單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)外文翻譯1

1、<p>　　Microcomputer Systems</p><p>　　Electronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company’s account

2、s, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for exampl

3、e a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system su</p><p>　　Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by

4、 separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by Von Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceive

5、d especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the </p><p>　

6、　In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by

7、means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory a

8、nd incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. H</p><p>　　The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information wit

9、hin the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is,

10、the non-computer part) of the engineering system.</p><p>　　Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be rea

11、d back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expression ‘random’ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patter

12、ns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally</p><p>　　The microprocessor processes data under the control of the progra

13、m, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or co

14、ntrolling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to</

15、p><p>　　The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types w

16、hile others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different mode

17、s of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to</p><p>　　1 First model</p><p>　　1.1 SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage</p>

18、<p>　　Mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open

19、 road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.</p><p>　　1.2 MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage</p><p>　　The main direction of technology

20、 development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas asso

21、ciated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective fact

22、ors. In the development of MCU, </p><p>　　Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the soluti

23、on on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater develo

24、pment. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip m</p><p>　　3 MCU applications</p><p>　　SCM now permeate all areas of our lives,

25、which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, re

26、al-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, elec

27、tronic pet, etc., w</p><p>　　SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughl

28、y divided into the following several areas:</p><p>　　3.1 In the application of Intelligent Instruments</p><p>　　SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexi

29、bility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angl

30、e, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerfu</p><p>　

31、　3.2 In the industrial control application</p><p>　　With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control</p><p>

32、;　　3.3 In Household Appliances</p><p>　　can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio vi

33、deo equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. 3.4 In the field of computer networks and communications applications </p><p>　　MCU general with modern communication interface,

34、 can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controll

35、ed by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunk

36、ed mobile ra</p><p>　　3.5 Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications</p><p>　　SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various an

37、alyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. call system. 3.6 In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications </p><p>　　Designed to achieve some special single spe

38、cific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electr

39、onic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microco

40、ntroller, analog </p><p>　　SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking

41、 system, brake system, etc.. </p><p>　　In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.</p><p>

42、　　Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems bas

43、ed on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years

44、with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontr</p><p>　　SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM i

45、s the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handh

46、eld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in</p><p>　　Single chip, also known as single-chip microcont

47、roller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip

48、becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the co

49、mputer the b</p><p><b>　　單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)</b></p><p>　　廣義地說，單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)是用于處理信息的，這種信息可以是電話交談，儀器讀數(shù)或企業(yè)的帳戶等，但是各種情況下都涉及相同的主要操作步驟例如：信息處理、存儲(chǔ)和傳遞等。在常規(guī)的電子設(shè)計(jì)中，這些操作都是以功能平臺(tái)的方式組合起來的。例如計(jì)數(shù)器，無論是電子類還是機(jī)械類，都要存儲(chǔ)當(dāng)前值，并按要求將

50、該值增1。而諸如采用計(jì)數(shù)器原理制作的電子鐘之類的任一系統(tǒng)要使其存儲(chǔ)和處理能力遍布整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，因?yàn)槠涿總€(gè)計(jì)數(shù)器都能存儲(chǔ)和處理一些數(shù)字。</p><p>　　而當(dāng)前微處理化系統(tǒng)與上述的常規(guī)方法有所不同，它將處理，存儲(chǔ)和傳輸三個(gè)功能分離形成不同的系統(tǒng)單元。這種形成三個(gè)主要單元的分離方法是由馮-諾依曼在20世紀(jì)40年代設(shè)想出來的，且是針對(duì)微計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)想。從此幾乎所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都是用這種結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的，盡管包含寬廣的物理形式，從根

51、本上來說他們均是具有相同的基本設(shè)計(jì)的。</p><p>　　在單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，處理是由單片機(jī)本身完成的。存儲(chǔ)是利用存儲(chǔ)器電路，而進(jìn)入和出自系統(tǒng)的信息傳輸則是利用特定的輸入/輸出（I/O）電路。要在一個(gè)以單片機(jī)為原理的時(shí)鐘中找出執(zhí)行計(jì)數(shù)功能的一個(gè)特殊硬件是不可能的，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器中，而在固定的時(shí)間間隔下由單片機(jī)控制增值。但是，規(guī)定系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程的軟件包含實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)數(shù)器功能的單元。由于系統(tǒng)幾乎完全由軟件所定義，所以對(duì)單

52、片機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和其輔助電路這種看起來非常抽象東西的處理方法上的好處使其在應(yīng)用時(shí)非常靈活。這種設(shè)計(jì)過程主要是軟件工程，而且在生產(chǎn)軟件時(shí)，就會(huì)遇到產(chǎn)生常規(guī)工程時(shí)相似的構(gòu)造和維護(hù)問題。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)常使用RAM（隨機(jī)存取存儲(chǔ)器）為儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)，在RAM中數(shù)據(jù)可被寫入，并且在需要時(shí)可被再次讀出。這種被儲(chǔ)存數(shù)據(jù)能以任意所希望的次序從存儲(chǔ)器中讀出，不必按寫入時(shí)的相同次序，所以有“隨機(jī)”存取存儲(chǔ)器之稱。另一類型ROM（

