外文翻譯---廢雜銅的回收與利用

1、<p>　　附錄A 外文翻譯-原文部分</p><p>　　Recycling of scrap copper</p><p>　　China as the largest developing country in the world, in realizing industrialized process especially in keeping Tao Min econo

2、my in the process of rapid development of non-ferrous metals demand is very, especially copper its supply is very tight. Copper shortage is to restrict our country copper processing industry is one of the main factors. T

3、he 2011 world copper output is 20000000 t about, among them 85% to 90% from the copper extraction and smelting out 10% ~ 15% from Cu recycling. So the copp</p><p>　　1 Chinese copper demand and resource statu

4、s</p><p>　　1.1 Chinese copper demand</p><p>　　At present, China has become the world's largest consumer of copper, copper processing industry manufacturing base and the copper base product e

5、xport country. Our country is in the world of refined copper consumption growth is the rapiddest, the average growth rate is2.4 times of world, especially since 2000, an average annual increase of about300000 t, become p

6、ull move consumption growth in the major countries of world copper. Copper are mainly used for electric power, electrical and electronic</p><p>　　1.2 of China's copper resources</p><p>　　Cop

7、per resources shortage is China's copper industry the most outstanding problem, industry of our country copper smelting capacity greatly exceeds the guarantee ability of copper concentrate. China's copper base re

8、serves30420000 resources, resources total 62180000t. Copper mine reserves and foreign comparable part, not exceeding 18000000 t12J, ranking seventh in the world. But from tell on the whole, the copper resources in China

9、is still very poor ( Especially the lack of rich copper ), and fo</p><p>　　Copper resources in China is characterized by small deposits, large, superlarge deposit less. The characteristics of the hill of our

10、 country copper mine construction dimensions slants generally small, and after several decades of intensive mining, their reserves at a substantially reduced, some even have almost been exhausted. Notably, China's co

11、pper reserves most of them have been developed, the future there is a part of capacity to disappear.</p><p>　　Resource of our country copper is another characteristic of ore, ore less, complex polymetallic o

12、re, copper ore less single. The average grade of 0.78% copper, copper grade of more than 1% high grade copper reserves accounted for only36%, and the Underground mine, open pit mine is little, poor mining conditions.<

13、/p><p>　　China's copper resources are very unevenly distributed, mainly in the southwest of Sanjiang, Yangtze River, southeast is coastal, Qin Qikun metallogenic belt and Jilin and Liaoning Eastern Gangdese

14、 metallogenic belt, Tibet. To provide alternative resources mining is mostly located in economy relatively backward center-west region, exterior construction condition difference, scale mining requires a certain amount o

15、f time, so the mine production of copper mineral of copper content to increase, wil</p><p>　　2 recycling of scrap copper status</p><p>　　According to the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Associa

16、tion, in 2004, China's recycling scrap copper1160000 T, occupy the copper consumption 28%, not including copper and copper products factory direct recycle corner than expected and the imperfection of about 1000000 t.

17、2004domestic recycling copper360000 T,171 into the copper scrap3960000t (equivalent to belong to base800000 t ). According to the 2003China copper raw materials and products in the V1number display of copper into the F1g

18、rowth i</p><p>　　China's most economically developed areas in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai is the most in short supply of copper mineral resources in the region, is also our country

19、renewable copper and copper processing production the biggest area. 80% of the country's copper processing enterprises located in three regions,75% of the country's annual recycling of scrap copper. The three to

20、ninth regenerated copper industry has its own characteristics: the Pearl River Delta region are mainly</p><p>　　3 copper scrap classification</p><p>　　Copper according to the different stages, c

21、an be divided into: industrial production process resulting in a copper, produced during the processing of new copper, consumers use after the old copper three class;</p><p>　　(1) a copper. As substandard an

22、ode cathode and anode material, waste. These wastes are not deep processing or selling, it is usually to return to the previous step, substandard copper usually Xia new return export converter or anode furnace for refini

23、ng, defective material is melting and recasting.</p><p>　　(2) The new copper. New copper refers to new trim or internally generated copper factory. This copper is produced during machining, it with a copper

