金融學外文翻譯--認識和防止洗錢

1、<p>　　湖南文理學院計算機科學與技術系</p><p>　　畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　學院（系）： 湖南文理學院計算機科學與技術系 </p><p>　　專 業(yè)： </p><p>　　姓 名：

2、 </p><p>　　學 號： 200817020237 </p><p>　　外文出處： Internal Auditing ,Vol.19, No.5,pp.22-25,September-October2004 </p><p>　　附 件

3、： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p><b>　　附件1：外文原文</b></p><p>　　Understanding and Preventing Money Laundering</p><p>　　Money laundering,due to today's high-tech,globa

4、l environment,is a worldwide industry that internal auditors are well suited to combat.</p><p>　　Background on money laundering </p><p>　　The term "money laundering " is derived from a

5、ctivities carried out by organized crime,with used laundry cleaning businesses to disguise "launder" -----large amounts of cash actually earned through extortion, prostitution, gambling, and boot-legging. The m

6、oney laundering process involves three basic steps.These steps can be achieved in one combined transaction or in three separate transactions.</p><p>　　·Placement. In this step,large amounts of illegally

7、 obtained cash are placed into the financial system,used to buy high-dollar goods,or smuggled out of the country.The idea is to transform the cash as quickly as possible into other types of assets and thud avoid detectio

8、n. </p><p>　　·Layering.This step is performed to hide the illicit funds. Layering is accomplished by creating complex levels of financial transactions to obscure audit trails and cloak the true ownershi

9、p of the funds. Some of the methods used are electronic funds transfers(EFTs), conversion into monetary instruments,investments in legitimate businesses, and the purchase of real estate.In many cases, EFTs are used to sh

10、uttle funds around between offshore banks and shell companies.Since so many EFTs are proces</p><p>　　Three popular methods are used to integrate "clean" money. First , money launderers establish pr

11、ivate corporations in other countries and route the money to these corporations.These foreign corporations can then provide loans to the money launderers back in the home country. Second ,phony invoices are created in im

12、port-export business, The import-export company give an inflated value to the export goods, and when the invoices are paid ,the cash is transferred ,including the laundered money, from</p><p>　　The problem o

13、f money laundering </p><p>　　For most people,money laundering itself is not considered a particularly heinous crime.However, money laundering provides criminals with access to their proceeds.These proceeds c

14、an be used by money launderers to fund a myriad of other crimes.Money laundering furthers the ambitions of drug traffickers ,organized crime members,terrorists,and others.Money laundering also undermines the integrity of

15、 financial markets. While large sums of laundered money may arrive at institutions, they may also disa</p><p>　　John McDowell and Gary Novis, in Economic Perspectives, state that money laundering presents th

16、e world community with a complex and dynamic challenge. They believe that the nature of the problem calls for global standards and international cooperation to reduce the ability of criminals to launder their proceeds an

17、d carry out their criminal activities.</p><p>　　Current nature of the problem. </p><p>　　Linda Davies writes, in Nest of Vipers, "The money screamed across the wires, its provenance fading

18、in a maze of electronic transfers,which shifted it, hid it, broke it up into manageable wads which would be withdrawn and redeposited elsewhere, obliterating the trail." She captures the essence of the current natur

19、e of the money laundering problem. In today's high-tech global environment, the money laundering process is even harder to trace than it was in the past.</p><p>　　Alvin James, Principal at Ernst and Youn

20、g,LLP, examined the use of underground financial systems, such as the Colombian Black Market Peso Exchange (BMPE)，by terrorists. He noted that while terrorists may not need to launder their money, they do need the means

21、to move the funds covertly. James notes that the major similarity among under- ground financial systems, also called parallel payment systems, is their ability to facilitate anonymous international transfers of money. Th

22、at ability is what m</p><p>　　Experts indicate that there should be more coordinated efforts against the BMPE and other money laundering operations. The nature of these efforts should include securities, ins

23、urance, and money一changing enterprises. Efforts should be made to force drug dollars out of the safety of the parallel payment systems and into an area less secure for them and more susceptible to law enforcement.</p&

24、gt;<p>　　The extent of the problem. </p><p>　　It is difficult to precisely measure the extent of money laundering, including the number of terrorist dollars moving through the same financial channels

25、. The people and organizations that engage in these activities obviously are not reporting them to the government. However, there have been numerous attempts to establish the magnitude of the problem.Money laundering aro

26、und the globe has been estimated at $500 billion a year.</p><p>　　John Walker Consulting Services in Australia has created a logical crime economic model that draws on public crime statistics and uses variou

