商業(yè)建筑外文翻譯

1、<p>　　Commercial Buildings</p><p><b>　　Abstract:</b></p><p>　　A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteris

2、tics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditi

3、oning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and elec</p><p><b>　　Keywords:</b><

4、/p><p>　　Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics</p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p><b>　　1.1 Scope</b></p><p>　　This recommended practi

5、ce will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings.</

6、p><p>　　However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and

7、general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings.</p><p>　　1.2 Commercial Buildings</p><p>　　The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings” as used in this chapte

8、r, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, r

9、etail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts</p><p>　　Tod

10、ay’s commercial buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commerci

11、al buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1.</p><p>　　1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements</p><p>　　In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and

12、institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice.

13、The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include:</p><p>　　1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads a

14、nd load factors</p><p>　　2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation</p><p>　　3) Flexibility and provisions for expansion</p><p>　　4) Reliability and c

15、ontinuity</p><p>　　5) Safety of personnel and property</p><p>　　6) Initial and maintained cost </p><p>　　7) Operation and maintenance</p><p>　　8) Fault current and syst

16、em coordination</p><p>　　9) Power sources</p><p>　　10) Distribution systems</p><p>　　11) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems</p><p>　　12) Ener

17、gy conservation, demand, and control</p><p>　　13) Conformance with regulatory requirements</p><p>　　14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements, altitude, sound levels,

18、 security, exposure to physical elements, fire hazards, hazardous locations, and power conditioning and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems</p><p>　　1.10 Safety</p><p>　　Safety of life an

19、d preservation of property are two of the most important factors in the design of the electric system.</p><p>　　This is especially true in commercial buildings because of public occupancy, thoroughfare, and

20、high occupancy density. In many commercial buildings, the systems operating staff have very limited technical capabilities and may not have any specific electrical training.</p><p>　　Various codes provide ru

21、les and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than outlined in the codes according to his or her best judgment, while also giving cons

22、ideration to utilization and economics.</p><p>　　Personnel safety may be divided into two categories:</p><p>　　1) Safety for maintenance and operating personnel</p><p>　　2) Safety f

23、or the general public</p><p>　　Safety for maintenance and operating personnel is achieved through the proper design and selection of equipment with regard to enclosures, key-interlocking, circuit breaker and

24、 fuse-interrupting capacity, the use of high-speed fault detection and circuit-opening devices, clearances, grounding methods, and identification of equipment.</p><p>　　Safety for the general public requires

25、 that all circuit-making and circuit-breaking equipment, as well as other electrical apparatus, be isolated from casual contact. This is achieved by using dead-front equipment, locked rooms and enclosures, proper groundi

26、ng, limiting of fault levels, installation of barriers and other isolation (including special ventilating grills), proper clearances, adequate insulation, and similar provisions outlined in this recommended practice.<

27、/p><p>　　Circuit protection is a fundamental safety requirement of all electric systems. Adequate interrupting capacities are required in services, feeders, and branch circuits. Selective, automatic isolation o

28、f faulted circuits represents good engineering practice. Fault protection, which is covered in Chapter 9, should be designed and coordinated throughout the system. Physical protection of equipment from damage or tamperin

29、g, and exposure of unprotected equipment to electrical, chemical, and mechanica</p><p>　　1.12 Design Considerations</p><p>　　Electrical equipment usually occupies a relatively small percentage o

30、f total building space, and, in design, it may be easier to relocate electrical service areas than mechanical areas or structural elements. Allocation of space for electrical areas is often given secondary consideration

31、by architectural and related specialties. In the competing search for space, the electrical engineer is responsible for fulfilling the requirements for a proper electrical installation while at the same time rec</p>

32、;<p>　　Architectural considerations and appearances are of paramount importance in determining the marketability of a building. Aesthetic considerations may play an important role in the selection of equipment, es

33、pecially lighting equipment. Provided that the dictates of good practice, code requirements, and environmental considerations are not violated, the electrical engineer may have to negotiate design criteria to accommodate

34、 the desires of other members of the design team.</p><p>　　1.12.1 Coordination of Design</p><p>　　The electrical engineer is concerned with professional associates such as the architect, the mec

35、hanical engineer, the structural engineer, and, where underground services are involved, the civil engineer. They must also be concerned with the builder and the building owner or operator who, as clients, may take an ac

36、tive interest in the design. More often, the electrical engineer will work directly with the coordinator of overall design activities, usually the architect, or the project manager; an</p><p>　　Local contrac

