超出砌體強(qiáng)度，墻體出現(xiàn)斜裂縫；由于地震的反復(fù)作用，兩方向斜裂縫交叉成X形；當(dāng)墻肢高寬比較小時(shí)

34、，則在墻體中間部位出現(xiàn)水平裂縫。（2）縱橫墻連接處破壞?？v橫墻連接處是砌體房屋的一個(gè)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，地震時(shí)縱橫墻相互作用，在交接出</p><p>　　震害統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，在強(qiáng)烈的地震作用下，多層砌體房屋主要是墻身與構(gòu)件的連接破壞，且房屋層高大，層數(shù)多，震害相對(duì)越嚴(yán)重。該結(jié)構(gòu)房屋因限于砌體材料本身的特性（延性差），加上結(jié)構(gòu)整體性也比較差，在地震作用下極易出現(xiàn)開裂、破壞甚至倒塌現(xiàn)象。歷次地震已經(jīng)證明了這一點(diǎn)，汶川地震又是一次代

35、價(jià)慘重的證明！</p><p>　　至于框架結(jié)構(gòu)，它是由梁、柱、基礎(chǔ)三種構(gòu)件共同承重，框架間由連系梁和樓面結(jié)構(gòu)連成整體，墻體僅作填充隔斷，不受力，所以房間布置靈活，門窗大小形狀較自由，多用于7度以上抗震結(jié)構(gòu)和大空間結(jié)構(gòu)?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)的側(cè)向剛度較小，屬于柔性結(jié)構(gòu)，側(cè)向位移大，在水平荷載作用下，變形曲線為剪切型。通過合理設(shè)計(jì)，框架結(jié)構(gòu)能承受較大變形，并能有效吸收消耗地震能量，但過大層間變形會(huì)引起非結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件破壞，故變形應(yīng)控

36、制在一定范圍。在地震中，地震力使結(jié)構(gòu)通過變形而積聚的能量（變形能）越來越大，變形與應(yīng)力是成正比例的，如果達(dá)到極限強(qiáng)度，結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)破壞，對(duì)于脆性的磚混結(jié)構(gòu)，不易變形從而吸收了能量，強(qiáng)度也小，最容易破壞，反過來框架結(jié)構(gòu)的自振周期在0.5秒以上，又是彈塑形的，可以積聚一定的能量，所以不易破壞。一個(gè)典型的例子是上世紀(jì)76年前唐山蓋的面粉廠，由于套用了烏魯木齊市的框架設(shè)計(jì)圖紙，8度防震，在11度強(qiáng)烈地震也未破壞。</p><p&

37、gt;　　另一種比較好的結(jié)構(gòu)就是框剪結(jié)構(gòu)，它是框架結(jié)構(gòu)和剪力墻兩種體系的結(jié)合，吸取了各自的長處，其變形是剪彎型，具有良好的抗側(cè)力性能，相比較框剪結(jié)構(gòu)無論從抗震、穩(wěn)定性、房屋堅(jiān)韌性上等都優(yōu)于磚混結(jié)構(gòu)和框架結(jié)構(gòu)，在地震中，框架和剪力墻成為房屋的“兩道防線”，增加了結(jié)構(gòu)體系的剛度和強(qiáng)度，是個(gè)柔性結(jié)構(gòu)。</p><p>　?。常蚣芸拐鹪O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題</p><p>　　首先，抗震地震帶框

38、架結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)先考慮現(xiàn)澆框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系，其次是裝配整體式框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系，很少采用裝配式，無論是現(xiàn)澆框架式還是預(yù)制框架式，均應(yīng)盡量符合“強(qiáng)柱弱梁，強(qiáng)剪弱彎，強(qiáng)壓弱拉，強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)弱構(gòu)件”的抗震設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則，使框架結(jié)構(gòu)具有合理抗震破壞機(jī)制———梁鉸側(cè)移機(jī)制，達(dá)到規(guī)范對(duì)框架抗裂設(shè)防的目標(biāo)要求。當(dāng)按一級(jí)抗震設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，現(xiàn)澆框架混凝土強(qiáng)度等級(jí)不宜低于c30；按二~四級(jí)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)不低于c20。其次，抗震框架柱截面尺寸應(yīng)滿足規(guī)范對(duì)軸壓比限值要求，它是影響框架柱破壞形式和變形能力

39、的重要因素。再者，抗震驗(yàn)算時(shí)不同的樓蓋及布置(整體性)決定了采用剛性、剛?cè)?、柔性理論?jì)算。抗震驗(yàn)算時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意場地土類別。8度超過5層有條件時(shí)，盡量加剪力墻，可大大改善結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震性能?？蚣芙Y(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)成雙向梁柱剛接體系，但也允許部分的框架梁搭在另一框架梁上。應(yīng)加強(qiáng)垂直地震作用的設(shè)計(jì)，從震害分析，規(guī)范給出的垂直地震作用明顯不足。</p><p>　　４．磚混向框架發(fā)展的趨勢</p><p>　

40、　建筑是為人設(shè)計(jì)的為生存的庇護(hù)場所,這是人類有建造技術(shù)以來不用說明的天經(jīng)地義的道理,而現(xiàn)在,我們在汶川特大地震中看到的是,用自己建造的房子奪取自己的生命，建筑卻成為生命的殺手。其實(shí)在許多大城市根據(jù)相關(guān)規(guī)定，從2000年以后就不再允許使用磚混結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)了，這也是提高防震級(jí)別的一種措施，但事實(shí)上有多少地方落實(shí)了這一政策，尤其像汶川這種曾名不見經(jīng)傳的小地方，為此我們要在全國尤其是地震帶的建筑由磚混向框架等結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變上多下些力氣。那么現(xiàn)在我們來設(shè)想

41、一下，如果汶川建筑大多采用框架結(jié)構(gòu)，按7度設(shè)計(jì)，如達(dá)到9度，也剛達(dá)到破壞邊緣。如實(shí)際地震是10度，雖然超過了極限強(qiáng)度，但當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)有裂縫后，剛度迅速降低，結(jié)構(gòu)變軟，共振不復(fù)存在，地震力也變小了。且因鋼筋在超過屈服強(qiáng)度后還有延性，混凝土雖斷，俗話說斷了骨頭還連著筋，結(jié)構(gòu)還不會(huì)完全垮塌，再加上圈梁、構(gòu)造柱的支持，破損時(shí)間延長，只要不是熟睡的夜晚，應(yīng)該有一定的空間避難和留出寶貴的逃生時(shí)間，那么汶川地震中會(huì)有多少同胞不會(huì)離我們遠(yuǎn)去。</p&g

42、t;<p><b>　　【參考文獻(xiàn)】</b></p><p>　　[1]　陳翠榮.關(guān)于工程抗震設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)注意的問題[J].山西建筑2007,33(3):44-45.</p><p>　　[2]　唐九如.鋼筋混凝土框架節(jié)點(diǎn)抗震[M].南京:南京大學(xué)出版社,1989.</p><p>　　[1]　[美]斯科臺(tái)克.建筑結(jié)構(gòu)：分析方法及其設(shè)