27、s socioeconomic inputs to estimate the percentage of crime proceeds that will be laundered and where it will take place.They aggregate these estimates and assess the likely extent of money laundering and each country'

28、;s contribution.</p><p>　　Preliminary numbers from the model estimate the amount of money laundered globally at $2.85 trillion per year. The model breaks the total into various components. It ranks the sourc

29、es of laundering and the destinations of the money. Unfortunately, the United States ranks at the top of both these lists, with a 46.3 percent estimate as to origin of the laundered dollars and an 18.9 percent estimate a

30、s to the destination. While this model is not exact (or proven)，there is no disagreement over the f</p><p>　　The Colombian BMPE launders as much as $5 billion, or about half of U.S. whole- sale drug proceeds

31、, each year. The BMPE is the primary vehicle used to counter the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA).The peso brokers smuggle large amounts of currency to countries that have correspondent relationships with U.S. banks. The foreign b

32、ank then sells a check in U.S. currency drawn on its U.S. correspondent account. The foreign banks accept the currency deposits and then order wire transfers from their correspondent</p><p>　　Recent terroris

33、t acts make it all the more imperative that we stem the flow of dollars through these channels. The USAPA,passed in response to the events of September 11，2001，broadens the powers of government to investigate terrorism a

34、nd the manner in which it is funded, including money laundering. </p><p>　　Efforts to stop money laundering </p><p>　　For efforts against money laundering to be effective, there must be an envir

35、onment conducive to fair and open reporting. Legal authorities, politicians, and the general public must be supportive. The International Federation of Accountants, in an effort to create such an environment, encourages

36、its member bodies to form collaborative relationships with legislative and regulatory authorities, both corporate and political. </p><p>　　A number of domestic and international groups address the issue of m

37、oney laundering.</p><p>　　The United States has the toughest laws against money laundering, including:</p><p>　　·the Anti一Drug Abuse Act of 1988;</p><p>　　·the Crime Contr

38、ol Act of 1990;</p><p>　　·the Annuzio一Wylie Act of 1992;</p><p>　　·the Money Laundering Suppression Act(1994);</p><p>　　·the Terrorism Prevention Act of 1995;</p&g

39、t;<p>　　·new reporting requirements for financial institutions(1996);</p><p>　　·the USA Patriot Act (2001).</p><p>　　Foreign attempts to combat money laundering are found in eff

40、orts by the World Bank, international accords, and the work of the Financial Action Task Force (FATE). The World Bank promotes measures that halt, or slow, the flow of money into emerging markets. Relevant international

41、accords include the Vienna Convention, the 1990 Council of Europe Convention, the Basle Committee Statement of Principles, the European Union Directive, and the Resolution of the International Organization of Securities

42、</p><p>　　The challenge for accountants and internal auditors</p><p>　　Accountants and internal auditors can play a key role in combating money laundering. Section 352 of the Patriot Act require

43、s all financial institutions to establish anti一money laundering programs. These programs must include (at a minimum ):</p><p>　　·the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls to prevent

44、 money laundering;</p><p>　　·the designation of a money laundering compliance officer;</p><p>　　·an ongoing training program for awareness of money laundering; </p><p>　　&

45、#183;an independent audit function to test the programs.</p><p>　　Accountants and auditors are well versed in developing internal policies, procedures, and controls and in performing audits. In fact, their r

46、ole and position necessitate that they take a proactive stance in initiating organizational controls to expose corruption and prevent money laundering.</p><p>　　Recent legislation has increased accountants&#

47、39; obligations to be part of the war against corruption and money laundering. Robert Larson and Paul Herz write in The CPA Journal that"Accountants are increasingly responsible for more effective systems of interna

48、l controls as well as periodic evaluations,examinations, and audits."</p><p>　　Conclusions </p><p>　　The professional skills and expertise of internal auditors suit them well for the war ag

49、ainst money laundering. Forensic accounting skills, as well as audit expertise, are needed to help fight this crime. The development of internal policies, procedures, and controls to prevent money laundering falls within

50、 the accounting and auditing professions' responsibilities.</p><p>　　Money laundering, due to today's high-tech, global environment, is a worldwide industry. As many interested parties realize the ne

51、ed for global efforts to combat this very expensive crime, internal auditors have a unique opportunity and obligation to take a proactive role in these efforts.</p><p>　　附件2：外文資料翻譯譯文 </p><p><

52、;b>　　認識和防止洗錢</b></p><p><b>　　洗錢的背景</b></p><p>　　術語“洗錢”是源自于用舊衣物清洗業(yè)務來偽裝“洗錢”，進行有組織的犯罪。大量的資金實際上來自于勒索、賣淫、賭博、走私漏稅。洗錢過程有三個基本步驟。這些步驟可以達到一個聯(lián)合交易或在三個不同的交易。</p><p>　　·

