會(huì)展旅游在發(fā)展中國(guó)家南非經(jīng)驗(yàn)【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Conference and Exhibition Tourism in the Developing World:The South African Experience</p><p>　　Material S

2、ource: Urban Forum,Vol.16,Nos.2-3 ,April-September 2005. Author: Christian M.Rogerson</p><p>　　writings on business tourism in general and on conference and exhibition tourism

3、 in particular. The second section turns attention to analyse business tourism in South Africa, the growing local supply of conference and exhibition facilities, and to highlight the increasing competition that is emergi

4、ng between SouthAfrica's leading cities for dominance of the lucrative market of conference and exhibition tourism. Over the past quarter-century, strong growth was recorded in flows of business touri</p><

5、p>　　For destination planners, the benefits of attracting business tourism are several.At international level, these include, inter alia, contributions to employment and income, increased foreign exchange earnings, the

6、 generation of investment in tourism infrastructure, the facilitation of opportunities for access to new technology and ideas, and the establishment of business contacts (Dwyer and Mistilis,1997). At local level, the att

7、ractions of business tourism involve the sheer size and expansion o</p><p>　　In common with most areas of tourism scholarship, the available fragmented literature concerning business tourism is dom

8、inated by research on the developed world. A number of studies have appeared which document various dimensions of international or domestic business tourism in Europe (Law, 1987;Wootton and Stevens, 1995; Bradley et al.,

9、 2002; Dorfler, 2002; Weber and Chon, 2002; World Tourism Organisation, 2003) and North America (Zelinsky, 1994; Hiller, 1995; Weber and Chon, 2002; W</p><p>　　Conferences and exhibitions are usually tr

10、eated together rather than as two separate activities because "there is an increasing convergence between them" (Law, 1987: 86). Traditionally, many conferences include exhibitions and exhibitions often gi

11、ve rise to conferences. None the less, as Law (1987: 87) observes the "apogee" of convergence between conferences and exhibitions is the emergence of the multi-purpose 'convention centre' which consists

12、 of several large venues which can be use</p><p>　　Hiller (1995: 375) argues that conferences and exhibitions are a "special kind of tourism" as theoretically they represent the propelling factor f

13、or attendance rather than the characteristics of the destination itself.The meeting, convention or exhibition serves as the primary purpose for travel and the focus is a multi-faceted event of a fixed time duration that

14、involves speakers, seminars, workshops, exhibitions, banquets, association meetings and social events. Accordingly, the conference or </p><p>　　In practical terms, a commitment to the purpose of the conferen

15、ce or exhibition is not a guarantee of attendance. Issues relating to accessibility, marketing, investment, infrastructure, human resources and service quality are among a range of variables that can be influential (Webe

16、r and Ladkin, 2003). The markets for conference and exhibition tourism at both international and domestic scale of analysis have been shown to be "extremely competitive" (Dwyer and Mistilis, 1997: 230) with mor

17、e and m</p><p>　　The results of such research, including the application of choice modelling exercises, are used to improve the competitive positioning and branding of individual destinations for the att

18、raction of business tourism (Var et al., 1985; Oppermann, 1996a; Crouch and Louviere, 2003; Weber and Ladkin, 2003; Hankinson, 2005). Illustratively, much recent attention has been given to the primacy of

19、 Singapore over the competition offered from Hong Kong for international conferences in So</p><p>　　The significance of factors such as capacity of facilities, quality of service, accessibility, as well as c

20、ost considerations have been put forward to explain the regional competitive dominance of Singapore and correspondingly, to suggest areas for improvement for enhancing the position of Hong Kong (Go and Govers, 1999; Lew

21、and Chang, 1999; Qu et al., 2000). </p><p>　　At national level, the importance of this segment of business tourism is underscored by the fact that certain countries have prepared national policies or strateg

22、ies that are designed specifically to ensure long-term growth and to maximise the local economic and social impacts of conference and exhibition tourism. In terms of policy development, one of the most pro-active countri

23、es is Australia. During the 1990s the national government encouraged the development of a marketing strategy</p><p>　　For destinations, the economic impacts of capturing the market of business tour

24、ism are potentially considerable. Figure 1 shows the economic impacts of business tourism on localities. It discloses that whilst there are both potential positive and negative impacts, "it is generally a

25、ccepted that the economic benefits of business tourism are positive in most places" (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2001: 77). In the USA, the hosting of conventions and meetings is viewed as highly beneficial in t</p>

26、;<p>　　Taken together, given the several potential economic and non-economic impacts of business tourism, it is not surprising that many different kinds of localities have been encouraged to seek a slice of this l