53、只讀存儲(chǔ)器）儲(chǔ)存器則用來保持不受單片機(jī)器影響的固定的信息標(biāo)本；這些標(biāo)本在電源切斷后不會(huì)丟失，并通常作為用來保存規(guī)定單片機(jī)器系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程的程序。ROM可像RAM一樣被讀取，但與RAM不一樣的是不能用來存儲(chǔ)可變的信息。有些ROM在制造時(shí)就將其數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)本放入，而另外的則可通過特殊的設(shè)備由用戶編程，所以稱為可編程ROM。被廣泛使用的可編程ROM可利用特殊紫外線燈擦除，并被稱為EPROM，即可擦除可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器的縮寫。另有新類型的器件不必用紫外

54、線燈而用電擦除，所以稱為電可擦除可編程只讀存儲(chǔ)器即為EEPROM。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)器在程序控制下處理數(shù)據(jù)，并控制流向和來自存儲(chǔ)器或輸入/輸出裝置的信息流。有些輸入/輸出裝置是通用型的，而另外一些則是用特殊設(shè)計(jì)來控制如磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器的特殊硬件等，或控制傳給其他計(jì)算機(jī)的信息傳輸。大多數(shù)類型的I/O裝置在某種程度下可編程，允許不同形式的操作，而有些包含特殊用途單片機(jī)器的I/O裝置則不用主單片機(jī)器的直接干預(yù)，就可

55、實(shí)施非常復(fù)雜的操作。</p><p>　　假如應(yīng)用中不需要太多的程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)量，單片機(jī)器、存儲(chǔ)器和輸入/輸出可全被包含在同一集成電路中。這通常是低成本應(yīng)用的情況，例如用于微波爐和自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的控制器。當(dāng)商品被大量地生產(chǎn)時(shí)，這種單一芯片的使用就可節(jié)省相當(dāng)大的成本。當(dāng)技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，更強(qiáng)的處理器和更大的數(shù)量的存儲(chǔ)器被包含形成單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)，結(jié)果使最終產(chǎn)品的裝配成本得以節(jié)省。但是在可預(yù)見的未來，當(dāng)需要大量的存儲(chǔ)器或輸入

56、/輸出設(shè)備時(shí)，還是有必要繼續(xù)將許多集成電路相互聯(lián)結(jié)起來，形成單片機(jī)的。</p><p><b>　　1 起初模型</b></p><p>　　1.1 SCM即單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)（Single Chip Microcomputer）階段</p><p>　　主要是尋求最佳的單片機(jī)形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)?！皠?chuàng)新模式”獲得成功，奠定了SCM與通用計(jì)

57、算機(jī)完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立發(fā)展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒。 </p><p>　　1.2MCU即微型控制器（Micro Controller Unit）階段</p><p>　　主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是：在不斷擴(kuò)展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時(shí)，使用對(duì)象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對(duì)象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子

58、技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來看，Intel逐漸淡出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù)Philips公司。 </p><p>　　Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)，將MCS-51從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)迅速發(fā)展到微型控制器。因此，當(dāng)我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時(shí)，不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績。 </p><p><b>　　2 嵌入式系統(tǒng)

59、</b></p><p>　　單片機(jī)是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立發(fā)展之路，向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化的問題的解決；因此，專用單片機(jī)的發(fā)展自然形成了SOC化趨勢(shì)。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計(jì)、EDA工具的發(fā)展，基于SOC的單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)有較大的發(fā)展。因此，對(duì)單片機(jī)的理解可以從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。 </p><p>　　3 單片

60、機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域</p><p>　　目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛機(jī)上各種儀表的控制，計(jì)算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動(dòng)化過程的實(shí)時(shí)控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車的安全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機(jī)。更不用說自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)

61、習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇： </p><p>　　3.1 在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器

62、儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)備（功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。 </p><p>　　3.2 在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)

63、。例如工廠流水線的智能化管 </p><p>　　3.3 在家用電器中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他如音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無所不在。 </p><p>　　3.4 在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的

64、單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。 </p><p>　　3.5 單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的

65、用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>　　3.6在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　某些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進(jìn)行模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。如音樂集成單片機(jī)，看似簡(jiǎn)單的功能，微縮在電子芯片中（有別于磁帶的原理），就需要復(fù)雜的類似于計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。如：音樂信號(hào)以數(shù)字的形

66、式存于存儲(chǔ)器中（類似于ROM），由微控制器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號(hào)（類似于聲卡）。 </p><p>　　在大型電路中，這種模塊化應(yīng)用極大地縮小了體積，簡(jiǎn)化了電路，降低了損壞、錯(cuò)誤率，也方便于更換。 </p><p>　　3.7 單片機(jī)在汽車設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用 </p><p>　　單片機(jī)在汽車電子中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，例如汽車中的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制器，基于CAN總線的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)

67、機(jī)智能電子控制器，GPS導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，abs防抱死系統(tǒng)，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等等。 </p><p>　　此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著十分廣泛的用途。 </p><p>　　早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠并且性能不錯(cuò)而獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛

68、使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著電子產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器

69、，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再是只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所

70、用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。</p><p>　　單片機(jī)又稱單片微型控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是