24、the main difference lies in the alloy or covering of CHO could have been doped.</p><p>　　(3) The old copper. The old copper is abandoned, used or externally generated scrap copper. It comes from has reached

25、its limit the use of the product.</p><p>　　According to scrap copper copper amount is different, also can be divided for copper:</p><p>　　(1) The L copper. This copper copper in the lowest conte

26、nt is 99%, the minimum diameter or thickness of 1.6 mm. L copper including cable," heavy" copper ( cutting chip, chip, a bus bar piercing ) and wire nodules.</p><p>　　(2) No. 2copper. This copper c

27、opper in the minimum content of 96%, with the line, heavy copper or nodular form, and contains several other restrictions.</p><p>　　(3) low copper. The minimum amount of copper scrap copper92%, the compositi

28、on of pure copper, pure copper surface paint or coating (drain pipes,) or had been heavily oxidized (4) refining brass products. This include various types of components in mixed alloy of copper, the minimum amount of co

29、pper is 61.3%, other less restrictive.</p><p>　　(5) Copper containing waste. This type includes all low copper content of raw materials, such as slag, slag, sludge, return material, powder and other waste.&l

30、t;/p><p>　　4copper processing</p><p>　　4.1wire and cable processing</p><p>　　Wire and cable so far is the old copper in a most general kind. Scrap wire, cable recycling is mainly to ma

31、ke copper wire and an insulating layer separation, there are four main ways: (1) mechanical separation, the law can be divided into two types. The debarking machine processing method, this method is suitable for processi

32、ng the thickness of basically the same wires. This process has the following characteristics: can be used for comprehensive recovery of scrap wire and cable and copper in an</p><p>　　4.2 car scrap recycling&

33、lt;/p><p>　　China's automobile waste quantity along with the car retains the quantity increases sharply. These vehicles will be accumulated elimination, scrapped, the still has tens of thousands of home eve

34、ry year tens of millions of tons of vehicle garbage. Other countries have to transfer to China Auto trash situation. Vehicle g arbage may be recycled resources are very rich, of which there are 3Cho copper recycling pote

35、ntial resources.</p><p>　　The first is open collector, in broken before it has been separated from the car manual. Radiator accessories the tin lead solder, this requires the use of radiator parts remelting

36、and refining, in order to obtain pure copper. However, using different solder or brazing new assembly technology can directly from the radiator or heater zero Components without the need for refining. This kind of radiat

37、or of copper call charge utilization rate is close to100%.</p><p>　　A car is scrapped in the waste steel and iron separation out after the rest of the nonferrous metal scrap scrap copper second source. Nonfe

38、rrous metal scrap metal: there are three main types of aluminum, copper and zinc. But the automobile circuit is mainly composed of copper wire. From the non-ferrous metal waste separation of copper with several methods,

39、such as hand picked, air filter and heavy medium separation.</p><p>　　Finally, a source of copper metal separation cracked residue. This residue is mainly composed of dust and organic matter composition -- t

40、he dashboard and steering wheel, plastic cushion, carpet and fabric fluff. The residue includes up to 3% copper and some oil value.</p><p>　　4.3 electronic waste processing</p><p>　　Electronic w

41、aste is the two copper in a rapidly growing. Is now vigorously develop the recycling of the raw material of copper technology. Electronic waste is defined as the production of electronic hardware wastes and discarded use

42、d electronic products. Because of this, it includes the old copper and copper.</p><p>　　The overall composition of electronic scrap Cho to fall into three categories: (1) plastic (2) refractory oxide; (3) me

43、tal The metal is approximately half the copper, also contains several base considerable gold and silver.</p><p>　　The separation of metal from electronic waste and become" ore processing" method of

44、 similarity. The method is similar to automobile scrap recycling, namely: to facilitate the recovery of large split; broken in order to reduce the residual material size; separating metal from plastics and ceramics.</

45、p><p>　　5Conclusion</p><p>　　China's copper scrap recycling also has many of the problems to be solved.</p><p>　　(1) Iow grade copper scrap to flood the market. China's imports

46、 of copper scrap mostly low grade scrap copper, such as discarded cables, electrical equipment, i.e. without pretreatment of useless miscellaneous copper, while imports after the selection after the No. 1, No. 2copper is

