簡介:1UNIT1BIOMEDICALENGINEERINGLESSON1AHISTORYOFBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGINITSBROADESTSENSE,BIOMEDICALENGINEERINGHASBEENWITHUSFORCENTURIES,PERHAPSEVENTHOUSANDSOFYEARSIN2000,GERMANARCHEOLOGISTSUNCOVERA3,000YEAROLDMUMMYFROMTHEBESWITHAWOODENPROSTHETICTIEDTOITSFOOTTOSERVEASABIGTOERESEARCHERSSAIDTHEWEARONTHEBOTTOMSURFACESUGGESTSTHATITCOULDBETHEOLDESTKNOWNLIMBPROSTHESISEGYPTIANSALSOUSEDHOLLOWREEDSTOLOOKANDLISTENTOTHEINTERNALGOINGSONOFTHEHUMANANATOMYIN1816,MODESTYPREVENTEDFRENCHPHYSICIANRENELAENNECFROMPLACINGHISEARNEXTTOAYOUNGWOMAN’SBARECHEST,SOHEROLLEDUPANEWSPAPERANDLISTENEDTHROUGHIT,TRIGGERINGTHEIDEAFORHISINVENTIONTHATLEDTOTODAY’SUBIQUITOUSSTETHOSCOPE廣義上來說,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程與我們已經(jīng)幾個世紀(jì)以來,甚至數(shù)千年。2000年,德國考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一個3000歲高齡的木乃伊從底比斯木制假肢與作為大腳趾的腳。研究人員說,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢義肢。埃及人也用空心的蘆葦外觀和聽人類解剖學(xué)的內(nèi)部行為。1816年,謙虛阻止法國醫(yī)生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁邊一個年輕女人的裸胸,所以他卷起報紙和聽它,引發(fā)他的發(fā)明的想法,導(dǎo)致今天無處不在的聽診器。NOMATTERWHATTHEDATE,BIOMEDICALENGINEERINGHASPROVIDEDADVANCESINMEDICALTECHNOLOGYTOIMPROVEHUMANHEALTHBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGACHIEVEMENTSRANGEFROMEARLYDEVICES,SUCHASCRUTCHES,PLATFORMSHOES,WOODENTEETH,ANDTHEEVERCHANGINGCACHEOFINSTRUMENTSINADOCTOR’SBLACKBAG,TOMOREMODERNMARVELS,INCLUDINGPACEMAKERS,THEHEARTLUNGMACHINE,DIALYSISMACHINES,DIAGNOSTICEQUIPMENT,IMAGINGTECHNOLOGIESOFEVERYKIND,ANDARTIFICIALORGANS,IMPLANTSANDADVANCEDPROSTHETICSTHENATIONALACADEMYOFENGINEERINGESTIMATESTHATTHEREARECURRENTLYABOUT32,000BIOENGINEERSWORKINGINVARIOUSAREASOFHEALTHTECHNOLOGY無論什么日期,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程提供了先進的醫(yī)療技術(shù)來改善人類健康。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程成就范圍從早期設(shè)備,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齒,和不斷變化的緩存工具在醫(yī)生的黑包,更現(xiàn)代的奇跡,包括心臟起搏器、人工心肺機,透析機器,診斷設(shè)備,各種成像技術(shù),和人造器官,移植和先進的假肢。美國國家工程學(xué)院的估計,目前大約有32000生物各領(lǐng)域工作的衛(wèi)生技術(shù)。ASANACADEMICENDEAVOR,THEROOTSOFBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGREACHBACKTOEARLYDEVELOPMENTSINELECTROPHYSIOLOGY,WHICHORIGINATEDABOUT200YEARSAGOANEARLYLANDMARKINELECTROPHYSIOLOGYOCCURREDIN1848WHENDUBOISREYMONDPUBLISHEDTHEWIDELYRECOGNIZEDUEBERDIETIERISCHEELEKTRIZITAETRAYMOND’SCONTEMPORARY,HERMANNVONHELMHOLTZ,ISCREDITEDWITHAPPLYINGENGINEERINGPRINCIPLESTOAPROBLEMINPHYSIOLOGYANDDENTIFYINGTHERESISTANCEOFMUSCLEANDNERVOUSTISSUESTODIRECTCURRENT作為一個學(xué)術(shù)努力,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的根源及早期電生理學(xué)的發(fā)展,起源于約200年前。電生理學(xué)的早期具有里程碑意義的發(fā)生在1848年當(dāng)杜布瓦REYMOND發(fā)表了公認(rèn)UEBER死TIERISCHEELEKTRIZITAET。赫爾曼馮雷蒙德當(dāng)代亥姆霍茲因應(yīng)用工程原則問題在生理學(xué)和DENTIFYING電阻直流的肌肉和神經(jīng)組織。IN1895,WILHELMROENTGENACCIDENTALLYDISCOVEREDTHATACATHODERAYTUBECOULDMAKEASHEETOFPAPERCOATEDWITHBARIUMPLATINOCYANIDEGLOW,EVENWHENTHETUBEANDTHEPAPERWEREINSEPARATEROOMSROENTGENDECIDEDTHETUBEMUSTBEEMITTINGSOMEKINDOFPENETRATINGRAYS,WHICHHECALLED“X”RAYSFORUNKNOWNTHISSETOFFAFLURRYOFRESEARCHINTOTHETISSUEPENETRATINGANDTISSUEDESTROYINGPROPERTIESOFXRAYS,ALINEOFRESEARCHTHATULTIMATELYPRODUCEDTHEMODERNARRAYOFMEDICALIMAGINGTECHNOLOGIESANDVIRTUALLYELIMINATEDTHENEEDFOREXPLORATORYSURGERYAIEE1BEGANABOUT1948IN1954,THEAIEE,THEIREANDTHEISAFORMEDTHEJOINTEXECUTIVECOMMITTEEONMEDICINEANDBIOLOGY,WHICHBEGANORGANIZINGTHEANNUALCONFERENCES1951憤怒的約定產(chǎn)生足夠的興趣,醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品的憤怒形成一個專業(yè)小組醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品。