新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定義1.語言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通語言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.語言languageLanguageisasystemofarbi

2、traryvocalsymbolsusedfhumancommunication.語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。4.識別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitra

3、riness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrarinessproductivitycreativitydualitydisplacementculturaltransmission.Byarbitrarinessitismeant

4、thatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitraryi.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolswhattheystf.Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductivecreativei.e.itispossiblefitsuserstoconstructunderstanunlimitedn

5、umberofsentencesincludingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefe.Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystemwhichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherl

6、evelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedrearrangedinvariouswaystofmmeaningfullanguageunitsunlimitedinnumber.Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentnotpresentrealunrealinthepastpres

7、entfuture.Culturaltransmissionincontrasttogeictransmissionreferstothefactthathumanbabiesthoughbnwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguagemustbetaughttouseit.5.語言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislangua

8、ge.6.語言運用perfmancePerfmanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.語言運用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現(xiàn)。7.歷時語言學(xué)Diachroniclinguistics傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究“高級”書面語。3.IsmodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicdiachronicWhyModernlingu

9、isticsismainlysynchronicfocusingonthepresentdaylanguageunlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)主要是共時性的，重點研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從

10、歷時性角度對語言進(jìn)行描述。ChapterTwoPhonology一、定義1.寬式音標(biāo)BroadtranionThetranionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.2.窄式音標(biāo)NarrowtranionThetranionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsthediacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcdsaredrawnwideapartl

11、ettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibrationthesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4.濁音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcdsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarti

12、culatscomeveryclosetogethertheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6.輔音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsona

13、nts.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonologyit’sacollectionofdistinctivephoicfeatures.8.音位變體AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.9.音素phoneAphoicunitsegmen

14、t.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.It’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.10.最小對立對MinimalpairWhentwodifferentfmsareidenticalineverywayexceptfonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestringsthetwowdsaresaidt

15、ofmaminimalpair.11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestressintonationtone.12.互補分布complementarydistributionP35Twoal