53、放置。在這一步驟中,大量的非法獲得的現(xiàn)金被安置到金融系統(tǒng),用于購買昂貴商品,或者通過走私離開該國。他們的想法是把現(xiàn)金盡可能快成其他類型的資產和砰地躲過檢測。</p><p>　　·分層。這一步是進行非法資金隱藏。分層是通過創(chuàng)建復雜的金融交易審計線索和掩蓋真實的資金的所有權。圖1提供了在洗錢的過程中，一個概述的步驟。有些方法是通過電子資金劃撥、合法的商業(yè)投資、購買房地產，轉換成貨幣工具。電子資金劃撥通過離

54、岸銀行和空殼公司使得黑錢合法化。因為每天處理很多電子資金劃撥，確定是否合法確實很難。</p><p>　　·整合。最后一步,合并新的“黑錢”投入合法的商業(yè)運作。在這一點上,許多將來使用的資金將進一步隱藏其原有的來源。</p><p>　　3種常用的洗錢步驟用于整合“干凈”的錢.首先，洗錢者在其他國家建立私營企業(yè)并向這些企業(yè)注資。這些外國公司可以提供的貸款讓被洗白的錢回到原先的國家

55、。其次，在進出口業(yè)務中制造假發(fā)票。進出口公司夸大出口貨物的價值，當發(fā)票支付時，現(xiàn)金被轉移，包括被洗的錢，從一個公司到其他公司。發(fā)票使轉移資金看上去是合法的。最后, 洗錢者購入一個離岸銀行。非法所得資金存入新銀行，然后通過電子轉賬轉移到合法的銀行。圖示1概述了洗錢過程。</p><p><b>　　關于洗錢的問題</b></p><p>　　對大多數人來說,洗錢本身并不

56、被認為是一個特別的滔天罪行。然而,洗錢為犯罪分子提供有效的資金。這些通過洗錢提供的資金可以用于贊助無數的其他罪行。洗錢加強了毒販子、有組織的犯罪成員,恐怖分子,和其他人的野心。洗錢也質疑了金融市場的完整性。當大量的金錢可以到達黑錢機構,他們也可能同樣迅速地消失,導致流動性問題。除此之外，由于洗錢，政府失去了收入。洗錢減少稅收，對于誠實的市民來說，這通常意味著更高的稅率。</p><p>　　約翰·麥克道

57、爾和加里·羅維斯從經濟角度提出，洗錢使全球面對著一個更加復雜的、動態(tài)的挑戰(zhàn)。他們相信問題的本質要求全球統(tǒng)一標準和國際合作來減少洗錢犯罪的收益和警惕他們的犯罪活動。</p><p><b>　　當前洗錢的本質</b></p><p>　　在《毒蛇的巢穴》，琳達·戴維斯寫到，“金錢在光纜里尖叫，在一個出處已經衰落的迷宮里進行電子轉移，或改變，或隱藏，或

58、打散分成易于處理、在任何地方容易消失和再積累的小塊，并且消除其痕跡。”她精確的抓住了當前洗錢問題的本質。在如今高科技的全球環(huán)境下，洗錢過程追蹤比過去更難。</p><p>　　恩斯特和洋有限責任合伙的委托人艾爾文·詹姆斯近日考察了恐怖分子利用的地下金融系統(tǒng)，比如哥倫比亞黑市比索交易所。他指出,雖然恐怖分子可能不需要收回他們的錢,但他們確實需要秘密的方法來轉移資金。詹姆斯也指出地下財務系統(tǒng)（也稱為平行支付

59、系統(tǒng)）之間主要的相似度----他們都可以使國際轉讓匿名資金變得簡單。由于可以移動恐怖分子所需要的美元來支持他們的恐怖襲擊，這些已經存在的系統(tǒng)對他們充滿了吸引力。專家表明，應該有更多的協(xié)調努力來防止地下金融市場以及其他的洗錢活動。</p><p><b>　　洗錢的范圍</b></p><p>　　包括恐怖分子的美元移動過的相同金融渠道的數量，很難精確地測量洗錢的范圍。

60、某些人們和機構從事這些活動,但是顯然不是報告給他們的政府。然而,他們大量努力去建立這個問題的重要性。每年世界各地洗錢總金額估計已達5000億美元。</p><p>　　約翰·沃克咨詢服務在澳大利亞創(chuàng)造了一個合乎邏輯的犯罪的經濟模式,利用公共犯罪統(tǒng)計數字和使用不同社會經濟投入的比例進行估計,確定可以進行洗錢的國家。它們聚集這些統(tǒng)計和評估來計算洗錢的可能程度和每個國家貢獻。</p><p