47、 relatively less. Recommended strict copper imports of quality, amount of imports of scrap copper.</p><p>　　(2) The serious pollution to the environment. As a result of our country scrap copper enterprises b

48、elong to the collective or private enterprises, these enterprises to fully to copper scrap as raw material, using simple production process for smelting recycled, thus the environment causes serious pollution. Suggestion

49、: 1. The scrap copper processing using, especially the major scrap copper center of environmental protection departments to strictly implement the state environmental regulations, s</p><p>　　Can use scrap co

50、pper direct production of black rod, national classics trade appoint already will produce the black rod technology as an out process, the relevant departments should supervise the implementation.</p><p>　　(3

51、) The production technology and equipment behind. China's scrap copper production enterprises not only quantity, small scale, manage dispersive, backward technology and equipment, and large energy consumption, low ut

52、ilization rate of resources recycling. Suggestion: the elimination of backward technology, the introduction of advanced production equipment.</p><p>　　(4) Iack of resources, serious waste. China's shorta

53、ge of mineral resources, prospecting difficulty is big, the main mineral shortage, in a short period of time is difficult to improve, it must be imported large quantities of scrap copper to make up the gap. According to

54、statistics, China mineral resources recovery rate of only 30%, and associated mineral resources comprehensive utilization rate of less than 20%, and foreign average above 50% in. As the level of science and technology is

55、 backwar</p><p>　　附錄B 外文翻譯-譯文部分</p><p><b>　　廢雜銅的回收與利用</b></p><p>　　我國作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，在實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的過程中尤其是在保持陶民經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展的過程中對有色金屬的需求十分強勁，特別是銅，其供應(yīng)十分緊張。銅資源的嚴重不足將是制約我國銅加工業(yè)發(fā)展的主要因素之一。2011

56、年世界精銅年產(chǎn)量約為2000萬t，其中85％～90％是從銅礦提取冶煉出來的，10％～15％來自銅的回收利用。因此銅再生產(chǎn)業(yè)成為彌補銅資源不足的重要途徑。鑒于銅資源現(xiàn)狀和廢雜銅再生投資、能耗和成本低、污染小和工藝較簡單等特點，廢雜銅回收在我國極受蕈視。</p><p>　　1我國銅的需求及資源狀況</p><p>　　1．1我國銅的需求狀況</p><p>　　目前，

57、我國已成為全球最大的銅消費國、銅加工業(yè)制造基地和銅基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品輸出國。我國是世界上精銅消費量增長最快的國家，平均增長率是全球的2．4倍，特別是2000年以來平均每年增加約30萬t，成為拉動世界銅消費增長的主要國家。我國的銅主要用于電力、電子電氣、機械制造、建筑、交通運輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)。隨著汽車工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，國家對農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)進行改造，銅的短缺狀況尤為突出。2010年12月國家發(fā)改委公布的報告顯示，在建筑、汽車等行業(yè)高速發(fā)展的帶動下，我國銅材消費呈穩(wěn)步

58、上升態(tài)勢，需求鼉的增速遠遠高于產(chǎn)量增速。</p><p>　　1．2我國的銅資源狀況</p><p>　　銅資源嚴重不足是我國銅工業(yè)最突出的問題，我國銅工業(yè)冶煉能力大大超過銅精礦的保障能力。我國銅基礎(chǔ)儲量3042萬t，資源量3177萬t，資源總量6218萬t。銅礦儲量與國外可比部分，不超過1800萬t，居世界第七位12J。但是從總體上講，我國銅資源依然很貧乏(尤其是缺乏富銅礦)，與國外銅資

59、源國家相比仍然有相當大的差距。我國國內(nèi)銅精礦的供應(yīng)不到30％，超過70％的需要依賴進口。</p><p>　　我國銅礦資源的特點是中小型礦床多，大型、超大型礦床少。該特點使我國銅礦山建設(shè)規(guī)模普遍偏小，且經(jīng)過幾十年的強化開采，它們的資源儲量在大幅度減少，有的甚至已接近枯竭。尤為突出的是，我國銅儲量絕大部分都已被開發(fā)，未來還有一部分產(chǎn)能要消失。</p><p>　　我國銅資源的另一個特點是貧礦

