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1、TheSinewsofPeace（丘吉（丘吉爾的鐵幕演幕演說1946.3.5）WestminsterCollegeFultonMissouriIamgladtocometoWestminsterCollegethisafternoonamcomplimentedthatyoushouldgivemeadegree.Thename“Westminster“issomehowfamiliartome.Iseemtohaveheardofit
2、befe.IndeeditwasatWestminsterthatIreceivedaverylargepartofmyeducationinpoliticsdialecticrheticonetwootherthings.Infactwehavebothbeeneducatedatthesamesimilaratanyratekindredestablishments.Itisalsoanhonourperhapsalmostuniq
3、uefaprivatevisittobeintroducedtoanacademicaudiencebythePresidentoftheUnitedStates.AhisheavyburdensdutiesresponsibilitiesunsoughtbutnotrecoiledfromthePresidenthastravelledathousmilestodignifymagnifyourmeetingheretodaytogi
4、vemeanopptunityofaddressingthiskindrednationaswellasmyowncountrymenacrosstheoceanperhapssomeothercountriestoo.ThePresidenthastoldyouthatitishiswishasIamsureitisyoursthatIshouldhavefulllibertytogivemytruefaithfulcounselin
5、theseanxiousbafflingtimes.IshallcertainlyavailmyselfofthisfreedomfeelthemerighttodosobecauseanyprivateambitionsImayhavecherishedinmyyoungerdayshavebeensatisfiedbeyondmywildestdreams.LetmehowevermakeitclearthatIhavenooffi
6、cialmissionstatusofanykindthatIspeakonlyfmyself.Thereisnothingherebutwhatyousee.Icantherefeallowmymindwiththeexperienceofalifetimetoplayovertheproblemswhichbesetusonthemrowofourabsolutevictyinarmstotrytomakesurewithwhats
7、trengthIhavethatwhathasbeengainedwithsomuchsacrificesufferingshallbepreservedfthefutureglysafetyofmankind.TheUnitedStatesstsatthistimeatthepinnacleofwldpower.ItisasolemnmomentftheAmericanDemocracy.Fwithprimacyinpowerisal
8、sojoinedanaweinspiringaccountabilitytothefuture.Ifyoulookaroundyouyoumustfeelnotonlythesenseofdutydonebutalsoyoumustfeelanxietylestyoufallbelowthelevelofachievement.Opptunityisherenowclearshiningfbothourcountries.Torejec
9、titigneitfritteritawaywillbringuponusallthelongreproachesoftheaftertime.ItisnecessarythatconstancyofmindpersistencyofpurposethegrsimplicityofdecisionshallguideruletheconductoftheEnglishspeakingpeoplesinpeaceastheydidinwa
10、r.WemustIbelieveweshallproveourselvesequaltothissevererequirement.WhenAmericanmilitarymenapproachsomeserioussituationtheyarewonttowriteattheheadoftheirdirectivethewds“overallstrategicconcept.“Thereiswisdominthisasitleads
11、toclarityofthought.WhatthenistheoverallstrategicconceptwhichweshouldinscribetodayItisnothinglessthanthesafetywelfarethefreedomprogressofallthehomesfamiliesofallthemenwomeninallthels.hereIspeakparticularlyofthemyriadcotta
12、geapartmenthomeswherethewageearnerstrivesatheaccidentsdifficultiesoflifetoguardhiswifechildrenfromprivationbringthefamilyupinthefearoftheLduponethicalconceptionswhichoftenplaytheirpotentpart.Togivesecuritytothesecountles
13、shomestheymustbeshieldedfromthetwogiantmarauderswartyranny.Weallknowthefrightfuldisturbancesinwhichthedinaryfamilyisplungedwhenthecurseofwarswoopsdownuponthebreadwinnerthosefwhomhewkscontrives.TheawfulruinofEuropewithall
14、itsvanishedgliesoflargepartsofAsiaglaresemploymentbyothers.Ultimatelywhentheessentialbrotherhoodofmanistrulyembodiedexpressedinawldganisationwithallthenecessarypracticalsafeguardstomakeiteffectivethesepowerswouldnaturall