37、tors are usually familiar with local ordinances and union work rules and can be of great help in avoiding pitfalls. In performing electrical design, it is essential, at the outset, to prepare a checklist of all the desig

38、n stages that have to be considered. Major items include temporary power, access to the site, and review by others. Certain electrical work may appear in nonelectrical sections of the specifications. For example, the fur

39、nishing and connecting of electric motors and m</p><p>　　Many electrical designs follow the concept of competitiveness in the commercial sense. Here, cost is a primary consideration, and such designs tend to

40、ward minimum code requirements. There is great pressure on the designer to consider cost above maintainability and long life. However, the experienced designer can usually adopt effective compromises.</p><p>

41、;　　1.12.2 Flexibility</p><p>　　Flexibility of the electric system means the adaptability to development and expansion as well as to changes to meet varied requirements during the life of the building. Often

42、a designer is faced with providing utilities where the loads may be unknown. For example, many office buildings are constructed with the tenant space designs incomplete. In some cases, the designer will provide only the

43、core utilities available for connection by others to serve the working areas. In other cases, the design</p><p>　　Because it is usually difficult and costly to increase the capacity of risers and feeders, it

44、 is important that provisions for sufficient capacity be provided initially. Extra conductors or raceway space should be included in the design stage if additional loads may be added later. This consideration is particul

45、arly important for commercial buildings with the increasing use of electronic equipment and air conditioning. The cost and difficulties in obtaining space for new feeders and larger switc</p><p>　　Flexibilit

46、y in an electric wiring system is enhanced by the use of oversize or spare raceways, cables, busways, and equipment. The cost of making such provisions is usually relatively small in the initial installation.</p>

47、<p>　　Empty riser shafts and holes through floors may be provided at relatively low cost for future work. Consideration should be given to the provision of satellite electric closets initially for future expansion.

48、Openings through floors should be filled in with fireproof, easily removed materials to prevent the spread of fire and smoke between floors. For computer rooms and the like, flexibility is frequently provided by raised f

49、loors made of removable panels, providing access to a wiring space betw</p><p><b>　　商業(yè)樓宇</b></p><p><b>　　摘要：</b></p><p>　　提供商業(yè)樓宇電氣設(shè)計(jì)指南和一般參考。它涵蓋了負(fù)荷特性;電壓考慮電源和配

50、電設(shè)備;控制器;服務(wù)，拱頂，電氣設(shè)備室;布線系統(tǒng);系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)和協(xié)調(diào);照明;空間電空調(diào)，運(yùn)輸，通信系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃，設(shè)備自動(dòng)化;擴(kuò)張，現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)和康復(fù);所占用的特殊要求;和電能管理。雖然向面向工程師的權(quán)力與商業(yè)建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有限，它可以是一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)所有商業(yè)樓宇電氣設(shè)計(jì)工程師的援助。這個(gè)建議的做法是不打算成為一個(gè)完整的手冊(cè)，但是，它可以直接工程師到文本，期刊和商業(yè)樓宇的引用，并作為行動(dòng)指南，通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)的法規(guī)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和做法，由IEEE出版，其他專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)和政府

51、機(jī)構(gòu)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：商業(yè)大廈，電力系統(tǒng)，負(fù)荷特性</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　1.1范圍：此建議的做法可能會(huì)成為最大的價(jià)值面向工程師的權(quán)力與商業(yè)建設(shè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有限。它也可以是一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)所有商業(yè)樓宇電氣設(shè)計(jì)工程師的援助。但是，它不打算應(yīng)用許多優(yōu)秀的工程技術(shù)文本和常用手冊(cè)，也不是不足夠的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)。它

52、應(yīng)被視為對(duì)商業(yè)樓宇的電氣設(shè)計(jì)指南和一般參考。</p><p><b>　　1.2商業(yè)樓宇</b></p><p>　　“商業(yè)，住宅，建筑物和體制”作為本章，包括工業(yè)建筑和私人住宅以外的所有建筑物。它包括辦公和公寓樓，賓館，學(xué)校，教堂，海洋，航空，鐵路，巴士站，百貨公司，零售商店，政府大樓，醫(yī)院，養(yǎng)老院，精神和懲教機(jī)構(gòu)，影劇院，體育場(chǎng)館，以及其他直接服務(wù)市民的建筑物。建