60、多，富礦少，復(fù)雜多金屬礦多，單一銅礦少。銅礦平均品位為0．78％，含銅品位大于1％的富礦僅占銅儲量的36％，且地下礦多，露天礦少，開采條件較差。</p><p>　　我國銅礦資源分布很不均勻，主要分布在西南三江、長江中下游、東南沿海、秦祁昆成礦帶以及遼吉黑東部、西藏岡底斯成礦帶。能提供接替資源的礦山大多地處經(jīng)濟較落后的中西部地區(qū)，外部建設(shè)條件差，規(guī)模開采需要一定的時間，因此近期礦山銅產(chǎn)量難以增加，礦產(chǎn)銅量將逐步下

61、降一。</p><p>　　2我國廢雜銅回收利用的現(xiàn)狀</p><p>　　據(jù)中國有色金屬工業(yè)協(xié)會再生金屬分會介紹，2004年，我國回收利用廢銅1 16萬t，占銅消費量的28％，不包括銅加工和銅制品生產(chǎn)廠直接回收利用的邊角余料和殘次品約100萬t.2004年國內(nèi)回收廢銅36萬t、進171含銅廢料396萬t(折合屬鼉80萬t)。據(jù)2003年我國銅原料及產(chǎn)品的進V1數(shù)量顯示廢銅進F1增長最快，

62、達到25％，銅精礦進VI增長8％，陰極銅進El下降12％。2006年我因精銅產(chǎn)量為300萬t，而廢雜銅包括進n和岡內(nèi)回收的已達562萬t(廢雜銅金屬董合計約168萬t)。廢銅的回收利用及交易狀況對銅市場會產(chǎn)生越來越大的影響。</p><p>　　我國經(jīng)濟最發(fā)達地區(qū)長江三角洲、珠江三角洲、環(huán)渤海等是銅的礦產(chǎn)資源最緊缺的區(qū)域，也是我國再生銅和銅加工產(chǎn)量最大的地區(qū)。全國80％的銅加工企業(yè)分布在這三個地區(qū)，每年回收利用了

63、全國75％的廢雜銅。這三個地Ⅸ的再生銅產(chǎn)業(yè)具有各自的特色：珠江三角洲地區(qū)主要是進口廢料進行拆解、分類、銷售廢銅原料；長江三角洲地Ⅸ以浙江為代表，利用廢銅生產(chǎn)銅材及黃銅制品；環(huán)渤海地區(qū)主要是以天津為主，有超過200家倉業(yè)利用廢銅生產(chǎn)電線電纜。在廢銅利用方式上，可分為直接利用與間接利用兩種。據(jù)估算，廢銅經(jīng)再加J：后，有大約l／3以精銅的形式返回市場，即經(jīng)過陽極爐熔煉之后生產(chǎn)電解銅，即通常所稱的再生精銅；另2／3以非精煉銅或銅合金的形式霞新A

64、接使用，生產(chǎn)銅材或銅合金產(chǎn)品。</p><p><b>　　3廢雜銅的分類</b></p><p>　　廢銅按其產(chǎn)生的階段不同，可以分為：工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的一次廢銅，加工過程中產(chǎn)生的新廢銅，消費者使用后產(chǎn)生的舊廢銅三類；</p><p>　　(1)一次廢銅。如不合規(guī)格的陽極、陰極和坯料，陽極廢品。這些廢料不能進行深加工或出售，通常是將其返回上

65、一步工序，不合規(guī)格的銅通返回轉(zhuǎn)爐或陽極爐進行電解精煉，有缺陷的坯料則進行重熔和重鑄。</p><p>　　(2)新廢銅。新廢銅是指新的邊角料或工廠內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的廢銅。這種廢銅是在加工過程中產(chǎn)生的，它與一次廢銅的主要區(qū)別在于其在合金化或加覆蓋物過程中町能已被摻雜。</p><p>　　(3)舊廢銅。舊廢銅是指廢棄的、用過的或(生產(chǎn)企業(yè))外部產(chǎn)生的廢銅。它來自已經(jīng)達到其使用期限的產(chǎn)品。</p