15、ybeconfidedtothatwldganisation.NowIcometotheseconddangerofthesetwomarauderswhichthreatensthecottagethehomethedinarypeoplenamelytyranny.WecannotbeblindtothefactthatthelibertiesenjoyedbyindividualcitizensthroughouttheBriti
16、shEmpirearenotvalidinaconsiderablenumberofcountriessomeofwhichareverypowerful.IntheseStatescontrolisenfceduponthecommonpeoplebyvariouskindsofallembracingpolicegovernments.ThepoweroftheStateisexercisedwithoutrestrainteith
17、erbydictatsbycompactoligarchiesoperatingthroughaprivilegedpartyapoliticalpolice.Itisnotourdutyatthistimewhendifficultiesaresonumeroustointerferefciblyintheinternalaffairsofcountrieswhichwehavenotconqueredinwar.Butwemustn
18、everceasetoproclaiminfearlesstonesthegreatprinciplesoffreedomtherightsofmanwhicharethejointinheritanceoftheEnglishspeakingwldwhichthroughMagnaCartatheBillofRightstheHabeasCpustrialbyjurytheEnglishcommonlawfindtheirmostfa
19、mousexpressionintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence.Allthismeansthatthepeopleofanycountryhavetherightshouldhavethepowerbyconstitutionalactionbyfreeunfetteredelectionswithsecretballottochoosechangetheacterfmofgovernmentu
20、nderwhichtheydwellthatfreedomofspeechthoughtshouldreignthatcourtsofjusticeindependentoftheexecutiveunbiasedbyanypartyshouldadministerlawswhichhavereceivedthebroadassentoflargemajitiesareconsecratedbytimecustom.Herearethe
21、titledeedsoffreedomwhichshouldlieineverycottagehome.HereisthemessageoftheBritishAmericanpeoplestomankind.Letuspreachwhatwepractiseletuspractisewhatwepreach.Ihavenowstatedthetwogreatdangerswhichmenacethehomesofthepeople:W
22、arTyranny.Ihavenotyetspokenofpovertyprivationwhichareinmanycasestheprevailinganxiety.Butifthedangersofwartyrannyareremovedthereisnodoubtthatsciencecooperationcanbringinthenextfewyearstothewldcertainlyinthenextfewdecadesn
23、ewlytaughtinthesharpeningschoolofwaranexpansionofmaterialwellbeingbeyondanythingthathasyetoccurredinhumanexperience.Nowatthissadbreathlessmomentweareplungedinthehungerdistresswhicharetheaftermathofourstupendousstrugglebu
24、tthiswillpassmaypassquicklythereisnoreasonexcepthumanfollyofsubhumancrimewhichshoulddenytoallthenationstheinaugurationenjoymentofanageofplenty.IhaveoftenusedwdswhichIlearnedfiftyyearsagofromagreatIrishAmericanatafriendof
25、mineMr.BourkeCockran.“Thereisenoughfall.Theearthisagenerousmothershewillprovideinplentifulabundancefoodfallherchildreniftheywillbutcultivatehersoilinjusticeinpeace.“SofarIfeelthatweareinfullagreement.Nowwhilestillpursuin
26、gthemethodofrealisingouroverallstrategicconceptIcometothecruxofwhatIhavetravelledheretosay.NeitherthesurepreventionofwarnthecontinuousriseofwldganisationwillbegainedwithoutwhatIhavecalledthefraternalassociationoftheEngli
27、shspeakingpeoples.ThismeansaspecialrelationshipbetweentheBritishCommonwealthEmpiretheUnitedStates.ThisisnotimefgeneralitiesIwillventuretobeprecise.Fraternalassociationrequiresnotonlythegrowingfriendshipmutualunderstingbe
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