外文翻譯---冷卻水的回收和再利用的潛力

1、<p>　　The potential for the recovery and reuse of cooling water </p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　The cooling water is the major part of industrial wateruse , either from the v

2、iew of demand priority or supply volume. In order to save water, the loading of supply system can be reduced if the cooling water can be recovered and reused. For this reason, exploration of the recent operation status o

3、f the cooling water system has become essential . This study was initially focused on the current applications and reuse trends of cooling water in oil refineries, chemical industry, steel mills, food i</p><p&

4、gt;　　Keywords: Cooling water; Recovery and reuse; Taiwan; Makeup; Blowdown</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　The demand of water resource has apparently increased because of the highly economica

5、l growth, rapid industrial development and the upgrading of living standard in . The water source is difficult to develop economically due to land sinking, groundwater pollution and the difficulty of new reservoir constr

6、uction. Therefore, how to reclaim and reuse the water is an efficient way to solve this problem. Among the industries’ wastewaters, the cooling water is most valuable for recovery because it has </p><p>　　2.

7、 The characteristic and operational problems of cooling water system</p><p>　　The cooling water systems were divided into once through, open recirculating and closed recirculating systems. The operating prob

8、lems of cooling water system are combined with corrosion, scale, fouling and slime . Corrosion is induced by the electrochemical reaction and induces the weight loss of metal. The scale is formed under metal salts supers

9、aturation, e.g. calcium, magnesium, and formed sediments on the metal surface. Fouling is caused by the corrosion products or the suspended matter that</p><p>　　characteristic of the cooling water system. Th

10、erefore, the water quality needs to be carefully considered when reusing the cooling water. Table 1 displayed the relationship between the more important water constituents and the operational problems of the cooling wa

11、ter system. If a cooling water system is operated under the characteristics of neutral pH, lower temperature, higher velocity, lower concentration of dissolved salts and nutrition matter, the situation of operational pro

12、blems can be r</p><p>　　2.1Changes over time in different locations between ammonia</p><p>　　Fig.2 Variation of NH3-N in leachate with the lapsed time and the different areas</p><p&g

13、t;　　From the figure, the overall trend curve can be seen from the more recent sampling point pollution sources, pollutants and, generally higher, close to the sand box at the bottom and away from sources of ammonia conce

14、ntration at the latest sampling point, reflecting the most insensitive. As the leachate into the passage of time, changes in pollutant concentration with distance curve is also gradually move over, along with changes in

15、the amount of leachate into the concentration of the sampling po</p><p>　　Along the flow direction and reduce the concentration of ammonia under different mechanisms, can in turn be contaminated sand box in

16、the halo into the transitional zone and adjust the saturation area: in the saturation region the lowest rate of nitrogen attenuator; adjust the attenuation of the region the highest rate of ammonia. At 15d,, G3 G2 G1 sat

17、uration point for the transition zone, respectively, and adjust the area, three of the concentration ratio of 195:50:5, adjust the area is much lar</p><p>　　Ammonium salt water environment in the underground

18、 decay, migration is mainly affected by advection, dispersion and effects with the media. Because the laboratory sand box filler sand for the size of the uniform, and the packing density is uniform, the sand inside the c

19、onvection has little effect on the ammonia concentration; dispersion (including proliferation) effect mainly affects the migration of nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen in the saturated District spread the fastest rate of diffus

20、ion of the</p><p>　　3. The bottlenecks and the potential when recovering and reusing cooling water .</p><p>　　3.1. The bottlenecks of reco6ering and reusing cooling water in Taiwan According to

21、the above description, the bottlenecks of recovering and reusing cooling water in Taiwan can be divided into three aspects . Further description and discussion are derived as follows.</p><p>　　3.1.1. The bot

22、tleneck of increasing the cycles of concentration Increasing cycles of concentration can reduce blowdown volume, treatment cost and makeup water volume. The attainable technology includes the pretreatment of makeup and t

23、he treatment of recirculating water and sidestream. </p><p>　　3.1.2. The bottleneck of wastewater reuse</p><p>　　The industries may reduce makeup if they reuse producing wastewater or sewage for

24、 cooling water. Unfortunately, there have a rare case. It may be because of the problems of the sense, treatment technology, treatment cost or the lack of experience.</p><p>　　3.1.3. The bottleneck of blowd

25、own treatment</p><p>　　From the above description, significant initial cost was the bottleneck for developing blowdown treatment. The above encountered bottlenecks were mostly caused by technology problems.