27、ucrative market by attracting conferences and exhibitions. </p><p>　　Historically, in Western Europe, resort towns recognised earliest the potential benefits of conference and exhibition tourism and started

28、to develop specialist conference facilities during the inter-war period (1919-39). Indeed, a long-established feature of seaside resorts in the United Kingdom, such as Blackpool, Brighton or Scarborough, is the hosting o

29、f the annual conferences of political parties, trade unions and associations in order to attract visitors and extend the length of the tourism</p><p>　　Tourism scholarship concerning conferences and exhibiti

30、ons is dominated by writings concerned with developed countries. An examination of the South African experience, therefore, provides a useful complement to the existing writings and reveals certain parallel themes, parti

31、cularly concerning issues of local development. </p><p>　　Historically, in the apartheid period the market for conference and exhibition tourism was based upon domestic demand. After the democratic transitio

32、n, however, it is evident that new opportunities were opened for the attraction of international conferences and exhibitions to South Africa. Undoubtedly, a watershed event in the development of South African participati

33、on in the global market for conferences was the successful hosting in Johannesburg during 2002 of the World Summit on Sustainable D</p><p>　　REFERENCES</p><p>　　Bradley, A., Hall, T. and Harriso

34、n, M., 2002: Selling cities: promoting new images for meetings tourism, Cities, 19, 60-70. </p><p>　　Braun, B.M. and Rungeling,B., 1992: The relative economic impact of convention and tourist visitors on a r

35、egional economy: a case study, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11, 65-71. </p><p>　　City of Cape Town, 1990: A Conference Centre and Related Issues Regarding the Civic Centre, TP3630/BA, Tow

36、n Planning Branch, City of Cape Town. </p><p>　　City of Johannesburg, 2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development 26 August to 4 September 2002: Project Completion Report, City of Johannesburg, Johannesbur

37、g. </p><p>　　City of Johannesburg, 2003:Joburg Conference Venues, City of Johannesburg, Johannesburg. </p><p>　　City of Johannesburg, 2004: Finance & Economic Development, available

38、 at www.joburg.org.za/finance/index.stm. </p><p>　　Cooper, C., 1979: The Convention Industry and Sydney: An Analysis of Market Trends and Location Parameters for a Major Convention Centre, Department of Geog

39、raphy, University of New England, Armidale. </p><p>　　Crouch, G.I. and Louviere, J.J., 2003: Experimental analysis of the choice of convention site, Tourism Analysis, 8, 171-176. </p><p>　　Crouc

40、h, G.I. and Ritchie, J.R.B., 1998: Convention site selection research: a review, conceptual model and propositional framework, Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management, 1 (1), 49-69. </p><p>　　Davidso

41、n, R., 1993: European business tourism—changes and prospects, Tourism Management, 14, 167-172. </p><p>　　Davie, L., 2003: Joburg country's top exhibitions venue, available at www.joburg.org.za (19 Decemb

42、er). </p><p>　　Davie, L., 2004: Joburg an 'emerging giant' for business tourism, available at www.joburg.org.za (21 June). </p><p>　　Dieke, P.U.C., 1998: Regional tourism in Af

43、rica: scope and critical issues, in E. Laws, B. Faulkner and G. Moscardo (eds), Embracing and Managing Change in Tourism: International Case Studies, Routledge, London, 29-48. </p><p><b>　　譯文</b>

44、</p><p>　　會(huì)展旅游在發(fā)展中國(guó)家：南非經(jīng)驗(yàn)</p><p>　　資料來源:城市論壇，第16卷，2-3號(hào)，2005年四月至9月</p><p>　　作者：克里斯坦.M.羅杰森</p><p>　　會(huì)議及展覽通常是一起處理，而不是作為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的活動(dòng)，因?yàn)椤八麄冎g存在著日益趨同”（法律，1987：86）。傳統(tǒng)上，許多會(huì)議和展覽，經(jīng)常引起

45、會(huì)議。盡管如此，隨著法律（1987：87）表明會(huì)議和展覽之間存在“遠(yuǎn)地點(diǎn)”銜接，包含能被靈活應(yīng)用于會(huì)議或展覽目的的大型場(chǎng)地的多功能會(huì)議中心開始出現(xiàn)。希勒（1995：375）認(rèn)為，會(huì)議及展覽是一種“特殊的旅游”， 在理論上，他們代表著出席的推動(dòng)因素，而不是為了達(dá)成自身目的的特點(diǎn)，會(huì)展服務(wù)作為旅行的主要目的和重點(diǎn)，是一個(gè)固定時(shí)間期限的多方面的事件，涉及揚(yáng)聲器，研討會(huì)，工作坊，展覽，宴會(huì)，協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)議和社交活動(dòng)。因此，解釋了會(huì)議或展覽活動(dòng)是在主要

46、目的上明顯不同于其他形式的商務(wù)旅行的一種個(gè)人或小團(tuán)體的聚會(huì)。（希勒，1995年）。</p><p>　　具體而言，一個(gè)會(huì)議或展覽的目的的承諾不是出席的保證?？梢陨婕暗膯栴}，包括市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷，投資，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，人力資源和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，是在一系列變量中影響深遠(yuǎn)的（韋伯和拉迪金，2003年）。隨著越來越多的國(guó)家建立會(huì)議中心，以利用這一新興旅游部門“（奧珀曼，1997：245），會(huì)展旅游的國(guó)際，國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)在大規(guī)模的分析中，已經(jīng)被證明

47、是“非常有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”（德威爾和米斯特勒斯，1997：230）。會(huì)議的組織者對(duì)會(huì)議或展覽的舉辦場(chǎng)地的選擇相當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎。因此，在商務(wù)旅游學(xué)術(shù)關(guān)鍵研究的重點(diǎn)是了解舉行會(huì)議的相關(guān)策劃者和潛在的參加者的決策過程和目標(biāo)形象（澤林斯蓋，1994年;奧珀曼，1996年;奧珀曼和駿，1997年;克勞奇和瑞切 ，1998年;蓋茨等人，1998年;奧珀曼，1998年;韋伯，2001年）。</p><p>　　這種研究成果，包括選擇模型練習(xí)應(yīng)

48、用，是用來提高商務(wù)旅游競(jìng)爭(zhēng)定位及個(gè)別目的的品牌價(jià)值的吸引力（瓦爾等人，1985年;奧珀曼，1996年;克勞奇和露薇艾爾，2003;韋伯和拉迪金，2003;漢金森，2005年）。 舉例說，近來的注意力都集中在新加坡，他在香港之后，得到了在南部地區(qū)的國(guó)際會(huì)展競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力主導(dǎo)地位，更廣泛地說，是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)主導(dǎo)地位。這些要素，如設(shè)備容量，服務(wù)，交通方便，以及成本的考慮，他們的意義在于已經(jīng)解釋了新加坡的區(qū)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)，并相應(yīng)建議各地區(qū)提高香港的

49、地位（葛和歌威爾斯 1999;盧，張，1999年;歐等，2000）。</p><p>　　在國(guó)家層次上，這部分商務(wù)旅游的重要性強(qiáng)調(diào)的是某些國(guó)家已經(jīng)制訂了國(guó)家政策或戰(zhàn)略，專門設(shè)計(jì)以確保長(zhǎng)期的增長(zhǎng)，并最大限度地提高當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)和會(huì)展旅游的社會(huì)影響。在政策發(fā)展方面，，澳大利亞是最積極的國(guó)家之一。在20世紀(jì)90年代國(guó)民政府鼓勵(lì)營(yíng)銷策略的發(fā)展，它面向大多數(shù)國(guó)家，通過總理會(huì)議及展覽目的，提升這些國(guó)家的國(guó)際意識(shí)，協(xié)調(diào)與合作，促進(jìn)

50、該行業(yè)的銷售; 在澳大利亞特別是來自亞太地區(qū)，鼓勵(lì)國(guó)家協(xié)會(huì)吸引海外代表參加會(huì)議和展覽，以及，在地方，國(guó)家和國(guó)際級(jí)上提高澳大利亞參會(huì)代表的數(shù)量，（德威爾和米斯特勒斯，1997年）</p><p>　　對(duì)于目的地，抓住了商務(wù)旅游市場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響是潛在需要考慮的的。在美國(guó)，主辦會(huì)議被認(rèn)為是非常有益的，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢匝a(bǔ)充經(jīng)歷了季節(jié)性波動(dòng)的休閑旅游活動(dòng)（布朗和讓格林，1992年）。在商務(wù)旅游的成功已證明也帶來了非經(jīng)濟(jì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)地區(qū)展

