[雙語翻譯]環(huán)境治理外文翻譯--政府間環(huán)境治理關(guān)系

1、7200 英文單詞， 英文單詞，4.2 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 12500 字文獻出處： 文獻出處：de Oliveira J A P. Intergovernmental relations for environmental governance: Cases of solid waste management and climate change in two Malaysian States[J]. Journal

2、of environmental management, 2019, 233: 481-488.Intergovernmental relations for environmental governance: Cases of solid waste management and climate change in two Malaysian StatesJose A. Puppim de OliveiraAbstractInstit

3、utions for environmental governance evolve differently across sectors. They also vary in the same sector when governments at two levels (national and subnational) have different political alignments. As the policy enviro

4、nment becomes more complex, with global problems like climate change, and politics more dividing, better coordination among various levels of government is a tough governance challenge. Scholars and practitioners need to

5、 realize how best to build institutions to bridge the various levels of government in different political environments and environmental sectors. This research analyzes the influence of intergovernmental relations in two

6、 environmental sectors in two localities with contrasting political alignments between two levels of government. It draws lessons from solid waste management and climate policy in two Malaysian states (Johor and Penang).

7、 In an evolving State and new policy arenas, when formal institutions for intergovernmental relations may not be effectively in place, politics play an even larger role through the discretionary power of federal and subn

8、ational authorities. An open political process can help with the engagement of different political groups and civil society to bring legitimacy, resources and efficiency to environmental management, if it is done with ro

9、bust intergovernmental institutions; otherwise, intergovernmental relations can also become a tool for zero-sum games, cronyism and patrimonialism, which can undermine policies, and result in inefficiencies and ineffecti

10、veness in environmental management.Keywords: Intergovernmental relations; Environmental governance ;Climate change; Waste management ;Developing country ;Asia; Malaysia; Johor; Penang1. IntroductionThe world population i

11、s expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030. Five billion of those will live in cities, increasing the world's already over- exploited resources. The ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Uni

12、ted Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015) will depend on effective urban environmental management to deal with issues such as climate change and waste. There has been an unprecedented demand for

13、 improving governance in cities (in this paper, city is a subnational government having an urban area) and other subnational governments to deliver better environmental management, particularly in light of limited res

14、ources and under increasing pressure resulting from rapid changes. Changes in governance can enhance environmental management and sustainability (Den Uyl and Driessen, 2015). However, city governments have limited auton

15、omy and capacities to handle a growing set of challenges (Pierre, 1999). Intergovernmental relations are indispensable to coordinate efforts between national and subnational governments (Agranoff, 1986; O'Toole and C

16、hristensen, 2012). Non-governmental sectors, such as civil society organizations and the private sector, are also increasingly being decisive players in action and knowledge transposition to cover political and capacity

17、 gaps to address certain environmental issues at different levels (Andrade and Puppim de Oliveira, 2015; Kadirbeyoglu, 2017).climate change) and regional integration (e.g., European Union and ASEAN) require a multi-level

18、 governance approach to be properly governed and intergovernmental relations is fundamental to manage them (Happaerts et al., 2012; Peters and Pierre, 2001). Intergovernmental relations are key to policy innovation such

19、as environmental policies, and increase the effectiveness of the State in responding to problems (Balme and Ye, 2014; Hickmann et al., 2017). However, there are still many questions to be answered on intergovernmental re

20、lations and management (Kincaid and Stenberg, 2011). Nevertheless, the literature has dedicated scant attention to issues related to intergovernmental relations (O'Toole and Meier, 2004), particularly to analyze envi

21、ronmental governance.Intergovernmental relations occur through formal and informal processes (Phillimore, 2013). Many countries, particularly Anglo federations, have assigned the responsibilities between central and sub

22、national governments by the constitution, and they are expected to work autonomously (Fenna, 2012). Little provision is given to how intergovernmental relations should happen, leaving this to informal processes. There is

23、 also scant attention to the bureaucracy-politics interface, assuming that issues will be dealt administratively (Dasandi and Esteve, 2017). This is increasingly problematic as more coordination, both at the administrati

24、ve and political levels, is needed for certain environmental issues, such as climate change, when responsibilities become more complex and jurisdictions interfere with each other. This research focuses specifically on ho

25、w institutions for intergovernmental relations and management evolve in various contexts, by comparing two policy sectors and two different kinds of political alignment between two levels of government.2.1. Sectoral capa

26、bility for environmental management in citiesIn many countries, city governments are responsible for several key urban management tasks, such as land use, transport, housing, education, waste and health. Cities have also

27、 been pivotal in advancing efforts to tackle global environmental challenges, such as loss of biodiversity and climate change (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2005; Puppim de Oliveira, 2009; Hickmann et al., 2017). Scholars and pr

28、actitioners have shown an increasing interest in how governments innovate to improve urban management in sectors like transportation and waste (Berry, 1997; Van den Bergh et al., 2007; Marsden et al., 2011; Puppim de Oli

29、veira, 2017).The effectiveness of city and subnational governments differs among sectors in environmental management and policy due to different capabilities or policy contexts where the particular policy or management t

30、ask takes place. Tackling global environmental problems, such as climate change, require a much better coordination among different levels of government as compared to more localized problems such as air and water pollut

31、ion or waste management. For example, Mie Prefecture in Japan, like many other subnational governments around the world, was effective in tackling air pollution in the 1960s and 1970s, but struggled to reduce greenhouse

32、gas (GHG) emissions in the 1990s and 2000s (Puppim de Oliveira, 2011). Intergovernmental relations are key to determine good governance, and in turn the success or failure of an environmental management initiative.2.2.

33、 Political alignmentIntergovernmental relations, or lack thereof, can respectively improve or impede the development of environmental management capacity. Policies, even from higher levels of government, need local suppo