acca-f4-知識點總結(jié)

1、Chapter11.民法民法(civillaw)和刑法（和刑法（criminallaw）的劃分）的劃分Civillaw:anfmofprivatelaw，usedbyindividualstoassertrightsagainstotherindividualsCriminallaw:anaspectofpubliclawtoregulatecrimestopunishoffendersIssueCivilCriminalWhobrin

2、gstheactionClaimantplaintiff原告原告ProsecutcpsstateBurdenofproofClaimantplaintiff原告原告ProsecutcpsstateStardofproofBalanceofprobabilitiesBeyondreasonabledoubtDecisionsLiablenot(judge)GuiltynotAimsCompensatyPunitivetopunishRem

3、edies糾正damagesImprisonmentfines1.Caselaw:madebyjudgestatutelaw成文法成文法:primarylegislation(madebytheParliament)secondarylegislation(inexerciseoflawmakingpowersdelegatedbyParliament).[注：Necessityfdelegatedlegislationsecondar

4、ylegislation:meconvenientcanhoverthetaskofspecifyingthelawindetailtoexperts]2.在caselaw中:commonlaw普通法普通法[createdbyjudgesthroughtheapplicationoftheprincipleofjudicialprecedent.commonlawdrewoncustomsequitylaw衡平法衡平法:toresolv

5、edisputeswheredamagesarenotasuitableremedytointroducefairnessintothelegalsystem.]2.不同法院管不同法院管轄事件的事件的類型只受理民事案件只受理民事案件Countycourt只受理刑事案件只受理刑事案件Crowncourt民刑通吃民刑通吃Magistrate’scourthighcourtcourtofappealsupremecourt只受理一只受理一審C

6、ountycourtmagistrate’scourt只受理上只受理上訴Courtofappealsupremecourt一審上訴通吃通吃HighcourtcrowncourtChapter2Chapter21.DoctrineofPrecedence(遵循先例制度的一般遵循先例制度的一般規(guī)則規(guī)則):somedecisionsmadebyacourtarebindingsimilarsubsequentlegalcasesshouldb

7、edecidedonthebasisofthelawestablishedinearliercases.2.可以可以創(chuàng)立判例法立判例法規(guī)則規(guī)則:SupremeCourtCourtofAppealHighCourt不可以不可以創(chuàng)立:CrownMagistratesCountyCourtscannotcreateprecedent.3.Elementsofjudicialdecision(影響法庭判決的因素影響法庭判決的因素):ration

8、decidendi判決理由判決理由[thereasonfthedecision]Obiterdicta附帶說帶說明[statementmadebythewaynotbindingbutmerelyofpersuasiveauthity]4.法官又可以因法官又可以因為那些理由拒那些理由拒絕先例先例(disregardingjudicialprecedent):Overrule取代取代[theprocedurewherebyacourthi

9、gherinthelegalhierarchysetsasidealegalrulingestablishedinapreviouscase]Reverse推翻推翻[aprocedurewherebyacourthigherinthehierarchyreversesthedecisionofalowercourtinthesamecase]Distinguishing法官的自由法官的自由裁決裁決[aprecedentisavoided

10、byajudgedemonstratingthatthematerialfactsoftwocasesarenotthesame]5.RulesofStatutyInterpretation(法的解法的解釋):①theliteralapproach:theliteralrule[meansthatwdsintheActshouldbegiventheirliteralgrammaticalmeaningratherthanwhatthe

11、judgethinkstheymean.thegoldenrule:thisruleisappliedincircumstanceswheretheapplicationoftheliteralruleislikelytoresultinanobviouslyabsurdresult.②thepurposiveapproach:thejudgeshouldwherenecessarylookbeyondthewdsofstatuteto

12、findoutthereasonpurposefitsenactmentthatmeaningshouldbeinterpretedinthelightofthepurpose[Mischiefrule:purposiveapproach的具的具體表體表現(xiàn)形式形式whereastatuteisdesignedtoremedyaweaknessinthelawthecrectinterpretationistheonewhichachie

13、vesit.]1.Reasonablefeseeability合理合理預(yù)見預(yù)見原則2.Proximity關(guān)聯(lián)性原性原則3.Justnessfairnessofimposingadutyofcare公平合理地公平合理地強加注意加注意義務(wù)義務(wù)②Abreachofthatduty違反注意反注意義務(wù)義務(wù)1.generalrule:Thetestfestablishingbreachofdutyisanobjectiveone:abreachof

14、dutyoccursifthedefendant:”...failstodosomethingwhichareasonableman...woulddo.”2.Specialfactstoconsidera.Theprobabilityofinjuryb.Theseriousnessoftherisk造成造成傷害的害的嚴重性重性c.Costpracticability成本可行性成本可行性monpractice證明是行明是行業(yè)誤業(yè)誤差范差

15、范圍內(nèi)e.Skilledpersonsprofessionalsf.Socialbenefit③Thebreachofdutycausedharmtotheclaimant違反義務(wù)義務(wù)是導致?lián)p失的原因失的原因1.Thebutftest2.Nobreakinthechainofcausation切斷因果關(guān)系切斷因果關(guān)系鏈的要素的要素a.Anaturaleventb.Actofathirdparty原侵原侵權(quán)人不承擔人不承擔責任c.Acto

16、ftheclaimant④Thelosswarenottooremote主張的賠償賠償合理合理Reasonablefesight只賠償違賠償違法者可以合理法者可以合理預(yù)見預(yù)見的部分的部分2.抗辯事由事由①Contributynegligence共同共同過失（一般只是減少失（一般只是減少賠償額賠償額，個，個別情況全部免除）情況全部免除）②Volentinonfitinjuria同意不生同意不生違法（法（徹底免除）底免除）Chapter7勞

17、動勞動法1.身份判身份判別①Controltest:Theamountofcontrolthatonepersonhadovertheother②Integrationtest不會外包不會外包給他人的，不可或缺的他人的，不可或缺的③MultipletestEconomicrealitytesta.Theregularitymethodofpayment報酬支付酬支付頻率，支率，支付方式付方式b.Theownershipoftoolseq

18、uipment是否提供工具是否提供工具c.Theregularityofhoursofwk工作工作時間時間d.Theabilitytodelegateallthewktoprovidesubstitute是否代理否代理2.義務(wù)義務(wù)①CommonLawDutiesEmployers’commonlawduties1)Dutyofmutualtrustconfidence2)Toprovidewkfwkers3)Topaywagesremu

19、neration4)Toindemnifyemployeeagainstexpenseslosses5)Toprovidefthecaresafetyoftheemployee6)NodutytoprovidereferencewhenemployeesleaveEmployees’commonlawduties1)Toobeyreasonablelawfulders2)Toactfaithfullydutyoffaithfulserv