新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴煒棟第1-3章課后練習(xí)題答案

1、1《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程》第二版《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程》第二版第13章練習(xí)題章練習(xí)題參考答案參考答案Chapter1IntroductionP131.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage？答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigation

2、oflinguisticdataconductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheyoflanguagestructure.Indertodiscoverthenaturerulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystemthelinguistshastocollectobservelanguagefactsfirstwhicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities

3、generalizationsaremadeaboutthemthenhefmulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusfmedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguisticsasinanyotherdisciplinedatat

4、heystinadialecticalcomplementationthatisatheywithoutthesupptofdatacanhardlyclaimvaliditydatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheyremainamuddledmassofthings.2.WhatarethemajbranchesoflinguisticsWhatdoeseachofthemstudy答：Themajbra

5、nchesoflinguisticsare:(1)phoics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication(2)phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherusedtoconveymeaningincommunication(3)mphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentin

6、gsoundsarearrangedcombinedtofmwds(4)syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwdsarecombinedtofmgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages(5)semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage(6)pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginth

7、econtextoflanguageuse.3.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar答：Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyfmedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguistics

8、differsfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.Firstlylinguisticsisdeivewhiletraditionalgrammarispreive.Secondmodemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarynotthewritten.Traditionalgrammariansontheotherhtendedtoempha

9、sizemaybeoveremphasizetheimptanceofthewrittenwdpartlybecauseofitspermanence.ThenmodemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotfcelanguagesintoaLatinbasedframewk.4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiac

10、hronicWhy答：Inmodemlinguisticsasynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthisticalperiodsaresuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribet

11、hechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshisticaldevelopment.5.Fwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgivepriitytospeechratherthantowriting答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlangua

12、geasthenaturaltheprimarymediumofhumanlanguagefsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolutionspeechispritowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecdspeechwhentheneedarises.Eveninto

13、dayswldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.Thenineverydaycommunicationspeechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinfmationconveyed.alsospeechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquir

14、eshismothertonguewritingislearnedtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Fmodernlinguistsspokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recdofspeech.Thustheirdatafinvestigationanalysisaremo

15、stlydrawnfromeverydayspeechwhichtheyregardasauthentic.3Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentnotpresentrealimaginedmattersinthepastpresentfutureinfarawayplaces.Inotherwdslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremoved

16、fromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.5)CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityflanguagehasageicbasisi.e.wewereallbnwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguagethedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeically

17、transmittedbutinsteadhavetobetaughtlearned.9.WhatarethemajfunctionsoflanguageThinkofyourownexamplesfillustration.答：Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedeivefunctiontheexpressivefunctionthesocialfunction.The

18、deivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinfmationwhichcanbeasserteddeniedinsomecasesevenverified.Fexample:“Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghisty.”Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinfmationabouttheuser’sfeelingspreferencespreju

19、dicesvalues.Fexample:“Iwillnevergowindowshoppingwithher.”Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople..Fexample:“Weareyourfirmsuppters.”Chapter2PhonologyP301.Whatarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcom

20、municationOfthetwowhichoneisprimarywhy答：Speechwritingarethetwomajmediaoflinguisticcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguagespeechismeprimarythanwritingfreasonspleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.2.Whatisv

21、oicinghowisitcaused答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsafeatureofallvowelssomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcds.3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranionnarrowtraniondiffer答：Thetranionwithlettersymbolsonl

22、yiscalledbroadtranion.Thisisthetranionnmallyusedindictionariesteachingtextbooksfgeneralpurposes.Thelatteri.e.thetranionwithlettersymbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranion.Thisisthetranionneededusedbythephoici

23、ansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryftheirpurpose.Inbroadtranionthesymbol[l]isusedfthesounds[l]inthefourwdsleaf[li:f]feel[fi:l]build[bild

24、]health[helθ].Asamatteroffactthesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f]occurringbefeavoweliscalledadear[l]nodiacriticisneededtoindicateitthe[1]in[fi:l][bild]occurringattheendofawdbefeanother

25、consonantispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“l(fā)eaf”.Itiscalleddark[?]innarrowtranionthediacritic[?]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ]thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[θ]itspronunciationis

26、somewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l]innarrowtranionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ].Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthet

27、wowdspitspit.Inthewdpitthesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofairbutinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpitthe[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedinthecaseofspitthe[p]soundisunaspirated.Thisdifferenceisnotshownin