跨文化交際期末復(fù)習(xí)資料重點(diǎn)筆記

1、Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of peo

2、ple.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, frien

3、dship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric. Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about

4、” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together.

5、 It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages

6、to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as in

7、teractions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different r

8、acesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the same culture, in which one or both of the participa

9、nts hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication. The affective

10、component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communicationThe behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbo

11、ls, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages. World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern do

12、es not have a fixed center)The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleLarge

13、 and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality in social relationships. In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to be natural and impo

14、rtant. People are expected to show only positive emotions to others with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status; tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance

15、 Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not

16、mphasized. Individualism VS Collectivism The individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individuali

17、st cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike.Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend t

18、o give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderne

19、ss)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in whic

20、h people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness. Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the

21、extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routi

22、nes. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships ar