aps審核資料-金融-英審

1、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. 1.統(tǒng)計(jì)變量集中趨勢的測定：To measure the central tendency of statistical variables. Statistical indicators: arithmetic mean (disting

2、uished from the geometric mean or harmonic mean), weighted average, mode, median… 2.統(tǒng)計(jì)變量離散程度的判定： To measure the dispersion degree of the statistical variables . ['vε?ri?bl] Statistical indicators: range, average dev

3、iation(平均差), variance, standard deviation Variance: it is a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from each other. Standard deviation: It shows how much variation or “dispersion“ there is from the average. 3

4、.抽樣分布：In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution of a given statistic based on a random sample. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差： Standard error ---The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the statistic is

5、referred to as the standard error of that quantity. 4.參數(shù)估計(jì)：Parameter estimation is the process that uses the samples from a population to estimate the parameter of the population, such as the population mean, the populat

6、ion variance, etc. 5.假設(shè)檢驗(yàn) 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)：Statistical hypothesis testing is making a hypothesis about the parameter or distribution of a population in advance, then using the sample information to determine whether the hypothesis i

7、s reasonable or not. 顯著性水平：The amount of evidence required to accept that an event is unlikely to have arisen by chance is known as the significance level or critical p-value. Null/Alternate hypothesis: 零假設(shè) 備擇假設(shè) 計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 計(jì)量

8、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Econometrics [i, k?n?’metriks] has been defined as “the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic data“ and described as the branch of economics “that aims to give empirical [em'pirik?l] con

9、tent to economic relations.“ 相 關(guān) 分 析 ： Correlation analysis—analyze the relationship between two variables—usually using the correlation coefficient to describe the relationship: R=1 perfect correlation R=0 uncor

10、related R is between 0 and 1: partial correlation of firms + Income from self-employment + NFIA (net factor income from abroad). The IS/LM model (Investment Saving/Liquidity preference Money supply) is a macroeconomic to

11、ol that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market. The IS curve is defined by the equation: where Y represents income, C(Y ? T(Y)) represen

12、ts consumer spending as an increasing function of disposable income (income, Y, minus taxes, T(Y), which themselves depend positively on income), I(r) represents investment as a decreasing function of the real interest r

13、ate, G represents government spending, and NX(Y) represents net exports (exports minus imports) as a decreasing function of income (decreasing because imports are an increasing function of income). In this equation, the

14、level of G (government spending) is presumed to be exogenous, meaning that it is taken as a given. The LM curve is defined by the equation: M / P = L(i,Y), where the supply of money is represented as the real amount M/P

15、(as opposed to the nominal amount M), with P representing the price level, and L being the real demand for money, which is some function of the interest rate i and the level Y of real income. The LM curve shows the combi

16、nations of interest rates and levels of real income for which money supply equals money demand—that is, for which the money market is in equilibrium. Microeconomics: Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies t

17、he behavior of how the individual modern household and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. Demand curve: In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certa

18、in commodity, and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price. Supply curve: A graph showing the hypothetical supply of a product or service that would be available at different p