making participation matter【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)原文原文MakingMakingParticipationParticipationMatterMatterMargaretWeirJaneRongerudeChristopherK.AnsellUniversityofCalifniaBerkeleyFmethanhalfacenturycriticshavepointedtothebalefuleffectsoftranspta

2、tionpolicyonAmericanmetropolitanareas.Fexamplein1960withtheinterstatehighwayprogramoperatingatfullbefutureSenatDanielPatrickMoynihansharplycriticizedtheoutsizedpromisesofthehighwaybuilders.Insteadofbringing“citycountrycl

3、osertogether…[making]us“onecountryaunitedpeople”Moynihanwarnedthattheunplannedapproachtohighwaybuildingwouldcreate“chaosinconcrete.”Itseffectswouldbeparticularlyharmfulfcitieswhere“planshavebeenthrowntogetherthebulldozer

4、ssettowk”(Moynihan1960).Moynihanpredictedthatwithoutmetropolitanplanningtoguidetransptationdecisionshighwaybuilderswouldlet“suburbseatendlesslyintothecountryside”destroycitieswithillconceivedhighwayprojects.Threedecadesl

5、aterasaSenatesubcommitteechairMoynihanreenteredthesamedebatespearheadingthepassageoftheIntermodalSurfaceTransptationEfficiencyAct(ISTEA)legislationthataimedtoreversetheharmfulimpactoftransptationoncities.Hailedasarevolut

6、ionintransptationpolicymakingthelawprovidedacombinationofinstitutionalrefmnewrequirementsfparticipationwhichtogetheritwashopedwouldmaketransptationpolicyresponsivetotheneedsofcities.ISTEA’scentralinstitutionalrefmcarvedo

7、utaspacefregionaldecisionmakingbyenhancingthepowerofMetropolitanPlanningganizations(MPOs)regionalentitiesthathadexistedsincethe1960sbutwhichexercisedlittleauthity.BygrantingMPOsnewpoweroverspendingrefmershopedtoshiftsubs

8、tantialdecisionmakingauthityawayfromstatehighwaydepartmentswhereurbantransptationneedstypicallyreceivedshtshrift(GageMcDowell1995McDowell1999).ISTEAalsoinitiatedparticipatyinnovationsrequiring“earlycontinuous”publicparti

9、cipationinMPOdeliberations.AdditionalprovisionsstipulatedthatMPOsstateafteradecadeofactivism.InChicagobycontrasttheregionalrefmwkgrewstrongerovertime.Thedivergenceinrefmtrajectiesweargueisduetothegreatercentralizationoft

10、heChicagorefmwktheparticipationofpowerfulactsinit.ThesefeaturesofChicago’swklaidthegroundwkfavirtuouscyclebetweenexpedparticipationinstitutionalrefmoftheMPOwhichwasessentialfstrengtheningregionalgovernancecapacities.InLo

11、sAngelestheabsenceofpowerfulactsthedecentralizednatureofthewkgeneratedanewregionalconversationabouttransptationbutfailedtopromoterefmoftheMPO.Lackingavirtuouscyclebetweenparticipationinstitutionaldevelopmenttheimpetusfpa

12、rticipatinginregionalvenueswitheredLosAngeles’srefmwkbegantoatrophy.Thisarticledevelopsthisargumentinfourparts.Thefirstsectionexaminestheliteratureonpolicyfeedbacksparticipationshowinghowthemultitieredcontextofdecisionma

13、kingcreateschallengesflaunchingavirtuouscycleofrefmbetweenparticipationofnewconstituenciesinstitutionalrefm.Thenexttwosectionsdocumenttheinitialsuccessesinopeningparticipationinbothregionsasnewgroupsenteredthetransptatio

14、narenabegantocoalesceintorefmwks.Thefinalsectionshowshowthedifferencesinthestructureoftheregionalwkstheirabilitytopromoteinstitutionalchangecausedthetrajectyofrefmtodivergeinthetworegions.Scholarsfromdiversetheeticaltrad

15、itionshavesoughttoassessthewaysthatpolicydesigninfluencesparticipationpolicyoutcomes.Onestrofinstitutionalisttheyarguesthatnewpoliciescancreatevirtuouscyclesinwhichnewpoliciesgiverisetoconstituencieswhosesupptsustainsthe

16、policyinthefuturepreventsopponentsfromrollingitback.Otherapproachesexaminehowpolicycanalterthetermsonwhichdifferentgroupsengagewithoneanotheraroundpolicygoals.Argumentsaboutcollabationthewkedpolicyfexamplehighlightpossib

17、ilitiesfmutuallybeneficialengagementinwhichpolicybringsactstogethertocollabateonproblemsolving.Acloserlookattheassumptionsintheseliteraturesrevealsthatneitherpaysadequateattentiontothewayamultitieredpoliticalcontextinflu

18、encesthedynamicsofparticipationinstitutionalchangepolicydevelopment.TheideathatpolicycanchangepoliticshasalongpedigreeinthestudyofAmericanpoliticsfromE.E.Schattschneider’sanalysisoftheimpactofpolicyrefmontaxpoliticstoThe