中小型地區(qū)企業(yè)新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的挑戰(zhàn)【外文翻譯】

1、SmallmediumdistrictenterprisesthenewproductdevelopmentchallengeLiteraturedealingwiththeproductdevelopmentprocessinlargescaleindustriesisabundant.Howeverthereisgeneralagreementthatthenewproductdevelopment(NPD)processisnot

2、adequatelystudiedinsmallmediumenterprises(SMEs)modelstoolsspecificallyfocusedftheseunitsarelacking.TheinnovationprocessinSMEspossessescertaindistinguishingfeaturesthatwouldsuggestaspecificapproachtoNPDactivities.Whencomp

3、aredwithlargesizedfirmstheinnovativeprocessinsmallunitsismeinfmallessstructuredthebaseofmanagerialcompetenciesislimitedavailabilityoffinancialresourcesislowertheattractiontowardsskilledlabourweakerthepropensityfinteracti

4、onwithotherfirmsislimited.EffectiveNPDhasbecomethefocalpointofcompetitivenessinmanyindustriesparticularlythosewhereproductlifehasshtenedcompetitionincreasedonaglobalbasiscustomerdemfgreaterproductvarietyhasgrown(Mayl1997

5、Pisano1997).Consequentlyresearchonbestpracticesinproductdevelopmentthatispracticesmethodswhichmakefirmsgoodproductinnovatshasincreased(seeAbdalla1999Griffin1997).Analysingthesecontributionswecannotethatmostareribabletoco

6、ncurrentengineering(CE)toolstechniques.CEsuggestsan“integrated”designapproachthatisasystematicapproachtotheintegratedconcurrentdesignofproductsprocesses.Thiswouldfcedeveloperstoconsiderallelementsoftheproductioncyclerigh

7、tfromconceptiontoexpeditionincludingqualitycostscheduleuserrequirements.TheredonotappeartobeanypapersonthespecificproblemsofNPDinIDs.HowevervariousauthspointouttheacteristicsoftheinnovativeprocessthattypicallydevelopinID

8、s.Wecanobservehowthedistrictlocalisationmitigatessomeofthelimitsmentionedbutcangenerateothers:(1)Districtfirmsbenefitfromexternaleconomies(thepresenceofagenciesthatofferspecificservicesaspecialisedlabourmarketsupptinfras

9、tructureslower1998).Thedistrictfirmsboththosethataresituatedattheendoftheproductionlinethosethatcoverintermediatephasesarenowurgedtomakechangesonnumerousfronts.Endproducersarebecomingmeawareoftheneedtorethinktheganisatio

10、nlocalisationofthevaluechainactivities.Amongtheseproductdevelopmentmustbeplacedatthefefront.Atthesametimethelocalsubcontractingwkwhichinthepastcarriedoutmostoftheproductivewknowmustextenditsexpertisecapabilitiesbeyondthe

11、productiontask.Theabilitytomanageallaspectsconcerningproductdevelopmenthasbecomecriticalftheseunitstoo.Aspecificityrequiresacarefuldesignapproachwhichshouldtakeintoaccountallthetechnicalconstraintssoproductprocessenginee

12、ringphasesmustbecloselyintegrated.Thefirststepisproductconceptresultingfromamarketanalysishastheobjectiveoffmalisingtheinitialideaofthenewmodel.Nextcomesprototypingwhentheprototypeofanewmodelisconstructedaccdingtotheigin

13、aldesignsothenewstyleeyewearbecomestangible.Thesimilaritybetweentheaestheticideaoftheproductactualresultobtainablecanbeverifiedfromtheprototypeatthesametimedifficultiesinprocessingthespecificationsneededidentified.Thenpr

14、oducttoolsdesignstarts.Thenewmodelisbrokendownintoitsvariouscomponents(templesringsendpiecesnosepiecesbridgeshooks)thetechnicalspecificationsadetaileddesignfeachismade.Atthispointthefirstsupplierinvolvementtakesplace.Reg

15、ardlessoftheamounttypeofinvolvementthisisthemomentwhencodesignbegins.Somesuppliersareinvitedtotakepartinthedevelopmentactivitythetypeacteristicsofthecomponentstobemanufacturedaredisclosedtothem.Nextfollowsthecostanalysis

16、partrationalisation.Heremanufacturingcostisestimatedwaystorationalisethecomponentsdefinedinthepreviousphasesaredetected.Fexampleastardmightreplaceanadhoccomponentdifferentmaterialscanbeedtheproductmixcanbelimitedetc.When