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1、Researchondioxinemissionsinironsecondarymeasuresabatedioxins.Distinctionismadebetweendioxinsinthegasphaseinparticulateinaerosolemissions.Athirdimptantconsiderationisthefateofdioxinintheatmosphereinaerialdepositioninbypro
2、ductsfromironRWTHAachen[2]VoestAlpineBritishSteel(Cus)CRMSidmarIrsidISIJ[3]conductedearlystudies.Auxiliaryburnersignitethetopoftheburdenthereactionzonegraduallymovesfromtoptobottomasthesinteringbeltmovesfromthefeedingtot
3、hedisgeside.Cardinalaspectsarehence:(a)flowofairoffgasthroughalayerofgraduallyrisingposity(b)heatsupplybycokescombustion(c)airsinteroffgasburdenheatexchange(d)sinteringofironeaidedbylowmeltingironsilicates(e)volatilisati
4、onofganicmaterialsfromcokesreverts(f)volatilisationofsaltsfromescoke.Theburdenmaterialonthesinteringbeltisessentiallysubdividedintothreezones:(1)atopzoneinwhichairispreheatedwhilecoolingfinishedsinter(2)areactionzoneinwh
5、ichcokesisburnttoreachthetemperaturesrequiredfsinteringirone(11001200C)(3)acoolingzoneinwhichoffgasfromthereactionzoneisquenchedincontactwithmoistrawmaterials.Itseemsplausiblethatdioxinfmationmainlytakesplaceinthisthirdz
6、oneinatemperaturewindow250–450Cwithinwhichchlidesaltsvolatiletransitionmetalssemivolatileganicscondenseontoeparticulatefminghighlyreactivesurroundingsfconvertingresidualcokesprecurss.Coolingoffgasesmayleadtothefmationofs
7、altaerosolsthatarepotentiallyreactiveaswellasdifficulttocollect.Alternativereactionregions(dustdepositedonthebeltinwindboxesthebeltmetalproperthedustintheoffgas)havealsobeensuggested.Othersinterplantemissionsinvolveparti
8、culatescarbonmonoxideCOvolatileganicsTOCaromaticsPolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonsPAHhydrogenchlideHClsulphurnitrogenoxidesSOx1.2.Rawmaterials–elementarybalanceAnelementaryinputoutputbalanceendswithsomedeficitduetolossestot
9、hegasphase(moisturecarbondioxidemonoxidesulphurnitrogenoxides…).Someelementsdeserveparticularattentioninadioxincontexte.g.CClSNallofthesereptingtothefluegasvolatileelementsenrichingindust(KNaCuPbZn…)supplyingboththecatal
10、ytictransitionmetalsrequiredfoxidationatlowtemperaturechlidesresponsiblefchlinatingcarboncontainingstructures.Volatileelementsenrichingindustappearinallinputstreamsinparticularfilterdustfromblastfurnacesinterplant.Theque
11、stionthusarisesinhowfarsuchdustisproblematicinthetotalsinteringprocessitseffectisstudiedbyhaltingitsrecyclingfacertainperiodoftimemonitingthechangesinfilterdustcompositionemissions.Usingthismethoditispossibleestablishing
12、individualenrichmentfactsfalargenumberofelements[11].Chlidesentertheprocessinavarietyofwaysasatracecomponentofescokesinrecycleddustprocesswaterevenmaritimeair.Carbonmainlyentersascokessometimesalsoasanthracitecoal.Itfmst
13、hebasisofganicbyproductsevolvingtogetherwiththeoffgas.Oilyrevertsareasecondsourceofsuchganics.Thereisstilluncertaintyabouttheirrelativeroleasdioxinprecurss.Establishingbalancesisimptantinassessingelementarydistributionse
14、.g.betweensinterinput(ecokesash)betweenoffgasesfilterdustsinter.Giventheirrelativeweightinthemassbalancesesplayamajroleattheinputsidesinterattheoutput.Somedataareonlyscarcelyavailableattheecokeslevelarebestmonitedbyestab
15、lishingbalances:e.g.chlinevolatileelementsareattracelevelpresentines(typically30300ppm).Insummarythesourcesofcarbonchlinevolatileelementsshouldbeestablishedcarefullyindertoassesstheiginsofelementsinvolvedindioxinfmationi
16、nthecatalyticsystemresponsiblefsuchfmationtheirwhereabouts.1.3.Thermodynamics–Kiics–SimulationsSurrogates–FingerprintsThermodynamicshavebeenusedtopredicttheconditionsofPCDDFstabilityaswellascongenerdistributionswithinapa
17、rticularhomologuegroup.Thermodynamicstudieshavebeenconductedusinge.g.CHEMSAGE.Dioxinsarebasicallyunstableunderoxidisingconditions.Experimentalthermodynamicdataarescarcewellknownsetshavebeendeterminedcomputed[1214].Ithaso
18、ftenbeenclaimedthatthermodynamicfactsdeterminecongenerdistributionsbutthereisnoconvincingevidencetocrobatethisstatement.Thereisanextensiveliteratureonsinteringprocesssimulationsinsomecasesinvolvingdioxinfmation[15].Somet
19、imesathermodynamicmodelhasbeenusedtotrypredictappearanceemissionsofdioxins.InanotherapproachthefmationwassimulatedusingaCFDmodellabatyderivedkiicdata[16].Inasurrogateapproachthefmationofdioxinsisalsomonitedbymeansofother
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