66、><p>　　按廢銅中含銅量的不同，又可以把廢銅分為：</p><p>　　(1)l號廢銅。這種廢銅中銅的最低含量是99％，最小直徑或厚度為1.6 mm。l號廢銅包括電纜線，“重”廢銅(削剪屑、沖孔屑、公共汽車桿)和線結(jié)節(jié)。</p><p>　　(2)2號廢銅。這種廢銅中銅的最低含量是96％，以線、重廢銅或結(jié)節(jié)的形式出現(xiàn)，并且包含其他幾種限制。</p>&

67、lt;p>　　(3)低銅。這種廢銅最低含銅量為92％，其組成以純銅為主，純銅表面被油漆或是涂層覆蓋(排水管，水口)或早已被嚴重氧化(鍋爐、茶壺)。其中通常包含了少量的銅合金。</p><p>　　(4)精煉黃銅制品。這個類型包括各種成分的混合合金廢銅，其最低含銅量為61．3％，其他限制較少。</p><p>　　(5)含銅廢品。這種類型包括了所有含銅量低的原料，比如浮渣、污泥、爐渣、

68、返料、粉料和其他一些廢料。</p><p><b>　　4廢銅的處理</b></p><p>　　4．1電線和電纜線的處理</p><p>　　電線和電纜線到目前為止是舊廢銅中最為普遍的一種。廢電線、電纜的回收利用主要是先使銅線和絕緣層分離，方法主要有四種：(1)機械分離法，該法又可分為兩種。①滾筒式剝皮機加工法，該法適合處理粗細基本一致的電線

69、。本工藝有如下特點：可綜合回收廢電線電纜中的銅和埋料，綜合利用水平較高；產(chǎn)出的銅屑基本不含塑料，減少了熔煉時塑料對大氣的污染；工藝簡單，易于機械化和自動化；過程耗電較高，刀片磨損較快。②剖割式剝皮機加工法。該法適合處理粗大的電纜和電線。(2)低溫冷凍法，低溫處理廢料回收金屬和絕緣體的工藝流程該法適合處理各種規(guī)格的電線和電纜。將廢導(dǎo)線先經(jīng)冷凍使絕緣層變脆，然后破碎絕緣層與銅線分離。(3)化學(xué)剝離法。采用一種有機溶劑將電線的絕緣層溶解掉，此

70、法能產(chǎn)出優(yōu)質(zhì)銅線，該法主要是要找到一種廉價有效的溶劑。(4)熱分解法，美國專利4040865號提出了用熱分解法燒掉絕緣層后得到</p><p><b>　　銅線。</b></p><p><b>　　4．2汽車廢銅回收</b></p><p>　　我國的汽車垃圾數(shù)量隨著汽車保有量的增加而激增。這些機動車輛將累計淘汰、報廢，

71、全國還有數(shù)以萬計家汽車維修企業(yè)，每年形成數(shù)千萬噸的汽車垃圾。國外也有向我國轉(zhuǎn)移汽車垃圾的情況。汽車垃圾叮供回收的資源非常豐富，其中有3種町回收廢銅的潛在資源。</p><p>　　首先是敞熱器，在破碎之前已將它從汽車上人工分離出來。散熱器配件傳統(tǒng)上采用錫鉛焊料焊接，這就需要將散熱器零配件重熔并精煉，以得到純銅。然而，采用不同的焊料或銅焊的新裝配技術(shù)則可以直接回收散熱器或發(fā)熱器零部件而不需要精煉。這種散熱器廢銅叫收

72、利用率接近100％。</p><p>　　汽車報廢垃圾中的鋼和鐵分離出去后剩下的有色金屬廢料是廢銅的第二來源。有色金屬廢料中主要有三種金屬：鋁、銅和鋅。而汽車的電路主要由銅線構(gòu)成。從這種有色金屬廢料中分離出銅有好幾種方法，比如手選、空氣篩選和重介質(zhì)分離。</p><p>　　最后一種銅的來源是金屬分離出去后的破碎殘渣。這種殘渣主要由灰塵和有機物質(zhì)組成——儀表板和方向盤的塑料、坐墊、地毯和織

