戴偉棟-新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程筆記

1、1戴版語言學(xué)戴版語言學(xué)ChapterOneIntroductionPartoneWhatislinguistics1.Definitionlinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Scientificmeansitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdataconductedwithreferencet

2、osomegeneraltheyoflanguagestructure.NoArticlebefelanguageinthisdefinitionmeansthatlinguisticsstudieslanguageingeneral.Linguists’task:basicallystudyunderstthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesarebuilt.Interestoflingui

3、stsis“whatissaid”2.ThescopesoflinguisticsGenerallinguisticsthestudyoflanguageasawholetheceoflinguisticsPhoicsthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonologythestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningsinc

4、ommunication.Mphologythestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedcombinedtofmwds.SyntaxthestudyoftherulesfsentencefmationSemanticsthestudyofmeaning.Pragmaticsthestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.Abovearemadeupofthe

5、ceoflinguisticsSociolinguisticsthestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageitsrelationwithsocietyfromtheceofthebranch.Psycholinguisticsthestudyoflanguageprocessingcomprehendingproductionaswellaslanguageacquisition.Appliedlinguis

6、ticstheapplicationoflinguistictheiesprinciplestolanguageteachingespeciallytheteachingoffeignsecondlanguages.3.Someimptantdistinctionsinlinguistics.(1)preivevs.deivepreivethelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesf“crectstard”b

7、ehaviinusinglanguagei.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsaywhattheyshouldnotsay.Deivethelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Modernlinguisticsismostlydeive.(2)Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronicthedei

8、onofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhisty.Diachronicthedeionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimethehisticaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftimeanothername:histicallinguistics.Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriityoveradiachronicone.

9、(3)Speechvs.writingTwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunicationSpeechispritowriting:(1)writingsystemisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecdspeech.3separationintimeplace.(5)Culturaltransmissionthecapacityflanguageisgeicallybasedwhilet

10、hedetailsoflanguagesystemshouldbetaughtlearned.languageispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachinglearningratherthanbyinstinct.3.Thefunctionsoflanguage.(1)Infmative:Themainfunctionoflanguagethatwhenpeopleuselan

11、guagetocommunicatewitheachothertheirexperienceintherealwldrecddescribethe“content”oftherealitytheyareactuallytakingadvantageofthisfunction.themostimptantfunction.(2)Interpersonal:peopleestablishmaintaintheiridentityinthe

12、societybythisfunction.(3)Perfmative:thisisafunctionwherebythelanguageinfluencesdirectlyontherealitysuchasthesentenceofimprisonmentbythejudgethenamingofacertainshipthecursesasbelievedbytheancientpeople.(4)Emotive:thisfunc

13、tionisperfmedbythoselinguisticelementsusedtoexpressstrongfeelingssuchasexclamatyexpressions.(5)Phatic:thisisfunctionrealizedbythose“Phaticlanguage”aimingtoestablishingaharmoniousintimaterelationshipamongpeople.Examplesin

14、Chinese:吃了沒？inEnglish:Goodnning.&Anicedayisn’tit(6)Recreational:Thisfunctionmeansthatsometimespeoplemayenjoylanguageflanguage’ssakei.e.nousinglanguageinanypracticalpurposessuchastonguetwisterschildren’sbabbleschanter’sch

15、anting.(7)Metalingual:peoplemayuselanguagetotalkaboutexplainevenchangelanguageitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.Fexamplewemayuse“book”torefertotheexistingobjectintherealwldyetmayalsouse“thewdbook”tostbythecon

16、cept“book”asembodiedinlanguage.Chapter2:PhonologyPartOne:ThephonicMediumofLanguageLinguistsconcernonlywiththesoundsthatareproducedbyhumansthroughtheirspeechganshavearoletoplayinlinguisticcommunication.phonicmedium:Themea

17、ningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.Speechsounds:theindividualsoundswithinphonicmediumarethespeechsounds.PartTwo:Phoics1.Whatisphoicsphoics:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageitisconcernedwithallsoundsinthewld’slanguages

18、.Classification:articulatyphoics:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofviewi.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechganstoarticulatethesounds.speakeraudityphoics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofviewi.e.howthesoundsareperceivedb