51、示，最有意義的是相關(guān)圖像和輪廓增強(qiáng)，腐爛地區(qū)的物理升級(jí)換代，居民中的公民自豪感（法律， 1987年; 澤林斯蓋，1994;布拉德利等人，2002年）。兩者合計(jì)，考慮到一些潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)和非經(jīng)濟(jì)商務(wù)旅游的影響，許多地方不同地區(qū)一直鼓勵(lì)通過吸引會(huì)展，在這個(gè)有利可圖的市場(chǎng)分一杯羹，這毫不奇怪。</p><p>　　從歷史上看，在西歐，度假小鎮(zhèn)被公認(rèn)是最早的會(huì)議和會(huì)展旅游的潛在利益，并在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間（1919至1939年）發(fā)展專

52、業(yè)的會(huì)議設(shè)施。事實(shí)上，在英國(guó)一個(gè)歷史悠久的海邊度假勝地，如英國(guó)黑池，布賴頓或士嘉堡，是政黨，工會(huì)和協(xié)會(huì)進(jìn)行年度會(huì)議以及為了吸引游客，延長(zhǎng)了旅游時(shí)間季節(jié)的一些活動(dòng)的舉辦地（道格拉斯，1979）。從20世紀(jì)80年代早期，隨著一些省中心，如伯明翰，卡迪夫，格拉斯哥，曼徹斯特，諾丁漢和紐卡斯?fàn)柕倪M(jìn)入，會(huì)議旅游市場(chǎng)變得越來越有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這些中心，多功能設(shè)施大多數(shù)得到了開發(fā)（法律，1987年; 布拉德利等人，2002年。）。主要的例外是伯明翰，他遵循

53、美國(guó)的模式，發(fā)展有計(jì)劃的大型會(huì)議中心商業(yè)區(qū)，以配合其國(guó)家展中心.會(huì)議旅游市場(chǎng)一直在積極尋求大批在英國(guó)，歐洲大陸，美國(guó)和澳大利亞的老工業(yè)城市，利用其后工業(yè)再生策略（法律，1987年，1992年，1993年;。布拉德利等人，2002年）。首都城市功能還為商務(wù)旅游的發(fā)展提供機(jī)會(huì)，包括為會(huì)議和各種會(huì)展（浩，2002年）。</p><p>　　在美國(guó)或西歐地區(qū)，影響個(gè)別地區(qū)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的因素提供了類似亞洲的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，普遍共識(shí)是，會(huì)議

54、組織者選擇會(huì)議投資時(shí)采取四個(gè)主要指標(biāo)（布拉德利等人，2002）。按重要性排列這些涉及到的會(huì)議設(shè)施，成本，可獲得性和潛在的目的形象的質(zhì)量（法律，1993年）。然而，根據(jù)特別會(huì)議或展覽的性質(zhì)，這四個(gè)因素的相對(duì)重要性，都會(huì)有所不同。大多數(shù)在會(huì)議旅游中對(duì)澤林斯蓋（1994）的爭(zhēng)論圍繞著'形象'這一角度，他們主張，以美國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，形象是一個(gè)主要拉動(dòng)因素（1994年）。在最近的工作中，形象的作用已被重新評(píng)估，形象被會(huì)議組織者視為相當(dāng)重

55、要的，雖然不如其他因素重要，（布拉德利等人，2002年）?？傮w而言，法律（1987年：93）聲稱，國(guó)際會(huì)議，會(huì)議的組織者被吸引到具有良好的航空聯(lián)系的地方，一個(gè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)施和有吸引力的形象的地方，而形象的作用和地點(diǎn)的吸引力對(duì)于展覽場(chǎng)地意義更低。</p><p>　　旅游學(xué)術(shù)包括會(huì)議和展覽會(huì)主要是關(guān)于與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的有關(guān)的著作。因此，一個(gè)南非的經(jīng)驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)提供了一個(gè)對(duì)現(xiàn)有著作的有益補(bǔ)充，揭示某些平行的主題，特別是關(guān)于地方發(fā)展

56、問題。</p><p>　　從歷史上看，在種族隔離時(shí)期，會(huì)議和展覽旅游市場(chǎng)是基于國(guó)內(nèi)需求。然而，經(jīng)過民主過渡后，很明顯南非的國(guó)際會(huì)展業(yè)有了更大的吸引力，毫無疑問，南非在參與會(huì)展的全球市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的分水嶺事件是在2002年世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展首腦會(huì)議在約翰內(nèi)斯堡的成功舉辦。積極的本地發(fā)展影響了這些會(huì)議的吸引力，并已經(jīng)是該國(guó)3個(gè)國(guó)際級(jí)會(huì)議中心發(fā)展和不斷提升的重要催化劑。這三大主要會(huì)議設(shè)施代表了大約1700個(gè)會(huì)議及展覽中心的頂點(diǎn)