73、物的絨毛。這種殘渣包含多達3％的銅并且有一定的油料價值。</p><p>　　4．3電子廢銅的處理</p><p>　　電子廢銅是二次銅供給中快速增長的一塊?，F(xiàn)在已大力發(fā)展了回收這種原料中銅的技術(shù)。電子廢銅被定義為生產(chǎn)電子硬件產(chǎn)生的廢品和丟棄的已用電子產(chǎn)品。正因為如此，它包括舊廢銅和新廢銅。</p><p>　　電子廢銅總體組成町以分為三大類：(1)塑料(約占30％

74、)；(2)難熔氧化物(約占30％)；(3)金屬(約占40％)。其中金屬大約有一半是銅，也包含有數(shù)鼉可觀的金和銀。</p><p>　　從電子廢品中分離出金屬變得和“礦石處理”方法相似。其方法類似于汽車中廢銅的回收，即：拆分以利于回收大件；破碎以減小剩余原料的尺寸；從塑料和陶瓷中分離金屬。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)語</b></p><p>

75、;　　我國廢雜銅的回收利用亦存在不少最待解決的問題。</p><p>　　(1)低品位的廢雜銅充斥市場。我國進口廢雜銅絕大部分是低品位的廢雜銅，如廢舊電纜、電器設(shè)備等，即未預(yù)處理的廢雜銅，而進口經(jīng)過挑選后的1號、2號雜銅相對較少。建議嚴把廢銅進口質(zhì)量關(guān)，適量進口商品位的廢雜銅。</p><p>　　(2)環(huán)境污染嚴重。由于我國的廢雜銅企業(yè)多屬于集體或民營企業(yè)，這些企業(yè)完全以廢雜銅為原料，利

76、用簡單的生產(chǎn)工藝進行熔煉回收再生，因此對環(huán)境造成了極為嚴重的污染。建議：①全國各廢雜銅利用加工地、特別是各大廢雜銅集散地的環(huán)保部門嚴格執(zhí)行國家的環(huán)保規(guī)定，加大監(jiān)督、宣傳力度，如進一步制訂有關(guān)規(guī)定，堅決禁止焚燒廢電線、電纜中的毛細線；嚴禁含雜質(zhì)過多的廢雜銅(含銅量90％以下)直接入爐冶煉，以免造成大面積的空氣污染。②逐步完善對廢雜銅基地的管理，提高廢雜銅從業(yè)人員的素質(zhì)，加強環(huán)保意識。③嚴</p><p>　　禁采用

77、廢雜銅直接生產(chǎn)黑桿，國家經(jīng)貿(mào)委己將生產(chǎn)黑桿工藝列為淘汰工藝，有關(guān)部門應(yīng)監(jiān)督執(zhí)行。</p><p>　　(3)生產(chǎn)工藝及設(shè)備落后。我國的廢雜銅生產(chǎn)企業(yè)不僅數(shù)量多、規(guī)模小、經(jīng)營分散，而且技術(shù)裝備落后、能耗大、資源回收利用率低。建議：淘汰落后工藝，引進先進的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。</p><p>　　(4)資源不足，浪費嚴重。我國礦產(chǎn)資源匱乏，找礦難度大，主要礦產(chǎn)短缺，在短時期內(nèi)也很難得到改善，因此必須大量

78、進口廢雜銅以補足缺口。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，我國礦產(chǎn)資源總回收率只有30％，并伴生礦產(chǎn)資源綜合利用率不到20％，而國外平均在50％以上。由于科技水平落后，資源產(chǎn)品在后續(xù)利用過程中效益低下，目前，我國創(chuàng)造單位國民生產(chǎn)總值所消耗的能源和原材料是發(fā)達國家的幾倍到幾十倍。地礦行政管理滯后，礦產(chǎn)資源管理相對薄弱，有的礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)利用秩序混亂，采富棄貧，造成資源的極大浪費。建議：珍惜資源，重視再生。有</p><p>　　效利用現(xiàn)有銅資源