53、筑物或部分建筑物內(nèi)的工業(yè)園區(qū)，這是作為辦公室或醫(yī)療設(shè)施或類似的非工業(yè)用途使用，屬于這個(gè)建議的做法的范圍。 今天的商業(yè)樓宇，因?yàn)樗麄兊囊?guī)模日益擴(kuò)大和復(fù)雜性，已成為越來(lái)越多后，充足和可靠的電力系統(tǒng)的依賴?？梢愿玫乩斫猬F(xiàn)代商業(yè)建筑的復(fù)雜性，由檢查系統(tǒng)，設(shè)備和1.2.中所列的設(shè)施。</p><p><b>　　1.3電氣設(shè)計(jì)元素</b></p><p>　　盡管在各種

54、各樣的商業(yè)，住宅和機(jī)構(gòu)的建筑物，一些電氣設(shè)計(jì)元素共同所有。下面列出的這些元素，將在這一節(jié)中詳細(xì)討論一般在此建議的做法，其余部分的動(dòng)力，照明和輔助系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中考慮的主要設(shè)計(jì)元素包括：</p><p>　　1）大小，質(zhì)量，特點(diǎn)，需求，巧合還是載荷和載荷因素的多樣性2）服務(wù)，分配和利用電壓和電壓調(diào)節(jié)3）靈活性和擴(kuò)展的規(guī)定4）可靠性和連續(xù)性5）人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全6）初始和維持費(fèi)用</p><p

55、>　　7）操作和維修。8）故障電流和系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)9）動(dòng)力源。10）配電系統(tǒng)11）法律規(guī)定的和可選的待機(jī)/應(yīng)急電源系統(tǒng)12）節(jié)約能源，需求和控制13）符合法規(guī)要求14）相關(guān)的網(wǎng)站的特別要求：抗震要求，高度，聲級(jí)，安全性，接觸物理元素，火災(zāi)隱患，危險(xiǎn)地段，功率調(diào)節(jié)，不間斷電源（UPS）系統(tǒng)</p><p><b>　　1.4安全</b></p><p>

56、　　生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)保全的安全性在電力系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，最重要的因素有兩個(gè)。因?yàn)槭忻袢胱?，通途，都?huì)占用密度高的商業(yè)大廈。在很多商業(yè)樓宇，系統(tǒng)操作人員的技術(shù)能力非常有限，可能不會(huì)有任何具體的電力方面的培訓(xùn)。各種規(guī)則提供最低保障的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)的規(guī)則和規(guī)例。電氣設(shè)計(jì)工程師往往會(huì)提供大于規(guī)則，根據(jù)他或她的做出最好的判斷，同時(shí)也考慮到利用和經(jīng)濟(jì)保障。人員的安全，可分為兩類：</p><p>　　1）為維護(hù)和操作人員的安全2）為廣

57、大市民的安全維護(hù)和操作人員的安全是通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)備選型方面來(lái)完成，鑰匙環(huán)環(huán)相扣，斷路器和熔斷器分?jǐn)嗄芰?，使用高速的故障檢測(cè)和電路開啟裝置，間隙，接地方法和設(shè)備識(shí)別。為廣大市民的安全要求，所有的電路決策和破電路設(shè)備，以及其他電氣設(shè)備。這是通過(guò)使用前端設(shè)備，控制和機(jī)柜，正確的接地，故障水平的限制，安裝的障礙和其他隔離（包括特殊的通風(fēng)格柵），適當(dāng)?shù)拈g隙，足夠的絕緣，類似的規(guī)定，在此建議的做法概述。短路保護(hù)是所有電力系統(tǒng)的基本安全要求

58、。服務(wù)，饋線和分支電路，需要足夠的打斷能力。選擇性，電路故障自動(dòng)隔離，表示良好的工程實(shí)踐。故障保護(hù)，這是第9章中所涵蓋的，應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)和整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)。物理設(shè)備損壞或篡改，和暴露未受保護(hù)的設(shè)備，電氣，化工，機(jī)械損傷保護(hù)是必要的。</p><p><b>　　1.4設(shè)計(jì)注意事項(xiàng)</b></p><p>　　電氣設(shè)備通常占有總建筑空間的比例相對(duì)較小，在設(shè)計(jì)上，它可能是更容易比?

