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1、外文題目:TheCleanDevelopmentMechanism′sContributionToSustainableDevelopment:AReviewOfLiterature出處:Climatechange2007(84):P5773.作者:KarenHolmOlsen原文:Abstract:Thechallengesofhowtorespondtoclimatechangeensuresustainabledevelopmen
2、tarecurrentlyhighonthepoliticalagendaamongthewld’sleadingnations.TheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)ispartoftheglobalcarbonmarketdevelopingrapidlyaspartoftheKyotoresponsetowardsthemitigationofglobalwarming.Oneoftheaimsofth
3、eCDMistoachievesustainabledevelopmentindevelopingcountriesbutuncertaintyprevailsastowhethertheCDMisdoingwhatitpromisestodo.Closeto200studiesontheCDMhavebeencarriedoutsinceitsbirthin1997includingpeerreviewedarticlesreptsf
4、romthegreyliterature.ThisreviewoftheliteratureservestoassessthestateofknowledgeonhowtheCDMcontributestosustainabledevelopment(SD)includingpovertyalleviation.ThemainfindingofthereviewisthatlefttomarketfcestheCDMdoesnotsig
5、nificantlycontributetosustainabledevelopment.1、Introduction“Wefaceseriouslinkedchallengesintacklingclimatechangepromotingcleanenergyachievingsustainabledevelopment”theleadersoftheEightNationsagreedwhentheymetinGleneagles
6、Scotlon6–8July2005.ThechallengesofclimatechangeSDareatthetopofthepoliticalagendaamongthewld’sleadingnations.InparalleltotheG8dialogueonclimatechangeSDthemajityofdevelopedcountrieshavecommittedtotargetedemissionreductions
7、throughtheKyotoProtocolof1997whichenteredintofceinFebruary2005.Accdinglyacarbonmarketisdevelopingrapidlyasasteptowardsthestabilisationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmospheretoavoidglobalwarming.TheCDMispartoftheemer
8、gingcarbonmarketaimstoachievebothSDindevelopingcountriescosteffectivereductionofgreenhousegassesindevelopedcountries.Inspiteofitsprivateentitieswithinthese–areallowedtoinvestinprojectactivitiesthatreduceGHGemissionscontr
9、ibutetoSDinnonAnnex1countries.ParticipationintheCDMisvoluntarybuttohaveaprojectregisteredwiththeExecutiveBoardi.e.thegoverningbodyoftheCDMallpartiesinvolvedarerequiredtoobtainaLetterofApprovalfromtheirDNAtodocumentthis.I
10、nnonAnnex1countriestheDNAmustapprovethateachCDMprojectcontributestoSDasdefinednationally.MethodologicallyitistheresponsibilityoftheprojectdevelopertodocumentinaProjectDesignDocument(PDD)thattheemissionreductionsare‘realm
11、easurablelongterm.’Thismeansthatreductionsmustgobeyondthebusinessasusualscenario(thebaseline)beadditionaltoanyemissionreductionsthatwouldhaveoccurredintheabsenceoftheproject(additionality).3、AnalysisofhowtheCDMcontribute
12、stosustainabledevelopmentTheassumedsynergywin–winpotentialinthedualaimoftheCDMdonotreflectthewholepictureaboutitscontributiontoSD.AreviewoftheliteratureontheCDMSDshowsanumberofmismatchesconflicts.Toprovideanoverviewtheli
13、teratureisdividedintoatypologyoffourgroupsaccdingtotheresearchquestionsraisedtheapproachesdatausedmostimptantlythekeyfindings:(1)FwardlookingstudiestryingtopredictfutureSDimpacts(2)Methodologicaldevelopmentofcriteriaindi
14、catstoassessthesustainabilityimpactofCDMprojects(3)FestrycarbonprojectsanalysedwithregardtotheirSDcontributionlastly(4)Amixedgroupofstudiesraisingdifferentquestionsusingvariousapproaches.Thenumberofstudiesineachgroupvari
15、esreflectsahighresearchinterestincarbonfestryprojectswhereasotherprojecttypessuchasenergyindustrialprojectshavereceivedlessattentionascasestudies.Befereviewingtheliteraturefresearchfindingsanoteofclarificationontheconcep
16、tualbasisfstudyingSDisusefulaswellashowitislinkedwiththeCDMpovertyalleviation.3.1ConceptualclarificationTheeticallydifferentapproachesdefinitionsofSDexistbutenteringthisfieldwilldetracttoomuchfromtheoperationalpracticalu
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