61、>　　初步數據模型估算每年洗錢的全球金額是2.85萬億美元。該模型將各部件總成。它將洗錢來源和目的地排名。不幸的是,美國總是位居這兩個列表的榜首,據估算作為原產地的清洗為46.3%和洗錢的目為美元的比例是18.9%。雖然這是不精確模型(或證明),洗錢犯罪是一個大商業(yè)，這是美元爭議的事實。</p><p>　　哥倫比亞黑市比索交易所每年洗錢金額高達50億元，大約為美國整個藥品銷售收益的一半。比索交易所通常是針

62、對《美國銀行保密法案》采取有效措施。交易所的經紀人走私了大量和美國銀行有相對應關系的國家的貨幣。通過這些貨幣在外國銀行換得一張在美國商行賬戶的美元支票。外國銀行接受貨幣存款然后通過電子轉賬的方式匯給其存款人的指定人。外資銀行也將面對存入代理銀行的大量美國貨幣。艾爾文·詹姆斯指出，“這反式作用影響是使我們回到手提箱存款式的美國，毒品貨幣進入我們的金融體系。唯一的區(qū)別是使用相應美元的比索經紀人可以走后門而不是在跑到邁阿密或者紐約交

63、易所的大廳。再一次，這表明《美國商業(yè)法案》迫使比索經紀人將美元資金投向海外，而不是作為存款留在美國?！?lt;/p><p>　　最近的恐怖主義活動迫使我們更有必要阻止通過這些渠道流通的美元。美國軍方回應9.11事件時宣稱會加大政府權力來調查恐怖主義及其被資助方式，包括洗錢。</p><p>　　為反洗錢所作出的努力</p><p>　　有效的打擊洗錢犯罪，就必須有一個公

64、平的環(huán)境和公開的報告。法律部門、政客和公眾都必須支持。國際會計師聯(lián)合會,致力于營造這樣的環(huán)境,鼓勵其會員團體,與立法和監(jiān)管部門,兩公司與政治上的形成合作關系。</p><p>　　國內及國際上多個群體致力于解決洗錢這一問題。但是美國有著最艱難的法律來打擊洗錢犯罪，其中包括：</p><p>　　·反藥品濫用法案 1988</p><p>　　·

65、;控制犯罪法案 1990</p><p>　　·安努佐·威利法案 1992</p><p>　　·抑制洗錢法案 1994</p><p>　　·預防恐怖主義法案 1995</p><p>　　·金融機構的新報告要求 1996</p><p>　　&

66、#183;美國愛國者法案 2001</p><p>　　世界銀行發(fā)現(xiàn)各國努力試圖打擊洗錢，通過國際協(xié)議，建立了金融行動特別工作組。世界銀行促進貨幣停止或者緩慢的向新興市場流通。有關國際協(xié)議包括《維也納公約》,1990年歐洲議會會議,巴塞爾銀行監(jiān)管委員會聲明原則,歐盟指令,國際證監(jiān)會組織。金融行動特別工作組是由26個國家代表和兩個國際組織組成。</p><p>　　會計和內審員所面對的挑

67、戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　會計和內部審計人員在打擊洗錢中扮演一個重要角色。第352條的愛國者法案,要求各金融機構建立反洗錢程序。這些程序必須包括（至少）：</p><p>　　·發(fā)展內部政策、流程和控制，以防止洗錢</p><p>　　·指定一個監(jiān)察洗錢官員</p><p>　　·對洗錢的警惕意識進行培訓</

68、p><p>　　·一個獨立的審計部門進行檢查</p><p>　　會計師和審計師最好精通于公司的發(fā)展政策、流程、控制和執(zhí)行審核。事實上,他們的作用和工作在于必須以積極的姿態(tài)倡導反洗錢、組織控制洗錢、預防洗錢和揭露腐敗行為。</p><p>　　最近的立法增加了會計師作為反貪污和反洗錢戰(zhàn)爭的一部分的責任。羅伯特·拉森和保羅·赫茲在會計師雜志上

69、提到“會計師更加負責于更有效的內部控制系統(tǒng)以及定期評估、檢查和審核?！?lt;/p><p><b>　　結論 </b></p><p>　　擁有專業(yè)的技能和知識的內部審計人員可以更好的打擊洗錢犯罪。抵御打擊洗錢犯罪需要法務會計能力,以及審計專業(yè)知識。熟悉內部的發(fā)展政策，流程和控制，以防止洗錢是會計師、審計人員的責任。</p><p>　　洗錢，由