化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯

1、普通化學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)中英文對(duì)照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron(abbr.e)離子ion[?a??n]陽(yáng)離子cation陰離子anion分子molecular[m??lekj?l?]單質(zhì)element化合物compound純凈物puresubstancechemicalsubstance混合物mixture相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar

2、)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化學(xué)式量relativefmulamass物質(zhì)的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德羅常數(shù)Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩爾mole摩爾質(zhì)量molarmass實(shí)驗(yàn)式最簡(jiǎn)式經(jīng)驗(yàn)式empiricalfmula氣體摩爾體積molarvolume阿伏加德羅定律Avogadro’sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve濃度concentr

3、ation質(zhì)量體積分?jǐn)?shù)massvolumeconcentration濃縮concentrate稀釋dilute蒸餾distillation萃取extraction化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式chemicalequation反應(yīng)物reactant生成物product固體solid液體liquid氣體gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)stoichiometry酸acid堿basealkali(referstosolublebas

4、es)鹽salt酸式鹽acidsalt離子方程式ionicequation結(jié)晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated無(wú)水的anhydrous滴定titration指示劑indicat氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber氧化還原反應(yīng)redoxreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreaction還原反應(yīng)reductionreaction歧化反應(yīng)disproptionationreaction歸中反應(yīng)com

5、proptionation(symproptionation)reaction氧化劑oxidisingagent還原劑reducingagent電子層(殼)(electron)shell電離能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等電離能firstsecondthirdetc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st2nd3rdetc.I.E.)電子親和能electronaffinityener

6、gy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效應(yīng)electronicshielding(screening)原子軌道atomicbital電子云electroncloud電子亞層subshell能層layer能級(jí)energylevel電子排布electronconfiguration電子云重疊shelloverlap洪特規(guī)則Hund’srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基態(tài)groundstate激發(fā)態(tài)excitedstat

7、e躍遷transition手性chirality[kai?]化學(xué)鍵chemicalbond鍵長(zhǎng)bondlength鍵級(jí)bondder鹵代反應(yīng)halogenationreaction酯化反應(yīng)esterificationreaction親核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反應(yīng)eliminationreaction裂化反應(yīng)cracking(reaction)石油分餾fractionaldistillation燃燒com

8、bustion發(fā)酵fermentation氟氯烴chlofluocarbons產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy紅外光譜學(xué)infraredspectroscopy質(zhì)譜分析massspectroscopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux反應(yīng)機(jī)理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy熱力學(xué)thermodynamic[θ

9、?:m?udai?]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[enθlpi]焓變enthalpychange(abbr.ΔH)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)焓stardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔH?)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)焓stardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔHr?)燃燒熱heatofcombustion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃燒焓stardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.ΔHc?)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成焓stardenthalpychangeoff

10、mation(abbr.ΔHf?)放熱反應(yīng)exothermic[eks?u?]reaction吸熱反應(yīng)endothermicreaction熱化學(xué)方程式thermochemical[θ?:m?u?]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容specificheatcapacity鍵焓bondenthalpy平均鍵焓averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hess’law有效碰撞理論collisi

11、onthey反應(yīng)速率rateofreactionreactionrate反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)reactionkiics催化劑catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme[enzaim]波爾茲曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化學(xué)平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi?]可逆反應(yīng)reversiblereaction動(dòng)態(tài)平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常數(shù)chemicalequilib

12、riumconstant濃度冪concentrationpower平衡移動(dòng)shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.ΔG)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrhenius[??ri:ni?s]Equation自發(fā)反應(yīng)spontaneous[sp?n?teini?s]reaction熵entropy(abbr.ΔS)溫室效應(yīng)greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsption綠色化學(xué)gr

13、eenchemistry溶解度solubility離子反應(yīng)ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離平衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionisationconstant離子積ionproductconstant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogne)溶解平衡dissolutione

14、quilibrium[d?s?lu??(?)n]ekw?溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galvanic(voltaic)cell[glvn?k]鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極陽(yáng)極anode負(fù)極陰極cathode標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢(shì)stardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池drycell一次電池primarycell(battery)二次電池蓄電池secondarycellstage