本集團的早期行動是合作的年度會議上電子儀器和原子核物理學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)、AIEE1大約始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,憤怒和ISA形成聯(lián)合執(zhí)行委員會醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),開始組織的年度會議。IN1963,THEAIEEANDTHEIREMERGEDTOFORMTHEINSTITUTEOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONICSENGINEERINGCONTRIBUTINGFORCESFORTHEMERGERWERETHEMEMBERSOFTHEAIEEANDIRETECHNICALCOMMITTEESFORBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGMOSTMEMBERSFAVOREDITANDHADBEENCOLLABORATINGWITHTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSINTHEOTHERSOCIETYFORYEARS1963年,AIEE和憤怒合并形成了電氣與電子工程學(xué)院。貢獻力量的合并是成員AIEE和憤怒為生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程技術(shù)委員會。大多數(shù)成員支持,在其他社會和同行合作多年。ATTHEMERGERITWASDECIDEDTOCARRYOVERTOTHEIRESYSTEMOFPROFESSIONALGROUPSTHEIREPROFESSIONALGROUPONMEDICALELECTRONICSBECAMETHEIEEEPROFESSIONALGROUPON3BIOMEDICALENGINEERINGPGBME,THENAMECHANGEREFLECTINGTHEFACTTHATMANYMEMBERS,PARTICULARLYFORMERAIEEMEMBERS,WERECONCERNEDWITHNONELECTRONICTOPICSALSOINTHEEARLY1960STHENIH2TOOKTHREESIGNIFICANTSTEPSTOSUPPORTBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGFIRST,ITCREATEDAPROGRAMPROJECTCOMMITTEEUNDERTHEGENERALMEDICALSCIENCESINSTITUTETOEVALUATEPROGRAMPROJECTAPPLICATIONS,MANYOFWHICHSERVEDBIOPHYSICSANDBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGTHENITSETUPABIOMEDICALENGINEERINGTRAININGSTUDYSECTIONTOEVALUATETRAININGGRANTAPPLICATIONS,ANDITESTABLISHEDTWOBIOPHYSICSSTUDYSECTIONSASPECIAL“FLOATING”STUDYSECTIONPROCESSEDAPPLICATIONSINBIOACOUSTICSANDBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGMANYAPPLICATIONSDIDNOTMAKEITTOTHEBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGSTUDYSECTIONANDENDEDUPINRADIOLOGY,PHYSIOLOGYOROTHERPANELSTHEDIVERSITYOFWORKINBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGANDTHEDIVERSITYOFBACKGROUNDOFTHEPEOPLECONTRIBUTINGTOTHISFIELDMADEITDIFFICULTFORASINGLEORGANIZATIONTOREPRESENTEVERYONE3INTHE1960STHEREWEREEFFORTSBYSOMELEADERSOFTHEPGBME,WHICHBECAMETHEIEEEENGINEERINGINMEDICINEANDBIOLOGYSOCIETY,TOACHIEVEGREATERAUTONOMYWITHINTHEIEEEINORDERTOACCOMMODATEAMOREDIVERSEMEMBERSHIPBECAUSETHEREWEREQUITEAFEWPROFESSIONALGROUPS,SEVERALUMBRELLAORGANIZATIONSWEREESTABLISHEDTOFACILITATECOOPERATIONINTHELATE1960STHEALLIANCEFORENGINEERINGINMEDICINEANDBIOLOGYWASFORMEDIN1968,THEBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGSOCIETYWASFORMEDTOGIVE“EQUALSTATUSTOREPRESENTATIVESOFBOTHBIOMEDICALANDENGINEERINGINTERESTSANDPROMOTETHEINCREASEOFBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGEANDITSUTILIZATION“INITIALLY,THEMEMBERSHIPOFTHESOCIETYCONSISTEDOF171FOUNDINGMEMBERSAND89CHARTERMEMBERSMEMBERSHIPNOWNUMBERSNEARLY1,200PROFESSIONALBIOMEDICALENGINEERS,WITHANOTHER1,600STUDENTMEMBERS在合并決定繼續(xù)憤怒系統(tǒng)的專業(yè)團體。醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品成為了IEEE憤怒專業(yè)小組3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專業(yè)小組PGBME,許多成員名稱更改反映了事實,尤其是前AIEE成員關(guān)心非電子的話題。也在1960年代初美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院2花了三個重要的步驟來支持生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。首先,它創(chuàng)建了一個項目委員會一般醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究所評估項目應(yīng)用程序,其中很多生物物理學(xué)和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。然后建立了一個生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程訓(xùn)練研究部分,評估培訓(xùn)應(yīng)用,和它建立了兩個生物物理學(xué)研究部分。一個特殊的“漂浮”在生物聲學(xué)研究部分加工應(yīng)用和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。許多應(yīng)用程序沒有生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程研究部分,最終在放射學(xué),生理學(xué)或其他面板。
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