26、Because of the cost concern, the industries continued to overpump groundwater or use more expensive portable water. Nevertheless, ISO 14000 regulates the aspects about Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Perf

27、ormance Evaluation and Life cycle Assessment, etc. We expect the concerned industries must pay m</p><p>　　4. Conclusion</p><p>　　Cooling water usage occupies more than one half of the industrial

28、 water supply.If its volume can be reduced, the industrial water supply can be markedly depressed. In addition, this may also decrease the impact of blowdown, and decrease the land sinking that induced from groundwater o

29、verpumping. From the above perspectives, the reclamation of cooling water is an inevitable trend. To reuse and recover the cooling water is feasible when using proper technology. </p><p>　　冷卻水的回收和再利用的潛力</

30、p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　冷卻水是工業(yè)回用水重要組成部分，無(wú)論是從需求的優(yōu)先級(jí)或供應(yīng)量的看。為了節(jié)約用水，供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的負(fù)載，可以降低冷卻水可以回收再利用。出于這個(gè)原因，探索對(duì)冷卻水系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行狀況近期已成為重要的一研究。這項(xiàng)研究最初集中在當(dāng)前的應(yīng)用和冷卻煉油廠，化工，鋼鐵廠，食品工業(yè)，電子工程，水，紡織廠重用趨勢(shì)和發(fā)電站。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，飲用水和地下

31、水是化妝水冷卻系統(tǒng)的主要來(lái)源。多重化學(xué)物質(zhì)治療方法和化妝越來(lái)越接受了冷卻水回收。另一方面，側(cè)流處理和回用不排污很流行。對(duì)排污回收率僅為26.8％，較高的成本其實(shí)是壓低復(fù)蘇的意愿一個(gè)主要原因。一些有代表性的植物已被選定為研究對(duì)象。然而，大多數(shù)只冷卻水系統(tǒng)經(jīng)營(yíng)的運(yùn)營(yíng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)都是根據(jù)實(shí)地調(diào)查。在每一種情況下，用水質(zhì)指標(biāo)來(lái)評(píng)估冷卻水系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行現(xiàn)狀。在有任何情況的下，工廠都操作在適當(dāng)?shù)臐舛戎芷凇１疚倪€介紹了冷卻節(jié)水技術(shù)的瓶頸。這些瓶頸包括增加濃度循

32、環(huán)，廢水再利用，排污處理。這個(gè)文件還表明，冷卻水回收和再利用具有很大的潛力，在目前來(lái)說(shuō)現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)是可行的，但行業(yè)仍不愿因?yàn)槌跏汲杀旧?jí)最后，技術(shù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)，環(huán)境和相關(guān)的一些方法政策建議是為行業(yè)和政府部門參考。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：冷卻水的回收與再利用;化妝;排污</p><p><b>　　簡(jiǎn)介</b></p><p>　　因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)的高度增

33、長(zhǎng)，工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展和生活水準(zhǔn)的提升, 水資源的需求明顯增加。水源是難以發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)，由于土地下沉，地下水污染和新水庫(kù)施工難。因此，如何回收和再利用的水是一種有效的辦法來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。其中行業(yè)的廢水，冷卻水是最寶貴的，因?yàn)樗幕謴?fù)具有較大的體積和較少污染。另一方面，一些行業(yè)重復(fù)使用適當(dāng)?shù)闹委熯^(guò)程中的冷卻廢水或生活污水。雖然多種化學(xué)品用量的方法是一項(xiàng)成熟的技術(shù)增加回收量，必須評(píng)估潛在的重用和冷卻水時(shí)，提高冷卻水回用執(zhí)行恢復(fù)進(jìn)一步。這項(xiàng)研究有興趣

34、與感知冷卻填海和回收和再利用的可行性水質(zhì)，處理技術(shù)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)。</p><p>　　2.冷卻水系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)和運(yùn)作上的問(wèn)題</p><p>　　冷卻水系統(tǒng)為一次通過(guò)，分為開(kāi)放式循環(huán)和封閉循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。冷卻水系統(tǒng)的操作與問(wèn)題相結(jié)合，具有耐腐蝕，規(guī)模，污染和煤泥。腐蝕是由電化學(xué)反應(yīng)誘導(dǎo)和誘導(dǎo)金屬的重量損失，形成規(guī)模下金屬鹽類飽和，例如鈣，鎂，并在金屬表面形成沉積物。結(jié)垢是造成腐蝕的產(chǎn)品或懸浮物是在金屬

35、表面附著。煤泥是由于微生物的生長(zhǎng)也結(jié)合，結(jié)垢和腐蝕等的運(yùn)作問(wèn)題通常描述為與上述有關(guān) 有特點(diǎn)的冷卻水系統(tǒng)。因此，重復(fù)使用冷卻水，水的質(zhì)量需要仔細(xì)考慮時(shí)。如果冷卻水系統(tǒng)是在中性pH值，溫度較低，較高的速度，較低的溶解鹽類和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物濃度的特點(diǎn)、操作、經(jīng)營(yíng)困難的情況可以減少。尤其是氮引起的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　2.1 不同位置氨氮隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系</p><p>　　圖.2 不同位置氨氮隨時(shí)間變

