2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻原文外文文獻原文India’sIndia’sRuralRuralFinancialFinancialSystemSystem：DoesDoesititSupptSupptProPoProPoInnovationInnovationMaterialSource:UnitedNationsUniversityMaastrichtEconomicsocialResearchtrainingcen

2、treAuth:LinaSonne1.IntroductionItiswellestablishedthatinnovationspurseconomicgrowthiscentraltodevelopment.TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals’(MDG)ScienceTechnology&Innovation(STI)TaskFceofconcludedthat“sciencetechnologyinnova

3、tionunderpineveryoneofthegoals.Itisinconceivablethatgainscanbemadeinhealthenvironmentalconcernswithoutafocusedsciencetechnologyinnovationpolicy”(JumaYee‐Cheong2005:16).EarliertheHumanDevelopmentReptof2001(UNDP2001)hadhig

4、hlightedhownewtechnologiesaffectdevelopingcountrieswhilstthe1999WldDevelopmentRept(WDR)emphasisedtheknowledgegapbetweenrichpocountries(WB1999).OfparticularinterestinacountrylikeIndiaisruralinnovation(Edquist1997Freeman19

5、87Halletal2003Lundvall1992Spielman2005)sinceitisinruralareasthatmostofthepolive(WB2008)Pro‐poinnovationinruralareasismelikelytooccurthroughsmall‐scaleventuresentrepreneursthanindustrialresearchdevelopment.Thispapertheref

6、etakestheviewthatpro‐poentrepreneur‐basedinnovation(PEBI)isessentialtothecontinuousdevelopmentofpovertyalleviationinruralareasbycreatingemploymentincreasingincomeprovidingimprovedgoodsservices.Littlehasbeenwrittenonhowsu

7、chinnovationshouldbefinanced3.UsingthecaseofIndiathispaperfocusesontheabilityofIndia’sfinancialsystemtosupptruralPEBI.Indiahasarelativelydeepfinancialsystem.Howeverdespiteanimpressivecompareswellwithotheremergingeconomie

8、s.FinstanceIndia’sfinancialassetsinnominaltermsamounttoUSD430billionwhichismethanMalaysiaatUSD331billionMexicoatUSD386billion.Neverthelessasfiguresarefrom2000thetotalassetsofIndia’sfinancialsystemarelikelytohaveimprovedr

9、elativetoothercountriessincethen.TakingintoaccountthelowGDPpercapitaIndia’sfinancialsystemappearsdeepcomparedtootheremergingeconomies.WhilstinMexicothetotalfinancialassetsamountto68%ofGDPinIndiatheequivalentfigureis93%.T

10、heIndianequitymarketstsupwellincomparisonwithotheremergingeconomiesbothintermsofmarketcapitalizationvaluetradedrelativetoGDP.Howeverifcooperativebankbranchesaretakenintoaccountthepopulationperbranchstsat12800(accdingtoBa

11、suSrivastava2005)whichputsIndiaonaparwithIndonesiaMexico.ThiswouldsuggestthatIndia’sdeepfinancialsystemiscomplimentedbyafarreachingwelldevelopedfinancialinfrastructure.ItiswthnotingthattheIndianfinancialsystemisinfluence

12、dbyaveryhighlevelofGovernmentownershipofbanks.Governmentownedbankassetsamounttoastaggering80%oftotalascomparedwith55%inBrazil43%inIndonesia25%inMexicoonly15%inthePhilippines(Basu2006).3.SocialBankingInresponsetothelackof

13、fmalfinanceavailabletothepotheGovernmentRBIpursuedasocalled“socialbanking”strategyofaggressivelypushingbankstoprovidefinancialinfrastructureservicestoruralareasinparticulartothemostdisadvantagedgroups.Thiswasdone:(byexpi

14、ngthenumberoffinancialintermediariesinruralareas)throughdirectedlendingthroughsubsidizedcredit.TooverseetheexpansionofruralfinancetheGovernmentsetuptheNationalBankfAgricultureRuralDevelopment(NABARD)whilstitcreatedtheSta

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