59、?電氣機(jī)械領(lǐng)域或結(jié)構(gòu)元素服務(wù)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生改變。電氣領(lǐng)域的分配空間常常給建筑和相關(guān)專業(yè)的審議。在空間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的搜索，電氣工程師是負(fù)責(zé)履行適當(dāng)?shù)碾姎獍惭b的要求，而同時(shí)保證在布局和安置方面的電力系統(tǒng)的靈活性。商業(yè)建筑考慮的是在確定建筑物至關(guān)重要。美觀的考慮可能會(huì)在設(shè)備選型中發(fā)揮了重要作用，尤其是照明設(shè)備。電氣工程師提供好的做法，規(guī)范的要求，和環(huán)境因素使然不受侵犯，可能有談判的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以適應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的其他成員的愿望。</p><

60、p><b>　　1.5設(shè)計(jì)的協(xié)調(diào)</b></p><p>　　有關(guān)專業(yè)的聯(lián)營(yíng)公司，如建筑師，機(jī)械工程師，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，其中涉及地下服務(wù)，土木工程師，電氣工程師。他們還必須關(guān)注的建設(shè)者和建筑物的業(yè)主或經(jīng)營(yíng)者，作為客戶，可采取積極關(guān)注在設(shè)計(jì)。更多的時(shí)候，電氣工程師將直接與整體設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)，通常是建筑師，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的協(xié)調(diào);必須配合安全工程師，消防工程師，也許是環(huán)境編譯引擎，以及其他有關(guān)人士的主機(jī)如空

61、間規(guī)劃者和室內(nèi)裝飾，所有的人有發(fā)言權(quán)，在最終的設(shè)計(jì)。電氣設(shè)計(jì)師必須熟悉當(dāng)?shù)氐囊?guī)則，知道在設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)有管轄權(quán)的機(jī)關(guān)。例如，它可以有一個(gè)電力項(xiàng)目，在最后時(shí)刻舉行的不便和尷尬，因?yàn)闆]有獲得適當(dāng)?shù)脑S可，為街道收的許可證，允許安裝公用事業(yè)上的網(wǎng)站或環(huán)境許可證網(wǎng)站發(fā)生器。當(dāng)?shù)爻邪掏ǔＪ鞘煜ぎ?dāng)?shù)胤詈凸?huì)工作規(guī)則和避免陷阱是可以有很大的幫助。執(zhí)行電氣設(shè)計(jì)中，它是必不可少的，在開始時(shí)，準(zhǔn)備了所有的設(shè)計(jì)階段，必須考慮到的清單。主要項(xiàng)目包括臨時(shí)用電，訪

62、問(wèn)該網(wǎng)站，并檢討別人。某些電器的工作中可能出現(xiàn)的非電氣部分的規(guī)格。例如，家具和電動(dòng)馬達(dá)和馬達(dá)控制器連接，可覆蓋在規(guī)格的機(jī)械部分。行政控制的目的，電氣工程，可劃分成若干合同，其中一些可能是總承包商的控制下，其中一些可能會(huì)被授予電業(yè)承辦商</p><p><b>　　1.6靈活性</b></p><p>　　靈活性意味著電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展和壯大，以及變化的適應(yīng)性，以滿足不同的

63、要求，在建筑物的使用壽命。往往是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)師正面臨著可能是未知的負(fù)載提供公用事業(yè)。例如，許多辦公樓的建造與租戶的空間設(shè)計(jì)不完整。在某些情況下，設(shè)計(jì)師將提供只有別人的核心工具，用于連接提供服務(wù)的工作領(lǐng)域。在其他情況下，設(shè)計(jì)師可能會(huì)奠定了基本制度，并作為租戶需求的開發(fā)，填補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)。通常情況下，租客提供所有他或她自己的工作空間設(shè)計(jì)。因?yàn)樗ǔＪ抢щy和昂貴的增加豎管和饋線的能力，它是重要的，最初將提供足夠的能力的規(guī)定。應(yīng)包括額外的導(dǎo)線或滾道的空間

64、，在設(shè)計(jì)階段后可能會(huì)增加額外負(fù)荷。這方面的考慮，尤其重要的是越來(lái)越多地使用電子設(shè)備和空調(diào)的商業(yè)建筑。的成本和困難，取得新的饋線和較大的開關(guān)，這將需要現(xiàn)代化或擴(kuò)大建設(shè)時(shí)，空間很可能被認(rèn)為是在最初的設(shè)計(jì)。應(yīng)用的主要饋線裝機(jī)容量的50％的負(fù)荷增長(zhǎng)幅度預(yù)計(jì)擴(kuò)張，往往是有道理。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都值得仔細(xì)考慮適當(dāng)?shù)呢?fù)載允許的增長(zhǎng)幅度。特大型或備用水道，電纜，母線槽，和設(shè)備的使用電布線系統(tǒng)的靈活性增強(qiáng)。作出這些規(guī)定的成本通常是在初始安裝相對(duì)較小?？蘸磔S和