36、化曲線</p><p>　　從圖中曲線變化的總趨可以看出距離污染源越近的取樣點(diǎn)，污染物濃度值一般較大，靠近砂箱底部且遠(yuǎn)離污染源的取樣點(diǎn)氨氮濃度變化最晚，反映最不靈敏。隨著滲濾液注入時(shí)間的推移，污染物濃度隨空間距離變化的曲線也在逐漸向前推移，隨著滲濾液注入量的變化各取樣點(diǎn)的濃度依次發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化。在水平方面，氨氮遷移速率沿水流方向依次降低，衰減率依次增高。氨氮遷移到G2點(diǎn)所用的時(shí)間約為12d,而到達(dá)K2點(diǎn)所用時(shí)間約為

37、30d,遷移速率由4cm/d下降到3.2cm/d；衰減率依次增高:C2、G2、K2三點(diǎn)氨氮的最大濃度比C2:G2:K2=732:477:86。在垂直方面，氨氮遷移速率沿水流方向依次增高，氨氮從C3點(diǎn)遷移到C1點(diǎn)所用的時(shí)間為15d左右，G3 G2 G1三點(diǎn)在第15d時(shí)均檢測(cè)到氨氮。</p><p>　　沿水流方向根據(jù)氨氮的濃度及其減少機(jī)理不同，可依次將砂箱中污染暈劃分為飽和區(qū)過(guò)渡區(qū)和調(diào)整區(qū)：在飽和區(qū)內(nèi)氨氮衰減率最低

38、；調(diào)整區(qū)內(nèi)氨氮衰減率最高。在第15d時(shí)，G3 G2 G1三點(diǎn)分別為飽和區(qū)過(guò)渡區(qū)和調(diào)整區(qū)，三點(diǎn)的濃度比為195:50:5，調(diào)整區(qū)的衰減率遠(yuǎn)大于飽和區(qū)的衰減率。</p><p>　　氨氮在地下咸水環(huán)境中的衰減、遷移主要受對(duì)流、彌散和與介質(zhì)作用的影響。由于實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)砂箱內(nèi)填充物為大小均勻的細(xì)砂，且填充密度較均勻，砂箱內(nèi)對(duì)流作用對(duì)氨氮濃度的影響較小；彌散（包括擴(kuò)散）作用主要影響氨氮的遷移，氨氮在飽和區(qū)擴(kuò)散速度最快，在調(diào)整區(qū)

39、擴(kuò)散速度最慢；介質(zhì)作用主要是生物作用（以微生物為主）和非生物作用（以吸附為主），生物作用主要發(fā)生在飽和區(qū)內(nèi)，飽和區(qū)微生物數(shù)量最多，微生物作用最強(qiáng)，非生物作用主要發(fā)生在調(diào)整區(qū)，調(diào)整區(qū)土壤吸附能力最強(qiáng)。</p><p>　　瓶頸時(shí)冷卻水回收和再利用</p><p>　　在回收冷卻水的瓶頸上，根據(jù)描述，回收和再利用的冷卻水可分為以下三個(gè)方面：</p><p>　　當(dāng)濃度增

40、加越來(lái)越多了，可減少排污量的周期，治療費(fèi)用和化妝水的體積濃度，防止周期的瓶頸的出現(xiàn)。該實(shí)現(xiàn)的技術(shù)包括了化妝品的預(yù)處理和循環(huán)水和側(cè)流治療。</p><p>　　2)由于化妝的行業(yè)可能會(huì)減少，如果他們生產(chǎn)的冷卻水可以污水回用。不幸的是，只有很少。這可能是由于，處理技術(shù)，處理成本或缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的問(wèn)題</p><p>　　3)排污處理的瓶頸從上面的描述，初始成本是發(fā)展排污處理的瓶頸的顯著方式。上述遇

41、到的瓶頸大多是技術(shù)問(wèn)題造成的。由于成本問(wèn)題，該行業(yè)繼續(xù)使用地下水或使用更昂貴的飲用水。然而，國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織14000環(huán)境管理體系有關(guān)規(guī)定，環(huán)境績(jī)效評(píng)估??與生命周期評(píng)價(jià)等方面，等我們期望有關(guān)行業(yè)必須更加重視環(huán)境問(wèn)題。為了滿足在ISO14000的要求，在臺(tái)灣產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)增加濃度及其周期，減少排污或再利用的生產(chǎn)廢水進(jìn)行冷卻水。此外，水質(zhì)污染的排污引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題也成為一主要的問(wèn)題。從上面的討論中，冷卻水回用中碰到的瓶頸是有關(guān)技術(shù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境。這些瓶