[雙語翻譯]健身外文翻譯--健身革命全球健身與健身文化的歷史變遷（英文）

1、Sport Science Review, vol. XXIII, No. 3-4, August 201491The Fitness Revolution.Historical Transformations in theGlobal Gym and Fitness CultureJesper ANDREASSON1 ? Thomas JOHANSSON2 T oday, fitness gyms and private health

2、 clubs are a huge global busi- ness. Fitness has turned into a folk movement, but not one compa- rable to the old 20th-century movements, often connected to national senti- ments, but instead a highly individualized preo

3、ccupation. In this article the historical development of modern gym and fitness culture is described and an analytically developed approach to the understanding of the emergence of this multi-billion-dollar phenomenon

4、 is developed. The analysis suggest that the techniques, tools, and physical exercises used today in gyms all over the world are the results of a physical culture developed and refined during the 20th century. The bod

5、y ideals, exercises, techniques, and the pedagogy of fit- ness have become an increasingly international enterprise. A tentative analysis of the globalization of gym and fitness culture is developed and presented. Thre

6、e important and decisive phases in the globalization of gym and fitness culture are identified and analyzed. Keywords: fitness culture, history, body, globalization1 Department of Sport Science, Linnaeus University, Kal

7、mar, Sweden2 Department of Education, Communication and Learning, University of Gothenburg, SwedenSport Science Review, vol. XXIII, no. 3-4, 2014, 91 - 112DOI: 10.2478/ssr-2014-0006ISSN: (print) 2066-8732/(online) 2069-7

8、244 © 2014 ? National Institute for Sport Research ? Bucharest, RomaniaSport Science Review, vol. XXIII, No. 3-4, August 201493The purpose of this article is to describe the historical development of modern gym and

9、 fitness culture and to present an analytically developed approach to understanding the emergence of this global multi-billion-dollar phenomenon in contemporary society. The article is to be regarded mainly as a liter

10、ature review, based on a rich variety of studies describing and analyzing gym and fitness culture, but there is also an ambition to analyze these historical transformations and to develop a theoretical understanding of

11、 this phenomenon. Mainly the article will argue that the development of contemporary gym and fitness culture can be analysed and understood through three important and decisive phases of globalization. Different appro

12、aches to fitness and to muscle- building techniques will be explored and situated in a global, historical, and socio- cultural framework. In order to understand certain of the trends and tendencies in fitness, the artic

13、le will focus on a few - but significant - parts of the history of gym and fitness culture. For example, contemporary fitness culture is largely founded within the basic system of ideas developed within bodybuilding. T

14、he culture has changed, however, meaning that many of the ideals hailed in this context also have changed. In order to understand some of the developments in contemporary gym and fitness culture, we will argue that it

15、 is necessary to re-connect to and analyze some of the early developments in physical culture. Our main focus is centred on the overall transformation from a male-connoted and national muscle culture, to a commerciali

16、zing industry operating on a global scale, spreading and franchising different conceptions of exercise, diet, lifestyle, and the idea of fitness. Theoretical frameworkA discussion highly relevant for the article is to

17、be found in the literature on the McDonaldization of society (Ritzer, 2011). Ritzer has developed a concept that can be used to analyze the development of modern and effective organiza- tions, and uses McDonald’s, as a

18、n example of, and paradigm for, a wide-ranging process in which the principles of the fast-food restaurant increasingly are com- ing to dominate different sectors of society. Ritzer suggests that there are four alluri

19、ng dimensions at the heart of the success of the McDonalds model. First, this fast food restaurant offers an efficient method for satisfying many different needs. As such, the model follows a predesigned process which

20、makes it work effectively. Second, people can calculate how much time it will take to get to Mc- Donald’s, to order, receive and eat the food. Saving time is crucial here, and Mc- Donald’s employees are supposed to do a

21、 lot of work, quickly and most often for a low wage. Third, McDonald’s offers no surprises. The products and services are highly predictable. Finally, the space created for selling hamburgers, with limited options, al