筆記新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定義1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.語(yǔ)言languageLanguageisasystemofarbi

2、traryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。4.識(shí)別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitra

3、riness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性（創(chuàng)造性）Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞5.語(yǔ)言能力Competence（抽象）Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用perfmance（具體）Perfmanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowled

4、geinlinguisticcommunication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的具體體現(xiàn)。7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahisticalstudywhichstudiesthehisticaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8

5、.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.語(yǔ)言langue（抽象）Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.言語(yǔ)parole（具體）Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.11.規(guī)定性PreiveItaimstolaydown

6、rulesf”crect”behavitotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsaywhatshouldnotsay.12.描述性DeiveAlinguisticstudydescribesanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenonit’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsoc

7、ialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。2.幾種觀點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：Modernlinguisticsisdeiveitsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticmainlyspokenlanguagedate.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。traditionalgrammarispre

8、ive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級(jí)’書面語(yǔ)。4.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicwhyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronicfocusingonthepresentdaylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessful

9、lystudieditwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。5.whichenjoyspriityinmodernlinguisticsspeechwritingsSpeechenjoysfthefollowingreasons:⑴Sp

10、eechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.⑶speechisthefminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueparolesimilartoChomsky’s

11、BothSaussureChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemfseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageChomsk

12、ylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueparole⑴langueisabstractrelativelystable⑵paroleisconcretevariesfrompersontopersonfromsituationtositu

13、ation.1Whatislinguistics什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguagesingeneral.2Thescopeoflinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgener

14、allinguistics.(普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphoics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音位學(xué)）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmphemesarearrangedtofmwdsare

15、calledmphology.（形態(tài)學(xué)）Thestudyofhowmphemeswdsarecombinedtofmsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferen